双拷贝aveC基因对阿维菌素产量的影响

目的通过在阿维链霉菌染色体上增加aveC基因的拷贝数,提高阿维菌素"1"组分的产量。方法采用基因工程技术,在阿维链霉菌染色体DNA的bkdAB基因中插入一套aveC基因,通过同源双交换得到重组菌株,采用HPLC考察各组分的含量。结果第二套aveC基因正确地插入到基因组DNA的预定部位。然而,对重组菌株发酵产物的HPLC分析显示,阿维菌素"1"组分比例并没有明显的变化,但B1a效价却有显著提高。结论aveC基因产物的活性可能不是决定阿维菌素"1"组分比例的主要因素,但aveC基因产物的活性可能是阿维菌素生物合成的限制因素。     

瘦素的研究现状

肥胖是能量摄取超过能量消耗所引起的体脂沉积过多。1994年Zhang等采用克隆技术对小鼠的ob(obese)基因和人类的同源序列进行了分子克隆序列测定,开始了人类肥胖病的分子遗传学研究。ob基因产物是一种脂肪组织源激素,具有降低脂肪沉积的作用,被命名为Leptin——瘦素。 1 瘦素的结构 小鼠、大鼠和人的瘦素基因均已克隆定位,小鼠瘦素基因定位于第6号染色体,人瘦素基因位于第7号染色体长臂3区1带3亚带(7q31,3),二者均为单拷贝基因。人瘦素基因与小鼠基因相似,是一条含有167个氨基酸密码的DNA序列,长约20kb,由3个外显子和2个内含子组成。瘦     

Avermectin C5-O-甲基转移酶基因的克隆、序列分析及其基因置换

C5 O 甲基转移酶基因 (aveD)位于阿维链霉菌 (Streptomycesavermitilis)染色体 3 4kbBamHI的片段上 ,通过构建avermectin基因组约 3 4kbBamHI片段的亚基因文库 ,用PCR的方法获得该基因的连锁基因C5 酮基还原酶基因 (aveF) ,并作为探针筛出aveD的克隆子。测序后和GenBank做同源比较 ,结果一致。构建基因置换穿梭载体 pHJ5 80 3 (pHZ13 5 8∷aveD&Amr) ,通过ET12 5 67::pUZ80 0 2属间接合转移导入S .avermitilis。放松培养后筛选出双交换重组菌株 ,并用PCR验证重组菌株的aveD已经破坏 ,将重组菌株摇瓶发酵液提取avermectin进行色谱质谱联机分析 ,发现重组菌株仅产生 4个组分 ,与出发菌株的 4个B组分完全一致。     

新型肿瘤抑制基因PTEN

PTEN/ MMACl/ TEPl基因是 1997年 3月以来发现的一种新型肿瘤抑制基因 ,一些研究已经证明它与肿瘤的形成 ,尤其是肿瘤的进展晚期有关。该基因先后被国际上三个科研小组分别克隆 ,因而有不同命名。由于该基因定位于第 10号染色体上 ,其编码的蛋白与磷酸酶和细胞质张力蛋白同源 ,并在许多肿瘤中伴有第 10号染色体的同源性丢失 ,故命名为第 10染色体同源丢失性磷酸酶 -张力蛋白基因 (phosphatase and tensinhom ology deleted onchromosome ten,Pten) [1 ] 。Steck等 [2 ] 发现在许多进展晚期的肿瘤有该基因的突变 ,故而命名为多发性进展…     

只产阿维菌素B组分的基因工程菌的构建

目的通过对阿维菌素生物合成基因C5-O-甲基转移酶基因(aveD)内部进行缺失,使aveD基因失活,从而获得只产生阿维菌素B组分的基因工程菌。方法构建大肠杆菌-链霉菌重组质粒pZHJ06,通过接合转移将缺失部分片段的aveD基因以双交换的方式整合到阿维链霉菌的染色体上。采用摇瓶进行发酵,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测发酵液中阿维菌素的组分。结果重组菌株不再产生阿维菌素A组分,只产生阿维菌素B组分,并且B组分的总产量也有所提高。结论将阿维链霉菌的aveD基因失活,并不影响下游酮基还原酶基因(aveF)基因的表达,重组菌株只产生阿维菌素B组分。     

绛红色小单孢菌G1008接合转移体系的构建

目的 构建绛红色小单孢菌(Micromonospora purpurea)的接合转移体系,并对该体系进行优化.方法 以绛红色小单孢菌G1008染色体DNA为模板,经PCR扩增甲基化酶基因gntK的上下游序列各2000bp左右作为同源交换臂,并将红霉素抗性基因作为筛选标记插入两交换臂之间.以温敏型质粒pKC 1139作为基本载体,构建重组质粒pFD306.借助接合转移技术,将该质粒导入绛红色小单孢菌G1008.结果 经抗性筛选,得到一株阳性菌株,命名为GK1008,经PCR鉴定和测序,验证了重组质粒已整合到染色体上.GK1008菌株对红霉素和安普霉素的抗性均超过500μg/mL.结论 绛红色小单孢菌接合转移体系的构建达到了预期目的,并实现了对该体系的优化,这为其它小单孢菌的分子遗传学操作提供了借鉴.     

临床分离嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌L1、L2酶基因克隆、测序及定位

目的了解临床分离嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌产LI、L2 β-内酰胺酶情况、酶基因定位及核苷酸序列进化和同源关系。方法PCR法扩增两种β-内酰胺酶基因，通过克隆、测序、序列比对确定其亚型、基因进化、同源关系和基因所在位置。结果细菌染色体DNA和质粒DNA扩增L1、L2酶基因阳性，其序列具有明显异质性。两种酶基因位于12kb大小的质粒上。结论嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌绝大多数产生两种β-内酰胺酶，酶基因变异和进化加速的驱动力部分可能与β-内酰胺类抗生素的长期使用有关。     

血脑屏障上γ-氨基丁酸转运体及其相关基因的分布

目的　明确γ 氨基丁酸 (GABA)转运体 (GAT)超家族成员基因在血脑屏障上的分布及寻找相关的新成员。方法　在体灌注磁珠标记脑微血管 ,体外磁选获得不含完整神经细胞的微血管片段 ;设计GAT超家族成员基因的同源引物 ,以脑微血管tRNA为模板 ,采用RT PCR扩增目的片段 ,测序聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳分离特异扩增产物 ,对特异条带分别克隆、测序。应用Blast软件将测得序列与Genebank中的所有已知序列比对分析。结果　对纯化血管的tRNA进行RT PCR ,产物经PAGE电泳分离 ,分别克隆、测序 ,获得B1～B7共 7个不同的核苷酸序列。B3、B5的全序列与大鼠GAT 2、BGT 1的部分序列高度同源 ,B7的全序列与牛磺酸转运体TAUT的部分序列高度同源 ,其它 4个表达序列标签 (EST)B1、B2、B4、B6已提交Genbank的dbEST ,B1(Genebank接受号 :CF35 896 5 )、B2 (CD5 6 8346 )、B4 (CF35 896 6 )和B6(CD5 6 8347)的部分序列与Genbank中的一些序列有一定的同源性 ,但与GAT成员的同源性低。结论　血脑屏障上存在GAT 2、BGT 1两个GAT亚型和TAUT基因 ,可能负责跨血脑屏障的GABA转运。与GAT有关的 4个EST序列的基因及功能有待进一步阐明。     

黑暗链霉菌中安普霉素生物合成的阻断研究

以黑暗链霉菌Tt-49基因组为模板,利用PCR方法,扩增安普霉素生物合成关键基因aprH～M的上、下游序列,作为同源交换臂,并以温敏复制型质粒pKC1139为基础,构建用于阻断黑暗链霉菌Tt-49中安普霉素生物合成的重组质粒pHM106.质粒经接合转移进入黑暗链霉菌Tt-49,并筛选得到发生同源双交换工程菌,命名为黑暗链霉菌HM106.通过PCR鉴定,证明工程菌HM106中的aprH～M被tetr替换.对工程菌HM106进行发酵产物分析,结果是其发酵效价下降明显,仅为出发菌株的40％左右.采用薄层层析(TLC)对其组分分析,其安普霉素组分消失,因此,初步判断已成功阻断安普霉素的生物合成.     

人类多重剪接RNA结合蛋白类基因的克隆和分析

目的 通过同源筛选的方法拼接并克隆人类多重剪接RNA结合蛋白2(RBPMS2)基因.方法 采用同源筛选策略,以人RBPMS2基因作为信息探针,在GeneBank数据库中进行分析,将获得的高度同源的表达序列标签(EST)用VECTOR NTI软件拼接成重叠群.通过UCSCGenome Blat Server分析,确定RBPMS2基因的染色体定位,SMART网上分析工具进行结构域预测,Unigene数据库进行表达谱分析.结果 电子克隆到人类RBPMS2新基因cDNA序列,含完整的开放阅读框(ORF).RBPMS2基因编码的多肽由209个氨基酸组成,分子量22.5 KDa,等电点8.63.SMART分析显示RBPMS2蛋白包含1个RNA识别模体(RRM)结构域.RBPMS2基因位于第15号染色体,定位在15q22.31,由7个外显子和6个内含子组成.电子表达谱分析显示RBPMS2在卵细胞、受精卵、囊胚、不同发育阶段的胚胎、膀胱、肾脏等组织中高表达.结论 分析并克隆到了一个新的人类RBPMS2基因.     

YY1基因在肺癌组织中的表达及其对肺癌细胞功能的影响

目的 检测转录因子YY1在肺癌组织中的表达情况,并分析其对肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭的影响。方法 应用Taqman探针实时荧光定量PCR方法检测235例肺癌组织以及62例配对癌旁组织中YY1 mRNA的表达,并分析其表达与患者临床病理特征的关系。应用Lipofectamine 3000试剂在肺癌细胞系转染YY1过表达质粒及对照质粒。噻唑蓝（MTT）分别检测对照组和YY1过表达组在24、48及72 h对A549和H1299细胞增殖的影响。划痕实验和Transwell实验检测YY1过表达对肺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力的影响。结果 与癌旁组织（5.80±0.58）相比,YY1 mRNA在肺癌组织（5.07±0.58）中表达下调（P<0.01）,且YY1 mRNA的表达在不同性别、吸烟状态、病理类型及临床分期中存在差异（P<0.05）。YY1过表达组H1299细胞增殖能力在48h和72h均低于对照组（P<0.01）,A549细胞在72h低于对照组（P<0.05）。划痕实验和Transwell实验结果显示转染过表达YY1质粒后,肺癌细胞的侵袭能力及迁移能力明显下降（P<0.05）。结论 YY1在肺癌组织中低表达,上调 YY1的表达可抑制肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。     

Ethnic-related differences in the frequency distribution of genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes in Japanese and Caucasian populations

1. Race-related differences in the frequency distribution of genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes were studied in 39 Japanese and 45 Caucasians. 2. Four types of CYP1A1 polymorphism, namely m1 (a nucleotide change at T6235C in the 3'-flanking region), m2 (A4889G at exon 7), m3 (T5639C in the 3'-flanking region) and m4 (C4887A at exon 7), and three types of CYP1B1 genetic polymorphism, namely m1 (C488G and G701T leading to Arg48Gly and Ala119Ser exchanges respectively), m2 (C1294G leading to a Leu432Val exchange) and m3 (A1358G leading to an Asn453Ser exchange) were studied. 3. The distribution of the m1-, m2-, m3-, and m4-types of CYP1A1 polymorphism in the Japanese population was 30.8, 17.9, 0 and 0% respectively; those in Caucasians were 3.3, 6.7, 0 and 2.2% respectively. Two types (m1, and m2) of CYP1B1 polymorphism were expressed at 14.1 and 21.8% respectively in the Japanese, and by 28.9 and 37.5% respectively in the Caucasian. Ethnic differences were also noted in the m3-type CYP1B1 polymorphism in which the incidence in Caucasians was 23.9%, whereas no cases in the 39 Japanese subjects were observed. 4. No apparent association was found in the incidence in each of the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes, nor in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, except that the occurrence of the m2-type of CYP1A1 genetic polymorphism was related to that of the m1-type CYP1A1 polymorphism in the Japanese population. 5. These results suggest that there are race-related differences in the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms in both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes in Japanese and Caucasian populations and that these differences in P450 genetic polymorphisms may, in part, cause differences in the occurrence of lung and breast cancers in these ethnic groups.     

Ethnic-related differences in the frequency distribution of genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes in Japanese and Caucasian populations

1. Race-related differences in the frequency distribution of genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes were studied in 39 Japanese and 45 Caucasians. 2. Four types of CYP1A1 polymorphism, namely m1 (a nucleotide change at T6235C in the 3'-flanking region), m2 (A4889G at exon 7), m3 (T5639C in the 3'-flanking region) and m4 (C4887A at exon 7), and three types of CYP1B1 genetic polymorphism, namely m1 (C488G and G701T leading to Arg48Gly and Ala119Ser exchanges respectively), m2 (C1294G leading to a Leu432Val exchange) and m3 (A1358G leading to an Asn453Ser exchange) were studied. 3. The distribution of the m1-, m2-, m3-, and m4-types of CYP1A1 polymorphism in the Japanese population was 30.8, 17.9, 0 and 0% respectively; those in Caucasians were 3.3, 6.7, 0 and 2.2% respectively. Two types (m1, and m2) of CYP1B1 polymorphism were expressed at 14.1 and 21.8% respectively in the Japanese, and by 28.9 and 37.5% respectively in the Caucasian. Ethnic differences were also noted in the m3-type CYP1B1 polymorphism in which the incidence in Caucasians was 23.9%, whereas no cases in the 39 Japanese subjects were observed. 4. No apparent association was found in the incidence in each of the genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes, nor in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, except that the occurrence of the m2-type of CYP1A1 genetic polymorphism was related to that of the m1-type CYP1A1 polymorphism in the Japanese population. 5. These results suggest that there are race-related differences in the occurrence of genetic polymorphisms in both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes in Japanese and Caucasian populations and that these differences in P450 genetic polymorphisms may, in part, cause differences in the occurrence of lung and breast cancers in these ethnic groups.     

Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochromes P450 2B1 and P450 2B6 by n-propylxanthate

n-Propylxanthate (nPX) inactivated the 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-EFC) O-deethylation activity of purified, reconstituted rat hepatic P450 2B1 or human P450 2B6 in a mechanism-based manner. The inactivation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and was entirely dependent on both NADPH and nPX. The maximal rate constant for inactivation of P450 2B1 at 30 degrees C was 0.2 min-1. The apparent KI was 44 microM, and the half-time for inactivation was 4.1 min. Purified, reconstituted human P450 2B6 was also inactivated by nPX with a KI of 12 microM. The kinactivation for P450 2B6 was 0.06 min-1, and the t1/2 was 11 min. Incubations of P450 2B1 with nPX and NADPH for 20 min resulted in a 75% loss in enzymatic activity and a concurrent 25% loss of the enzyme's ability to form a reduced CO complex. Little loss in the absolute spectrum of nPX-inactivated P450 2B1 was observed. With P450 2B6, an 83% loss in enzymatic activity and a 12% loss in the CO-reduced spectra were observed. The extrapolated partition ratio for nPX with P450 2B1 was 32. P450 2B1 could be protected from inactivation by nPX by adding an alternate substrate to the reaction mixture. Removal of unbound nPX by dialysis did not reverse the inactivation. The alternate oxidant iodosobenzene was able to partially restore enzymatic activity to nPX-inactivated P450 2B1 samples. A stoichiometry for labeling of 1.2:1 for binding of radiolabeled nPX metabolite to P450 2B1 was seen. These results indicated that nPX inactivated P450 2B1 and P450 2B6 in a mechanism-based manner. P450 2B1 was inactivated primarily by a nPX reactive intermediate that bound to the apoprotein.     

低氧暴露对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的 研究低氧暴露诱导淋巴细胞数量减少与细胞增殖和凋亡的关系。方法 从C57BL/6小鼠脾中分离淋巴细胞,将淋巴细胞分别在低氧（1%O₂）和常氧（21%O₂）环境中培养12、24、48 h。用流式细胞术检测T、B淋巴细胞数量;羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸和AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI方法分别检测淋巴细胞的增殖和凋亡;扫描电镜观察淋巴细胞形态;实时荧光定量逆转录PCR和Western blot检测凋亡相关因子鼠源B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2（bcl-2）、bcl-2同源拮抗剂-杀伤蛋白（Bak）和胱天蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 低氧暴露12、24、48h,可降低T、B淋巴细胞数量,抑制淋巴细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡;扫描电镜观察显示,同一时间下,低氧组淋巴细胞更早出现凋亡特征形态学变化;低氧暴露12、24、48 h,淋巴细胞Bak和caspase-3的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均上调,而bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均下调。结论 低氧暴露通过抑制淋巴细胞增殖、促进凋亡,从而介导淋巴细胞数量下降。     

The acetylation of 6'-amino group of amikacin by a new enzyme prepared from serratia sp

It was found that Serratia marcescens 43, Serratia proteamaculans 48 and Serratia sp. 45, all of which were clinically isolated, produced a new type of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase which acetylated amikacin at the 6'-amino group. 1-N-[(S)-3-Amino-2-hydroxypropionyl]-gentamicin B (HAPA-B, SCH 21420) and gentamicin C2 were hardly inactivated by the enzymes and had effective antimicrobial activities against these strains both in vitro and in vivo. This kind of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase should be classified into a new group other than previously reported AAC(6') enzymes.     

Inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1 by benzyl isothiocyanate, a chemopreventative agent from cruciferous vegetables

A series of arylalkyl isothiocyanates were evaluated for their ability to inactivate purified cytochrome P450 2B1 in a reconstituted system. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) occur naturally in several cruciferous vegetables, and the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes has been implicated in their chemopreventative abilities. The naturally occurring isothiocyanates BITC and PEITC inactivated P450 2B1 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas the synthetic isothiocyanates phenylpropyl and phenylhexyl isothiocyanate did not result in inactivation, but were potent competitive inhibitors of P450 2B1 activity. The kinetics of inactivation of P450 2B1 by BITC were characterized. The 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin O-deethylation activity of P450 2B1 was inactivated in a mechanism-based manner. The loss of O-deethylation activity followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, was saturable, and required NADPH. The BITC concentration required for half-maximal inactivation (K(I)) was 5.8 microM, and the maximal rate constant for inactivation was 0.66 min(-)(1) at 23 degrees C. BITC was a very efficient inactivator of P450 2B1 with a partition ratio of approximately 9. The mechanism of BITC-mediated inactivation of P450 2B1 was also investigated. More than 80% of the catalytic activity was lost within 12 min with a concomitant loss of approximately 45% in the ability of the reduced enzyme to bind CO. The magnitude of the UV/visible absorption spectrum of the inactivated protein did not decrease significantly, and subsequent HPLC analysis indicated no apparent modification of the heme. HPLC and protein precipitation analyses indicated that the P450 apoprotein was covalently modified by a metabolite of BITC. Determination of the binding stoichiometry indicated that 0.90 +/- 0. 16 mol of radiolabeled metabolite was bound per mole of enzyme that was inactivated, suggesting the modification of a single amino acid residue per molecule of enzyme that was inactivated. The results reported here indicate that BITC is a mechanism-based inactivator of P450 2B1 and that inactivation occurs primarily through protein modification.     

Conditioning-strength dependent involvement of NMDA NR2B subtype receptor in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala in acquisition of auditory fear memory

It is known that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) is essential for fear memory formation. NMDA NR2B and NR2A subtype receptors exhibit difference in electrophysiological and signaling properties. However, it is unclear whether these two subtype receptors have different roles in fear memory formation. Here, we provide evidence, using pharmacological blockade and genetic interference, that NR2B is involved in acquisition of auditory fear memory in a conditioning-strength dependent way. Pre-conditioning intra-BLA infusion of the NR2B selective antagonist ifenprodil or Ro25-6981 impaired 48-h auditory fear memory (AFM) induced by five but not one CS-US pairing protocol, while similar treatment with the NR2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 disrupted memory for both protocols. Consistently, genetic over-expression of NR2B C-terminal in the BLA, which interferes with the C-terminal mediated intracellular signaling, produced a severe deficit in 48-h AFM for five but not one CS-US pairing protocol, whereas over-expression of NR2A C-terminal impaired memory for both protocols. Furthermore, pre-conditioning infusion of ifenprodil down-regulated the elevated phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by five CS-US pairing protocol. Thus, the involvement of BLA NR2B in AFM acquisition depends on conditioning strength.     

Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochromes P450 2B1 and P450 2B6 by 2-phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)propane.

2-Phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)propane (PPP), an analog of phencyclidine, was tested for its ability to inactivate cytochrome P450s (P450s) 2B1 and 2B6. PPP inactivated the 7-(benzyloxy)resorufin O-dealkylation activity of liver microsomes obtained from phenobarbital-induced rats with a K(I) of 11 microM. The 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin O-deethylation activity of purified rat liver P450 2B1 and expressed human P450 2B6 was inactivated by PPP in a reconstituted system containing NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and lipid. In the presence of NADPH, the loss of activity was time- and concentration-dependent, and followed pseudo first order kinetics. The rate of inactivation for P450 2B1 was 0.3 min(-1), and the concentration of PPP required to achieve half-maximal inactivation was 12 microM. The time for 50% of the P450 2B1 to become inactivated at saturating concentrations of PPP was 2.5 min. P450 2B6 was inactivated with a k(inact) of 0.07 min(-1), a K(I) of 1.2 microM, and a t(1/2) of 9.5 min. The inactivated P450s 2B1 and 2B6 lost about 25 and 15%, respectively, of their ability to form a CO-reduced complex, suggesting that the loss of activity was caused by a PPP modification of the apoprotein rather than the heme. The estimated partition ratio for P450s 2B1 and 2B6 with PPP was 31 and 15, respectively. The inactivation was not reversible and reductase activity was not affected. Coincubation of P450 2B1 and 2B6 with PPP and NADPH in the presence of an alternate substrate protected both enzymes from inactivation. The exogenous nucleophile GSH did not affect the rate of inactivation. PPP-inactivated P450s 2B1 and 2B6 were recognized on Western blots by an antibody generated to phencyclidine that had been conjugated to BSA. Stoichiometries of 1.4:1 and 0.7:1 were determined for the binding of a [3H]PPP metabolite to P450 2B1 and 2B6, respectively.