岗位工人多环芳烃暴露量的检测方法

目的 为了研究岗位工人多环芳烃暴露量监测方法,我们设计了一套适合岗位工人多环芳烃暴露量的采样仪器,采用PEM^TM个体采样切割器、BGI个体采样泵、石英纤维滤膜及聚氨酯泡沫采集岗位工人暴露的多环芳烃。采用索氏提取器提取,旋转蒸发器浓缩．用带有可调波长荧光检测器的液相色谱仪进行分析。对方法的检出限、回收率、精密度以及样品的稳定性进行了研究,并对100名受试者多环芳烃暴露量进行了监测。结果显示,该方法有较好的检出限,较高的回收率。     

多环芳烃暴露生物标志物羟基多环芳烃检测方法的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中的持久性有机污染物,长期暴露可引发肺癌、皮肤癌等恶性肿瘤。而PAHs的代谢物——单羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs)可以作为暴露生物标志物综合评价人体对PAHs的暴露水平,从而吸引众多研究人员对OH-PAHs检测方法的研究。笔者介绍了生物标志物以及选用OH-PAHs作为生物标志物的意义,系统综述了OH-PAHs的各种检测方法,包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱(气相色谱-质谱)联用技术、同步荧光光谱分析法、毛细管区带电泳法、酶联免疫法和电化学法,并对其检测方法的发展趋势进行了评价和展望。     

多环芳烃遗传毒性研究进展

多环芳烃类化合物是广泛存在于各种环境介质中的一类有机污染物,并能通过呼吸、饮食、饮水、皮肤接触等多种途径进入人体,对人体健康和环境产生严重危害。关于多环芳烃的毒性研究已经涉及遗传毒性、肝脏毒性、生长发育毒性及致癌性等方面,该文综述了其遗传毒性的研究进展,主要包括DNA损伤、染色体损伤以及遗传易感性等。     

多环芳烃暴露评价的生物标志物研究

目的探讨人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OH-Py)和3-羟基苯并(a)芘(3-OH-BaP)可否作为人体环境暴露多环芳烃(PAHs)肺癌风险评价的生物标志物。方法选择100名处于不同工作环境的非嗜烟成人作为研究对象,采集每名受试者24 h的个体呼吸带空气样品、饮食样品和尿液样品,用高效液相色谱(highperformance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分别测定呼吸和饮食样品中的14种PAHs化合物,以及尿液样品中的1-OH-Py和3-OH-BaP。结果焦炉工人日暴露PAHs的总量(其中BaP的中位值约为9.2μg/d)显著高于一般人群(BaP约0.8μg/d);焦炉工人尿中1-OH-Py的浓度(约2.0μmol/mol)也显著高于一般人群(约0.1μmol/mol);但是,焦炉工人尿中3-OH-BaP的浓度(约0.04μmol/mol)却显著低于一般人群(约0.07μmol/mol)。尿中1-OH-Py与人体暴露14种PAHs均呈显著正相关关系,而尿中3-OH-BaP却与人体暴露PAHs呈显著负相关关系。结论该研究首次提出了用1-OH-Py、3-OH-BaP的比值定量评价人体暴露PAHs肺癌风险的模型。     

Exposure of Firefighters to Particulates and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Firefighting continues to be among the most hazardous yet least studied occupations in terms of exposures and their relationship to occupational disease. Exposures are complex, involving mixtures of particles and chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Adverse health effects associated with these agents include elevated incidences of coronary heart disease and several cancers. PAHs have been detected at fire scenes, and in the firehouse rest area and kitchen, routinely adjoining the truck bay, and where firefighters spend a major part of each shift. An academic-community partnership was developed with the Cincinnati Fire Department with the goal of understanding active firefighters’ airborne and dermal PAH exposure. PAHs were measured in air and particulates, and number and mass concentrations, respectively, of submicron (0.02–1 μm) and PM2.5 (2.5 μm diameter and less) particles during overhaul events in two firehouses and a University of Cincinnati administrative facility as a comparison location. During overhaul firefighters evaluate partially combusted materials for re-ignition after fire extinguishment and commonly remove Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Face and neck wipes were also collected at a domestic fire scene. Overhaul air samples had higher mean concentrations of PM2.5 and submicron particles than those collected in the firehouse, principally in the truck bay and kitchen. Among the 17 PAHs analyzed, only naphthalene and acenaphthylene were generally detectable. Naphthalene was present in 7 out of 8 overhaul activities, in 2 out of 3 firehouse (kitchen and truck bay) samples, and in none collected from the control site. In firefighter face and neck wipes a greater number of PAHs were found, several of which have carcinogenic activity, such as benzofluoranthene, an agent also found in overhaul air samples. Although the concentration for naphthalene, and all other individual PAHs, was very low, the potential simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals even in small quantities in combination with high ultrafine particle exposure deserves further study. It is recommended that personal respiratory and skin protection be worn throughout the overhaul process.     

Compost-Mediated Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soil

Compost-assisted remediation of a manufactured-gas plant soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in thermally insulated composting chamber using mushroom compost consisting wheat straw, chicken manure, and gypsum. The degradation of individual PAHs was in range of 20–60% at the end of 54 days of composting followed by further increase of PAH removal (37–80%) after another 100 days of maturation. Both chemical analysis of the contaminated soil for PAHs and ecotoxicity tests on bioluminescent bacteria, earthworms, and plant seeds were performed before and after the composting. After the composting, inhibition of bioluminescence decreased, whereas no significant change in toxicity was observed for earthworm survival and seed germination. Using bacterial culture of Escherichia coli K12 genotoxicity tests were performed on samples taken from different parts of the composting pile; after the composting the decrease in genotoxicity was observed only in the sample taken from upper part of the composted pile. Received: 2 March 2002/Accepted: 12 June 2002     

Progress on Detection Methods for Hydroxyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as a Biomarker of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromtic Hydrocarbons

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中的持久性有机污染物,长期暴露可引发肺癌、皮肤癌等恶性肿瘤.而PAHs的代谢物——单羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs)可以作为暴露生物标志物综合评价人体对PAHs的暴露水平,从而吸引众多研究人员对OH-PAHs检测方法的研究.笔者介绍了生物标志物以及选用OH-PAHs作为生物标志物的意义,系统综述了OH-PAHs的各种检测方法,包括高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱(气相色谱-质谱)联用技术、同步荧光光谱分析法、毛细管区带电泳法、酶联免疫法和电化学法,并对其检测方法的发展趋势进行了评价和展望.     

多环芳烃的肝脏毒性及其遗传易感性

多环芳烃(polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons，PAHs)是指分子中含两个或两个以上苯环的碳氢化合物，广泛存在于空气、水和土壤中。PAHs对健康的损伤一直是国内外的研究热点，但多集中于致突变性和致癌性，研究的靶器官多为肺。近年来已有越来越多的研究关注PAHs的非致癌效应及对肺以外的靶器官的作用，肝脏作为机体最主要的解毒器官，其受到的可能损伤已逐渐成为这一领域研究的重要课题。为此本文就PAHs的肝脏损伤作一综述，并进一步探讨个体可能的易感性机制，以期为PAHs的防治研究提供依据。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Residential Dust: Sources of Variability

Background: There is interest in using residential dust to estimate human exposure to environmental contaminants.Objectives: We aimed to characterize the sources of variability for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in residential dust and provide guidance for investigators who plan to use residential dust to assess exposure to PAHs.Methods: We collected repeat dust samples from 293 households in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study during two sampling rounds (from 2001 through 2007 and during 2010) using household vacuum cleaners, and measured 12 PAHs using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We used a random- and a mixed-effects model for each PAH to apportion observed variance into four components and to identify sources of variability.Results: Median concentrations for individual PAHs ranged from 10 to 190 ng/g of dust. For each PAH, total variance was apportioned into regional variability (1–9%), intraregional between-household variability (24–48%), within-household variability over time (41–57%), and within-sample analytical variability (2–33%). Regional differences in PAH dust levels were associated with estimated ambient air concentrations of PAH. Intraregional differences between households were associated with the residential construction date and the smoking habits of residents. For some PAHs, a decreasing time trend explained a modest fraction of the within-household variability; however, most of the within-household variability was unaccounted for by our mixed-effects models. Within-household differences between sampling rounds were largest when the interval between dust sample collections was at least 6 years in duration.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that it may be feasible to use residential dust for retrospective assessment of PAH exposures in studies of health effects.     

多环芳烃在不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布

目的 研究多环芳烃(PAHs)在冬季和夏季不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布。方法 用DFJ-1型五段分级采样器采样,用GC-MS法测定,分析衡阳市区冬夏两季空气中PAHs在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布。结果 在大气颗粒物分级样品中,均检出PAHs。PAHs在冬夏两季空气中的浓度分别为161．42、140．72 ng／m^2,在粒径≤2．0μm的细小颗粒上的含量分别占总量的63．3％与52．3％。结论 衡阳市大气环境中PAHs的含量冬季明显高于夏季,冬季主要富集在粒径≤2.0μm的细小颗粒上,PAHs在不同粒径大气颗粒物上的分布不一致,夏季在粗细粒子中分布较为均匀,冬季PAHs的分布明显发生变化。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Crossroads in Zagreb,Croatia

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the PM₁₀ particle fraction collected at two different measuring sites in Zagreb, Croatia. In summer, concentrations of all PAHs at both sites were low. In winter, mass concentrations of all PAHs measured at southern site were much higher than those at north. Contents of all PAHs in the PM₁₀ particle fraction were much lower in summer than that in the winter period. For example, average content of BaP in PM₁₀ in summer was 2.26 ng/mg at site A and 4.17 ng/mg at site B, while in winter it was 34.72 and 46.69 ng/mg, respectively.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Degrading Microflora in a Tropical Oil-Production Well

The surrounding environment near Dagang oil-production well suffers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution. In the present study, indigenous microorganisms capable of degrading PAHs were isolated and the efficiency of PAHs removal was investigated. Seven PAH-degrading strains were isolated with the ability to grow on naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and fluorene. They belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Rhodococcus. The strain having the highest degrading capacity for each PAH was selected by the screening test. The removal efficiency of PAHs was found to be in the order of naphthalene > fluorene > phenanthrene > pyrene. The kinetics of PAHs degradation was then followed by liquid chromatography determination and the results showed it conforms to a first-order reaction kinetic model. This study would be highly important for investigating the ability of microorganisms to utilize PAHs as growth substrates.     

Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Emissions of Different Mosquito Coils

Emission rates and emission factors of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the emissions of three prevalent mosquito coil brands available in the market in India, under controlled conditions in an environmental chamber. The emission rates varied between the brands and ranged between 2.0 ± 1.9 to 27.1 ± 1.5 μg h^?1 for brand A, 3.4 ± 1.1 to 32.3 ± 1.2 μg h^?1 for brand B and 3.1 ± 1.0 to 72.2 ± 1.1 μg h^?1 for brand C for different compounds. Five and six ring PAHs were not detected, however four and three ring PAHs dominated. Three ring PAHs contributed 24 %, 42 % and 29 %, while four ring compounds contributed 53 %, 35 % and 61 % to total PAHs in the three brands. Carcinogenic PAH compounds were also present in the emissions, indicating the potential risks associated with the inhalation of coil smoke.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Dust and Surface Soil: Comparisons of Concentration, Profile, and Source

Street dust and surface soil samples in urban areas of Dalian, a coastal city in Liaoning Province, China, were collected and analyzed for 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentrations, distribution, and sources of PAHs in dust and soil were determined. The concentrations of total PAHs in street dust ranged between 1890 and 17,070 ng/g (dry weight), with an average of 7460 ng/g, whereas the concentrations of total PAHs in surface soil varied greatly, from 650 to 28,900 ng/g, with a mean value of 6440 ng/g. Statistical paired t-test confirmed that total PAH concentrations have no significant difference between street dust and surface soil. Mean PAH concentrations in two type samples were much higher at industrial sites than at business/residential or garden sites. PAHs were dominated by higher molecular weight PAH (4- to 6-ring) homologues, which accounted for about 73% and 72% of total PAHs in street dust and surface soil, respectively. Principal component analysis was used in source apportionment of PAHs in dust and soil. Pyrogenic and petrogenic sources contributed 70% and 22.4% of total PAHs in street dusts, and fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) and biomass combustion accounted for 64.4% and 5.6% of total PAHs in pyrogenic sources, respectively. In surface soil, total PAHs were dominated by pyrogenic sources. The diagnostic ratios of benz[a]anthracene/chrysene confirmed that PAHs in street dust and surface soil of a Dalian urban zone might come mostly from the emission of local sources.