VCM技术和旋棒技术治疗Lenke 5C青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的临床效果评估

[目的]比较Lenke 5C青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)采用VCM技术(vertebral column manipulator)和旋棒技术(RD,rod derotation)矫正的临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析本院脊柱侧弯中心2008年7月²012年8月收治的36例Lenke 5C AIS患者,按去旋转矫正技术不同分为2组:VCM组26例,RD组15例,所有患者皆具有完整临床和影像资料。研究测量记录患者的10项影像参数,包括主弯顶椎旋转角及其矫正率,主弯Cobb角及其矫正率,主弯顶椎偏移(AVT),C7铅垂线偏移骶骨中央垂线距离(C7-CSVL),C7铅垂线偏移骶骨后上角距离(C7-SSVL),下融合椎倾斜角(LIV-tilt)及其矫正率,下融合椎距稳定椎节段数(LIV-SV),并利用统计学独立样本t检验对两组病例术前、术后的影像参数进行比较。[结果]两组患者皆成功获得手术矫正,术中、术后无严重并发症发生。VCM组和RD组的顶椎旋转角旋转矫正率平均为52.2%和34.4%,两组术前顶椎旋转角无统计学差异(P>0.05),术后顶椎旋转角及旋转矫正率具有明显统计学差异(P<0.05);两组的主弯Cobb角矫正率平均为87.3%和82.4%,两组间无统计学差异(P>0.05);两组的LIV-SV具有明显统计学差异(P<0.05),VCM组明显大于RD组,其均值分别为(1.1±0.3)节和(0.8±0.4)节;两组的LIV-tilt角矫正率平均为77.2%和66.6%,组间无明显统计学差异(P>0.05);两组患者术前、术后的冠状面和矢状面平衡皆得到良好维持。[结论]Lenke 5C AIS采用VCM技术和旋棒技术矫形皆可获得良好的主弯和下融合椎倾斜角矫正及冠状面和矢状面平衡,但VCM技术术后即刻的顶椎旋转矫正和减少腰椎远端融合节段的趋势优于旋棒技术。     

VCM去旋转和旋棒技术矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的影像效果比较

[目的]比较VCM去旋转技术(vertebral column manipulator,VCM)和旋棒技术(rod demtation,RD)治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的矫正效果.[方法]回顾性分析2008年9月～2011年7月本中心采用VCM去旋转技术矫正的AIS患者20例,其中男6例,女14例;平均年龄14.5岁(10 ～ 18岁);取同期采用旋棒技术矫正的AIS患者20例,其中男3例,女17例;平均年龄14.6岁(10 ～ 18岁).两组病例均具有完整的临床资料和术前术后全脊柱X线片、CT平扫+三维重建资料.研究收集两组患者的7项影像数据,包括主弯顶椎旋转角及其矫正率,主弯Cobb角及其矫正率,T5-12后凸角,主弯顶椎偏移(AVT),C7铅垂线偏移骶骨中央垂线距离(C7-CSVL),C7铅垂线偏移骶骨后上角距离(C7-SSVL),下融合椎倾斜角(LIV-tilt)及其矫正率,并利用统计学独立样本t检验对两组病例术前术后的影像参数进行比较.[结果]两组患者均获得良好的侧凸矫正及冠状面、矢状面平衡重建,术中术后无严重并发症发生.VCM组的主弯顶椎旋转矫正率明显优于RD组,其值分别为平均(62.3±19.5)％和(24.7±22.5)％(P＜0.05).冠状面上,VCM组和RD组的主弯矫正率无明显统计学差异(P＞0.05),其均值分别为(79.6±10.4)％和(81.0±10.4)％;虽然两组的LIV-tilt角矫正率无明显统计学差异,但VCM组的矫正率明显高于RD组(VCM组:RD组=75.6％ VS 61.6％).矢状面上,两组患者的术后胸椎后凸和矢状面平衡皆得到良好维持.[结论] VCM去旋转技术矫正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸顶椎旋转的效果优于旋棒技术,并具有潜在矫正下融合椎倾斜角及维持良好胸椎后凸的作用.     

顶椎置钉与否对Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫形效果的影响

目的:探讨顶椎置钉与否对Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者矫形效果的影响。方法:回顾性分析从2009年6月～2010年1月采用全椎弓根螺钉后路矫形内固定融合术治疗的69例Lenke 1型AIS患者,年龄12～20岁,平均15.0岁,主弯Cobb角50°～70°,平均53.7°。根据顶椎置钉与否分为:顶椎凸凹侧均未置入螺钉组(A组,35例)和至少一侧置入螺钉固定组(B组,34例)。记录两组患者术前年龄、性别、主弯Cobb角、柔韧度、顶椎旋转度和固定节段数、置入物密度、术后Cobb角、主弯Cobb角矫正率、顶椎去旋转率等指标并进行两组间的比较分析。B组病例在CT图像上统计顶椎不良置钉率。结果:两组患者年龄、性别比、术前主弯Cobb角、柔韧度和顶椎旋转度等资料均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。所有病例矫形术后均未发生冠状面与矢状面的失代偿。随访24～30个月,平均27.7个月,两组患者无内固定松动及断钉断棒,植骨融合牢固,均未出现明显的矫正丢失。A、B两组置入物密度分别为63.4%、65.3%,平均固定节段数分别为11.3和11.6,主弯Cobb角矫正率分别为73.9%和72.6%。两组在置入物密度、内固定节段数和主弯Cobb角矫正率方面均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。术后顶椎去旋转率A组为18.4%,显著低于B组的34.8%(P<0.05)。B组顶椎置入的41枚螺钉中,有5枚为不良置钉(12.2%)。结论:对于Cobb角在50°～70°非严重的Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸,顶椎置钉尽管并不能显著提高侧凸矫正率,但可以明显矫正顶椎旋转,因此,在注意置钉安全性的前提下,应尽量在顶椎置入椎弓根螺钉。     

单平面椎弓根螺钉矫正Lenke 5型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸顶椎旋转

目的对单平面椎弓根螺钉和万向椎弓根螺钉矫正Lenke 5型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)顶椎旋转的效果进行对比分析。方法回顾性分析2010年1月—2013年12月收治的72例应用万向/单平面椎弓根螺钉行后路三维矫形植骨融合内固定术的Lenke 5型AIS患者的临床资料,其中使用万向椎弓根螺钉治疗(A组)43例,使用单平面椎弓根螺钉治疗(B组)29例。记录手术前后腰椎侧凸Cobb角和腰椎前凸角,并计算侧凸矫正率。术前使用Nash-Moe法评估顶椎旋转程度,术后根据Upasani等提出的X线椎体旋转分级标准评价顶椎去旋转的效果。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术。2组患者术前侧凸Cobb角及腰椎前凸角差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);2组术后2周及1年侧凸Cobb角及腰椎前凸角均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);A组术后1年侧凸矫正率为79.2%,B组为81.4%,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。2组患者术前顶椎旋转程度差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);术后2周及1年顶椎去旋转程度B组优于A组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论两种椎弓根螺钉都能很好地矫正Lenke 5型AIS患者冠状面侧凸,单平面椎弓根螺钉在矫正及维持顶椎去旋转效果方面优于万向椎弓根螺钉。     

顶椎凹侧置钉类型对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者矫形效果的影响

目的：探讨顶椎凹侧置钉类型对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者矫形效果的影响。方法：2002年1月-2007年10月采用全节段椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗83例单结构弯的AIS患者，年龄13．5，17岁．平均15．5岁。根据顶椎凹侧置钉种类不同分为：顶椎单轴向螺钉固定组（A组，38例）和多轴向螺钉固定组（B组，45例）。两组术前Cobb角、柔韧性、顶椎旋转度无明显统计学差异。比较两组的Cobb角矫正率和顶椎去旋转率（RAsag角矫正率），并根据CT上螺钉长轴与钉帽轴线的夹角大小和方向来判断B组顶椎钉口成角程度和方向。结果：两组Cobb角矫正率无明显统计学差异（69％、68％，P〉0．05），A组顶椎去旋转率高于B组（42％、34％，P〈0．05）。术后CT证实B组的顶椎凹侧有37枚螺钉（82％）出现钉口成角（平均-13．5^o）。结论：单轴向螺钉的顶椎去旋转率明显高于多轴向螺钉。对于单结构弯。在提高置钉准确性、后方结构充分松解的同时，顶椎凹侧应尽量选择单轴向螺钉固定。     

先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂的临床特点及手术疗效

目的 :研究手术治疗先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂的患者的临床特点,评估其手术疗效及并发症发生情况。方法:回顾性分析2005年3月～2017年3月间我院收治并行手术治疗的先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂患者69例,其中女性41例,男性28例,平均年龄13.9±4.5岁(7～34岁)。所有患者术前均行全脊柱正侧位X线、CT及MRI检查,术后即刻及末次随访行全脊柱正侧位X线检查,测量影像学参数(主弯Cobb角、次弯Cobb角、主弯顶椎偏距、躯干偏移、胸椎后凸角及腰椎前凸角),分析先天性脊柱侧凸合并脊髓纵裂的影像学特点及临床表现,并评估脊柱侧凸矫形率及相关并发症[矫形率=(术前Cobb角-术后即刻Cobb角)/术前Cobb角]。结果:在69例脊髓纵裂患者中,单纯膜性纵裂50例,骨性纵裂4例,膜性合并骨性纵裂15例。合并椎板畸形38例,半椎体24例,肋骨畸形25例,37例同时存在其他椎管内畸形,椎管外畸形8例。临床表现主要有:背部毛发10例,跛行6例,腰背痛4例,截瘫2例。双下肢/双足异常8例,神经系统阳性体征20例。脊髓纵裂好发于下胸段及腰段,占72.4%(50/69),纵裂累及椎体节段平均为4.2±2.7个。所有患者中,1例在矫形前行骨嵴切除,余均未对纵裂做预防性切除,仅单纯行侧凸矫形内固定术。60例得到随访,随访率为86.9%。平均随访时间32.4±22.7个月(13～115个月)。术前主弯Cobb角平均为71.8°±29.4°,次弯Cobb角为46.4°±17.3°,胸椎后凸角为39.5°±36.1°,腰椎前凸角为50.4°±17.3°;主弯顶椎偏距为6.2±3.6cm,躯干偏移平均为2.8±3.0cm。术后即刻主弯Cobb角28.8°±21.6°,次弯Cobb角25.6°±14.5°,胸椎后凸角25.5°±19.1°,腰椎前凸角42.3°±15.4°;主弯顶椎偏距4.2±3.3cm,躯干偏移2.4±2.8cm,主弯顶椎旋转度所有患者术后即刻冠状位主弯矫形率为(59.9±22.0)%,末次随访时矫形率为(53.6±25.7)%。术后即刻与术前相比,主弯Cobb角、次弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角及主弯顶椎偏距均有明显统计学差异(P0.01),主弯顶椎旋转度及躯干偏移无明显统计学差异。末次随访时主弯Cobb角平均为33.3°±25.9°,次弯Cobb角为27.1°±16.9°,胸椎后凸角为25.1°±16.1°,腰椎前凸角为45.6°±17.6°;主弯顶椎偏距为4.9±6.0cm,躯干偏移平均为2.1±2.0cm,末次随访与术后相比,均无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。术后共6例出现神经系统并发症,发生率为8.7%,均为不完全神经损伤,无截瘫发生。内固定相关并发症3例,包括螺钉松动2例,内固定棒断裂1例。2例螺钉松动患者无任何临床症状,予以随访观察;1例内固定棒断裂患者手术翻修,未再次出现并发症。结论:先天性脊柱侧凸合并SCM手术治疗患者纵裂好发于下胸段及腰段,椎体畸形以混合型最多见;中下胸段肋骨畸形的伴发率最高。     

Lenke 1型特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后顶椎区残留旋转的危险因素分析

[目的]探讨影响Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者术后顶椎区残留旋转的危险因素。[方法]选取2010年1月~2014年10月在本院行后路融合术的26例Lenke 1型AIS患者,其中男5例,女21例。按照术后顶椎区残留旋转的严重程度将AIS患者分为两组:A组(顶椎区椎体残留旋转比率70%)15例,B组(顶椎区椎体残留旋转比率70%)11例。分析两组患者的性别、年龄、Risser征、术前主胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯柔韧度、术前顶椎区椎体旋转角度、术前及术后的顶椎偏移距离和躯干偏移距离、胸椎矢状位Cobb角改善率、主胸弯矫正率以及顶椎区置钉密度。单因素分析对比两组患者在上述指标的差异性,并进行Logistic多因素回归分析。[结果]两组间患者的主胸弯柔韧度、术前顶椎偏移距离、主胸弯矫正率、顶椎区置钉密度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素回归分析显示导致术后顶椎区残留旋转的独立危险因素包括主胸弯矫正率、顶椎区置钉密度(P0.05)。[结论]Lenke 1型AIS患者主胸弯矫正率、顶椎区置钉密度是影响术后顶椎区残留旋转的危险因素。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯凸侧旋棒矫形与凹侧旋棒矫形的手术效果评估

[目的]比较青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)采用后路凸侧旋棒矫形与凹侧旋棒矫形的手术效果.[方法]收集本中心2008年7月～2011年7月收治的AIS患者61例,年龄10～18岁,术前主弯均＜70°.按术中矫形技术分为凸侧旋棒矫形组(n=34)和凹侧旋棒矫形组(n=27),所有患者均具有完整的术前、术后全脊柱X线片.研究收集两组患者的术前、术后主弯Cobb角及其矫正率、T5～12后凸角、顶椎偏移距离(AVT)、C7偏离骶骨中央垂线距离(C7-CSVL)和C7偏离骶骨后上角距离(C7-SSVL),置钉密度,并进行统计学比较.[结果]两组患者皆成功获得手术矫正,术中、术后无严重并发症发生;术前主弯Cobb角分别从平均47.9°±9.9°和51.4°±8.8°(P=0.148),矫正至术后平均8.2°±5.2°和14.0°±8.5°(P =0.002),平均矫正率为(82.5±10.5)％和(73.4±13.9)％ (P=0.005);T5～12后凸分别从术前平均17.7°±12.2°和20.6°±13.7°(P=0.377),矫正至术后平均19.7°±9.8°和18.3°±8.7°(P=0.558);术后冠状面和矢状面皆获得良好平衡.[结论]AIS后路凸侧旋棒矫形较凹侧旋棒矫形具有更好的主弯矫正率,并可潜在增加脊髓神经安全性;两组患者术后皆能维持良好的胸椎后凸.     

凸侧旋棒与凹侧旋棒矫正Lenke I型AIS至少2年随访效果评估

[目的]评估Lenke I型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)采用后路凸侧旋棒矫形与凹侧旋棒矫形至少2年的随访效果。[方法]收集本中心2008年7月~2011年7月间收治的Lenke I型AIS患者66例,平均年龄14.9岁,术前主弯均70°。按术中矫形技术分为凸侧旋棒组(32例)和凹侧旋棒组(34例),所有患者均具有完整术前、术后及术后2年的全脊柱正侧位X线片以及术前、术后CT平扫。研究分析两组病例的主弯Cobb角及其矫正率、T_(5~12)后凸角、顶椎偏移距离(apical vertebral translation,AVT)、C_7偏离骶骨中央垂线距离(coronal C_7 to centre sacral vertical line,C_7-CSVL)和C_7偏离骶骨后上角距离(the sagital C_7 to centre sacral vertical line,C_7-SSVL),置钉密度及置钉破壁率,并进行统计学比较。[结果]两组患者皆成功获得手术矫正,术中及术后2年随访无严重并发症发生;凸侧旋棒组和凹侧旋棒组的术前主弯Cobb角分别从平均(53.2±10.7)°和(51.2±10.8)°(P=0.455)矫正至术后平均(8.0±7.3)°和(12.9±7.0)°(P=0.008),平均矫正率为(86.2±12.7)%和(75.3±13.0)%(P=0.001);T_(5~12)后凸分别从术前平均(18.4±12.6)°和(23.2±19.3)°(P=0.248),矫正至术后平均(20.2±10.9)°和(21.8±8.9)°(P=0.533);术后冠状面和矢状面皆获得良好平衡。所有病例的凸侧和凹侧总椎弓根螺钉破壁率分别为1.2%和3.9%(P=0.162);凸侧旋棒组和凹侧旋棒组的总椎弓根钉破壁率分别为1.3%和3.2%(P=0.01)。[结论]青少年脊柱侧凸采用凸侧旋棒技术矫正是一种安全有效的方法,较凹侧旋棒矫形具有更好的侧凸矫形效果和置钉安全性;结合胸椎小关节松解、体内折弯和增加凹侧预弯棒角度有助于矢状面后凸的维持或矫正,且至少2年随访的矫形效果维持良好。     

脊椎共面排列矫形技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的初步疗效

目的:评估脊椎共面排列(vertebral coplanar alignment,VCA)矫形技术治疗特发性脊柱侧凸(idiopathicscoliosis,IS)的初步疗效。方法:2010年1月～9月采用VCA技术治疗IS患者20例,男5例,女15例,年龄11～21岁,平均15.3岁;Lenke 1型14例,2型6例;术前主弯Cobb角50°～86°,平均67.5°,柔韧性11.4%～50.9%,平均31.7%;胸椎后凸5°～55°,平均25.7°,按Lenke矢状面形态分,6例为"+",4例为"-",10例为"N"。均采用一期后路椎弓根螺钉固定、VCA矫形、同种异体骨植骨融合治疗。以主胸弯Cobb角评价矫正率,并测定胸椎后凸变化;以顶椎肋骨隆起间距(rib hump,RH)、顶椎椎体肋骨比(apical vertebral body rib ratio,AVB-R)、肋骨弥散间距(apical rib spread difference,ARSD)和椎体旋转角(rotational angle to sacrum,RAsac)评价旋转的矫正情况。结果:所有患者均成功完成矫形手术,手术时间115～196min,平均164min;术中出血400～800ml,平均680ml;未发生严重并发症。术后主弯Cobb角12°～27°,平均20.6°,平均矫正率70.1%;RH、AVB-R、ARSD及RAsac平均矫正率分别为56.3%、29.8%、74.3%和54.1%;术后后凸17°～27°,平均21.8°,术前为"+"或者"-"的患者均矫正为N,无1例发生或残留平背畸形。随访3～12个月,平均9个月,未见矫正丢失和失代偿发生。结论:VCA矫形技术能有效矫正IS患者的冠状面畸形,有效获得或维持胸椎生理性后凸,且具有较好的矫正旋转畸形的能力。     

选择性胸椎融合治疗脊柱侧凸合并脊髓空洞症

目的 评价选择性胸椎融合治疗脊柱侧凸并脊髓空洞症的效果.方法 对2001年1月至2009年1月收治的93例脊柱侧凸并脊髓空洞症患者进行回顾性分析,其中行选择性胸椎融合且术后随访超过2年的患者共11例,男性3例,女性8例;年龄9～21岁,平均14.9岁.侧凸类型包括双弯9例,三弯2例.术前、术后及随访时行X线片检查,对侧凸类型、侧凸Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、侧凸柔韧性、躯干偏移进行测量和分析.结果 术前胸腰凸或腰凸Lenke A型2例,LenkeB型7例,Lenke C型2例.手术前后胸凸Cobb角平均值分别为62.6°和19.0°,平均矫正率为69.6%;手术前后胸腰凸或腰凸Cobb角分别为36.1°和11.6°,自动矫正率为67.9%,随访时间24～48个月,平均29.5个月,胸凸矫正丢失率为6.8%.最终随访时有1例发生了冠状面躯干失平衡,有1例发生椎弓根螺钉螺帽脱出,行翻修手术,无神经系统并发症发生.结论 选择性胸椎融合可用于脊柱侧凸并脊髓空洞症患者的手术治疗,这类患者的胸腰凸或腰凸具有与特发性脊柱侧凸类似的自发矫形能力,参照特发性脊柱侧凸的选择性融合标准可获得良好效果.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical results of selective thoracic fusion(STF)for scoliosis associated with syringomyelia Methods From January 2001 to January 2009,93 cases of scoliosis associated with syringomyelia were retrospectively reviewed.There were 11 cases who underwent STF and were followed up more than 2 years,which included 8 female and 3 male,the mean age was 14.9 years (9-21 years).Curve type,coronal and sagittal Cobb angle,apical vertebral rotation apical vertebral translation,flexibility,trunk shift were recorded and analyzed.Results There were 9 double curves and 2 triple curves,the Lenke type of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve included Lenke A in 2 cases,Lenke B in 7 cases and Lenke C in 2 cases.The average coronal Cobb angle of thoracic curve before and after surgery were 62.6°and 19.0° respectively,and the average correction rate was 69.6%.The average coronal Cobb angle of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve before and after surgery were 36.1° and 11.6° respectively,and the average spontaneous correction rate was 67.9%.The followed up time ranged from 24 to 48 months(mean 29.5 months),the average loss of correction rate was 6.8%.Only one trunk decompensation was noted at final follow-up.Pedicle screw nut loosening occurred in one patient and this patient underwent revision surgery,no neurological complication was noted at final follow-up.Conclusions STF could be safely performed in scoliosis associated with syringomyelia.Thoracolumbar/lumbar curve in these patients has similar spontaneous correction ability compared with idiopathic scoliosis patients.The satisfactory result could be achieved according to the STF criteria for IS.     

Lenke1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸融合术中顶椎确定下固定椎

目的 分析Lenke1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸融合术中顶椎确定下固定椎的可行性.方法 82例Lenke1型患者,分为两组,按Cobb角度、Risser征、中立椎和下终椎配对.实验组以顶椎所处的节段作为依据选择下固定椎,对照组以中立椎为依据选择下固定椎.均行后路内固定和脊柱融合术,在站立位片上测量手术前后侧凸畸形矫正率和脊柱平衡;平均随访时间为3年.结果 冠状面Cobb角度和颈7距骶中线距离、矢状面胸5～胸12椎体后凸角度矫正参数差异无统计学意义.但是,对照组失平衡数较实验组多3个.结论 Lenke1型侧凸患者顶椎可以作为选择下固定椎的依据.     

Vertebral rotation and thoracic torsion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: what is the best radiographic correlate?

BACKGROUND: As a result of the increased appreciation of the three-dimensional nature of scoliosis and modern spinal instrumentation's improved corrective capabilities, there has been renewed interest in the correction and measurement of vertebral rotation. Computed tomography (CT), the gold standard for accuracy, is limited in its clinical utility owing to cost, radiation exposure, and the effects of postural changes on scoliosis curves and vertebral rotation. Consequently, the Perdriolle and Nash-Moe techniques remain the standard measurements for providing a reasonable estimate of pre- and postoperative vertebral rotation because of their simplicity. However, these techniques have considerable interobserver variability, and pedicle screw instrumentation obscures the landmarks necessary for utilizing these techniques for postoperative vertebral rotation assessment. The purpose of the present study was to assess the utility of alternate radiographic measures to assess vertebral rotation and thoracic torsion when compared with conventional measures on pre- and postoperative radiographs and CT evaluation. METHODS: We reviewed the preoperative, immediate postoperative, and final follow-up radiographs, as well as the pre- and postoperative CT scans, of 19 patients (average age 15 years, 6 months) with Lenke 1 curves (average 55 degrees , range 47-66 degrees ), all treated with anterior spinal fusion. Coronal and sagittal Cobb angles as well as vertebral rotation (Perdriolle and Nash-Moe) at the superior uninstrumented, superior instrumented, apical, inferior instrumented, and inferior uninstrumented vertebrae were measured on all films, and vertebral rotation was assessed on the CT scans by a previously described method. Additionally, several measures of thoracic torsion (as a proxy for vertebral rotation and overall deformity improvement) were assessed. These included the rib-vertebral angle difference (RVAD), apical rib hump prominence (RH), apical vertebral body-rib ratio (AVB-R), and apical rib spread difference (ARSD). RESULTS: The postoperative main thoracic curve averaged 26 degrees (range 16-39 degrees , 52% correction) and 29 degrees (range 22-40 degrees , 47% correction) at final follow-up. For apical derotation, the postoperative CT improved from -11.5 degrees to -6.6 degrees and correlated significantly with the Cobb main thoracic curves (42% correction, r = 0.48, P = 0.003). There was weakly positive, but statistically significant, correlation between the pre- and postoperative CT scans and the corresponding Perdriolle and Nash-Moe measures of segmental rotation (r = 0.32-0.40, all P < 0.0001). The RVAD demonstrated poor correlation with the main thoracic curve values and correction, Perdriolle rotation and correction, and CT rotation and correction (r = -0.22-0.37, all P > 0.20). The apical RH demonstrated good correlation with the main thoracic curve (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001), apical Perdriolle rotation (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001), and CT apical rotation (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). We also found moderate correlation between the AVB-R and the main thoracic Cobb, apical Perdriolle, and CT (r = 0.57, 0.59, and 0.49, respectively; all P < 0.005). Similar relationships were found with the ARSD (r = 0.51, 0.47, and 0.43, respectively; all P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The RH, AVB-R, and the ARSD-measures of thoracic torsion-demonstrated moderate to good overall correlation with the main thoracic curve Cobb angles, apical Perdriolle rotation, and apical CT rotation. These should be useful as clinical measures for assessing three-dimensional deformity correction on plane radiographs, especially for the intraoperative evaluation of vertebral derotation and thoracic symmetry restoration.     

Selective posterior thoracic fusion by means of direct vertebral derotation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: effects on the sagittal alignment

The objectives of this retrospective study were to evaluate the effect of direct vertebral derotation on the sagittal alignment of the spine after selective posterior thoracic fusion for Lenke Type I adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Preservation of the sagittal alignment has become critical in the management of spinal deformity. Better coronal and rotational corrections in posterior selective thoracic fusion for AIS have been reported with direct vertebral derotation as compared with the simple rod rotation technique. A greater lordogenic effect has been anticipated with direct vertebral derotation; however, data comparing those two techniques in terms of correction in the sagittal plane are still lacking. Standing full-spine PA and standard lateral serial X-rays of a total of 30 consecutive patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated between 2002 and 2008 at a single institution were evaluated. All the patients had Lenke Type I curves and underwent selective posterior thoracic fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation. Patients who were treated with additional osteotomies and concave or convex thoracoplasty or concomitant anterior releases were excluded. Minimum follow-up period was 24 months. Preoperative and postoperative coronal and sagittal spinal alignments in both the groups were compared. In 13 patients, the correction was achieved by means of a simple rod rotation (SRR). In 17 patients, the technique of direct vertebral derotation (DVD) was used. Scoliosis correction averaged 67 and 69%, respectively, and was similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis remained unchanged in the SRR group (p > 0.1). In the direct vertebral derotation group, a significant decrease of both thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis of 8.1° and 11.8°, respectively, was observed (p < 0.0001). Global sagittal balance remained within normal limits in all the patients at the latest follow-up. Decrease in thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis should be taken into account when using direct vertebral derotation for selective posterior thoracic fusion in AIS. In order to preserve sagittal alignment in these patients, ultra hard rods or maneuvers that pull posteriorly the concave side of the spine, thus avoiding the application of additional flattening forces should be considered.     

后路凸凹侧双棒同步矫形在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫治中的应用

目的 探讨后路凸凹双侧矫形棒同步矫形技术在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)外科矫治中的应用价值及疗效.方法 2006年2月至2008年8月采用后路凸凹侧双棒同步矫形技术治疗AIS 48例,其中男性16例,女性32例;年龄11～24岁,平均17.1岁.Lenke分型:Ⅰ型17例、Ⅱ型9例、Ⅲ型14例、Ⅳ型8例.行选择性胸弯融合27例,非选择性融合21例.观测手术前后冠状Cobb角、顶椎偏距、顶椎旋转、躯干偏移、尾端融合椎旋转、倾斜角、椎间角、矢状面平衡变化,评价侧凸矫正效果及脊柱平衡状况.结果 术后随访12～27个月,平均15.1个月.选择性融合患者末次随访胸、腰弯Cobb角平均矫正率分别为(76±11)%、(72±9)%.非选择性融合术患者末次随访胸、腰弯Cobb角平均矫正率分别为(74±15)%、(69±9)%.所有病例尾侧保留脊柱活动节段平均4.4个.1例因术中定位错误发生近端交界性后凸行翻修术.其余病例末次随访无脊柱失代偿,无假关节形成、神经损伤等并发症.结论 应用后路凸凹双侧矫形棒同步矫形治疗AIS,有助于提高矫形效果,重建和维持脊柱平衡,减少尾侧融合节段.     

Differential rod contouring on thoracolumbar/lumbar curvature in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An analysis with intraoperative acquisition of three-dimensional imaging

BackgroundDifferential rod contouring (DRC) is useful for periapical vertebral derotation and decreasing rib hump in patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, it is unknown whether DRC in the thoracolumbar/lumbar spine also contributes to derotation. We assessed the contributions of rod contouring and of DRC to the reduction of apical axial vertebral body rotation in patients with AIS with thoracolumbar/lumbar curvatures.MethodsForty-five (Lenke type 3 or 4, 17; Lenke type 5 or 6, 28) were analyzed for the contribution of DRC to thoracolumbar/lumbar spinal derotation. Rod contouring was assessed by comparing the preinsertion x-ray with the post-operative CT images. Intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopic scans of the periapical vertebrae of the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve of the scoliosis (135 vertebrae) were taken post-rod rotation (RR) and post-DRC in all patients. Three-dimensional images were automatically reconstructed from the taken x-ray images. The angle of vertebral body rotation in these apical vertebrae was measured, and the contribution of DRC to apical vertebral body derotation and rib hump index (RHi) for lumbar prominence was analyzed.ResultsThe pre-implantation convex rod curvatures of both Lenke 3/4 and 5/6 groups decreased after surgery. The mean further reductions in vertebral rotation with post-RR DRC were 3.7° for Lenke 3/4 and 4.4° for Lenke 5/6 (P < 0.01). Both changes in apical vertebral rotation and in RHi for evaluating lumbar prominence were significantly correlated with the difference between concave and convex rod curvature in preimplantation. Vertebral derotation was significantly higher in curves with a difference >20° (P < 0.05).ConclusionsDRC following rod rotation contributed substantial additional benefit to reducing vertebral rotation and decreasing lumbar prominence in thoracolumbar/lumbar scoliosis.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的选择性胸椎融合治疗

目的　探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸选择性胸椎融合治疗的适应证。方法　回顾性分析12例行选择性胸椎融合患者术前、术后及随访时的X光像 ,对侧凸类型、侧凸Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、顶椎偏距、侧凸柔韧性、躯干偏移及胸腰段矢状面Cobb角进行测量和分析。患者 12例中男 2例 ,女10例 ,平均年龄 15 1(13～ 18)岁。侧凸均为KingⅡ型 ,其中PUMCⅡb1型 9例 ,Ⅱc3型 3例。所有病例均行选择性胸椎融合 ,平均随访 3 5 (1～ 10 5 )年。结果　手术前后胸弯冠状面Cobb角分别为5 4 0°、19 0° ,平均矫正率 6 2 7% ;腰弯冠状面Cobb角分别为 34 6°、12 5° ,自动矫正率为 6 4 7%。最后随访时 ,胸、腰弯的冠状面Cobb角分别为 18 8°、15 9°;腰弯冠状面Cobb角、顶椎偏距及顶椎旋转度与术后相比无显著变化。术后发生胸腰段后凸 1例 ,最终随访时未见进一步加重。无躯干失平衡现象发生。选择性胸椎融合较后路融合双弯平均减少 3 5个融合节段。结论　对腰弯柔韧性好且度数较小的KingⅡ (PUMCⅡb1和部分Ⅱc3)型特发性脊柱侧凸 ,可安全有效地行选择性胸椎融合     

Fixed lumbar apical vertebral rotation predicts spinal decompensation in lenke type 3c adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after selective posterior thoracic correction and fusion

Retrospective radiographic review of surgically treated double major curves (Lenke type 3C) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. To evaluate the role of selective posterior thoracic correction and fusion in double major curves with third generation instrumentation and to identify preoperative radiographic parameters that predict postoperative coronal spinal decompensation. Traditionally the surgical treatment of double major curves consists of fusion of both the thoracic and the lumbar curve. Few attempt to perform selective thoracic fusion in this curve pattern because of the potential to create spinal imbalance. Thirty-six patients with Lenke type 3C curves underwent a selective posterior thoracic correction and fusion with either Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation or the Universal Spine System. Radiographs were evaluated to assess coronal and sagittal balance, curve flexibility, and curve correction at a minimum follow up of 2 years. Postoperative coronal spinal decompensation was investigated with respect to preoperative radiographic parameters on standing anteroposterior (AP), standing lateral radiographs, thoracic and lumbar supine side-bending radiographs. Coronal spinal decompensation was defined as plumbline deviation of C7 of more than 2 cm with respect to the centre sacral vertical line (CSVL) within 2 years of surgery. Twenty-six patients (72%) showed satisfactory frontal plane alignment patients (28%) showed coronal spinal decompensation. Significant group differences, however, were identified for lumbar apical vertebral rotation, measured according to Perdriolle (La scoliose. Son êtude tridimensionnelle. Maloine, Paris, pp 179, 1979) (A 16 degrees , B 22 degrees , P = 0.02), percentage correction (derotation) of lumbar apical vertebrae in lumbar supine side-bending films in comparison to standing AP radiographs (A 49%, B 27%, P = 0.002) and thoracic curve flexibility (A 43%, B 25%, P = 0.03). High correlation was noted between postoperative decompensation and derotation of lumbar apical vertebrae in pre-operative lumbar supine side-bending films with a critical value of 40% (Pearson correlation coefficient; P = 0.62, P < 0.001). Ten of 36 patients (28%) with Lenke type 3C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis showed coronal spinal decompensation of more than 2 cm after selective posterior thoracic correction and fusion. Lumbar apical vertebral derotation of less than 40% provided the radiographic prediction of postoperative coronal spinal imbalance. We advise close scrutiny of the transverse plane in the lumbar supine bending film when planning surgical strategy.