颈前路单枚中空加压螺钉内固定治疗齿突骨折

目的初步比较经颈前路单枚单头螺纹中空加压螺钉与双头螺纹中空加压螺钉内固定治疗齿突骨折的效果。方法1997年4月～2003年4月,对20例齿突骨折行经颈前路单枚中空加压螺钉内固定术,其中单头螺纹中空加压螺钉12例,双头螺纹中空加压螺钉8例。Anderson分型:Ⅱ型16例,浅Ⅲ型4例。其中3例伴有单侧椎间关节内撕脱性骨折。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后骨折愈合以及颈部活动情况。结果手术时间110～150min,平均125min。术中出血20～100ml,平均42ml。术中无一例发生副损伤。术后随访2～72个月,平均14.7个月;19例骨折正常愈合,1例延迟愈合;17例骨折愈合后颈椎活动恢复正常,3例伴单侧椎间关节内骨折者颈部旋转功能较正常减少20%。两种螺钉固定的手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间和颈椎活动功能无明显差别,差异无显著性(P >0.05)。结论单枚单头螺纹中空加压螺钉与单枚双头螺纹中空加压螺钉固定齿突骨折均可获得良好效果。     

齿突导针定位器在齿突骨折内固定中的应用

目的自制齿突导针定位器应用于颈前路齿突骨折双头螺纹空心加压螺钉内固定术。方法 1999年 10月～ 2000年 2月应用内固定术治疗齿突骨折患者 5例。其中 AndersonⅡ型 4例、 Anderson浅Ⅲ型 1例,术中均使用齿突导针定位器。结果手术用时 2～ 2.5 h,平均 2.25 h;术中出血 20～ 100 ml,平均 60 ml。随访时间 5～ 9个月,平均 6.7个月。 5例患者内固定螺钉位置佳,位于齿突中央,无偏斜。 4例骨性愈合, 1例延迟愈合。结论使用齿突导针定位器可增加放置内固定螺钉的准确性、减少 X线对手术人员的辐射及降低术中污染的可能性。     

颈前路中空螺钉直接内固定治疗齿突骨折

目的 总结国人齿突的形态特点, 观察经颈前路单枚AO 中空螺钉治疗齿突骨折的效果。方法 测量60 具枢椎干燥骨齿突的有关解剖径线及其中10 具标本齿突基底部的骨皮质厚度。在临床上经颈前路应用单枚AO中空螺钉治疗13 例齿突新鲜骨折。结果 国人齿突基底部的冠状外径为(8-9±1-0) m m ,两侧骨皮质总厚度约为3-0 m m ,故绝大部分国人的齿突不适合用两枚螺钉固定。采用单枚AO中空螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折13 例,经平均13 个月的随访,全部获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为3-5 个月。结论 绝大部分国人齿突不适合用两枚直径3-5 m m 的AO 中空螺钉固定。经颈前路单枚AO中空螺钉固定同样可以获得良好的治疗效果     

颈前路中空螺丝钉内固定治疗齿突骨折

目的评估颈前路中空螺丝钉内固定治疗齿突骨折的临床疗效。方法对15例新鲜齿突骨折的患者行颈前路中空螺丝钉内固定,AndersonⅡ型骨折11例,浅Ⅲ型4例,观察术后骨折愈合、颈部功能状态以及术后并发症情况。结果随访3～24个月,平均6个月,骨折均获骨性愈合,均无明显颈部活动受限,未出现明显的术后并发症。结论如严格掌握手术适应证,颈前路齿突螺钉内固定可以获得良好的治疗效果,其主要优点在于保存了寰枢椎生理活动,骨折愈合率高以及术后并发症相对较少。     

前路单枚螺钉治疗齿状突骨折的临床观察

目的 评价颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效.方法 对23例齿状突骨折行颈前路单枚螺钉内固定术.结果 患者均获得随访,平均随访11个月,骨折愈合良好,颈椎活动基本恢复正常,无螺钉松动、断裂.21例临床症状完全消失,2例有颈部僵硬感.结论 颈前路单枚螺钉内固定是治疗齿状突骨折的一种有效方法,可最大限度的保留寰枢椎的生理活动功能.     

颈前路空心加压螺钉治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折

目的探讨前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型齿状突骨折的临床疗效。方法 C臂X线机透视下采用前路单枚空心加压螺钉内固定治疗AndersonⅡ型齿状突骨折24例。结果 24例均获随访,时间12-48（24±12）个月。患者全部骨性愈合。无术中及术后并发症。末次随访时无内固定螺钉松动、移位或断裂,颈椎活动无明显受限。结论前路空心加压螺钉固定治疗齿突骨折既可提供良好的稳定性,又能保留寰枢关节活动性,骨折愈合率较高,并发症低,是治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折有效的方法。     

成人新鲜齿突骨折的手术治疗策略

目的总结应用前路齿突拉力螺钉或后路寰枢椎植骨融合技术治疗成人新鲜齿突骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2012年1月期间收治的46例成人齿突骨折患者,男29例,女17例;年龄19-68岁,平均40.5岁。患者均有不同程度的枕颈部疼痛和活动受限,其中7例患者伴有神经功能障碍,术前日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）评分9-14分,平均12.7分。根据Anderson-D’Alonzo分型,Ⅱ型骨折33例（71.7%）,Ⅲ型骨折13例（28.3%）。8例患者有不同程度寰椎前脱位,术前寰齿间距（atlanto-dens interval,ADI）3-7 mm,平均4.3 mm,术前进行颅骨牵引术,均可复位。采用前路齿突拉力螺钉或后路寰枢椎植骨融合术治疗,随访患者临床症状和神经功能改善情况,影像学观察寰枢椎复位和植骨融合情况。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。共置入25枚齿突螺钉和84枚寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉,术后X线片及三维CT检查显示25枚齿突螺钉位置均较好,3枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉内倾角不够,螺钉部分穿破椎动脉孔内侧壁,椎动脉造影未见椎动脉损伤;1枚寰椎椎弓根螺钉内倾角过大,螺钉部分穿破椎管内侧壁,未出现新的神经损伤症状;其余螺钉位置满意。术后ADI为1-2.5 mm,平均1.6 mm。患者均获随访,随访时间8-36个月,平均23个月,术后6个月随访时神经功能明显改善,JOA评分为14-17分,平均16.2分,平均改善率为89.3%。1例行前路齿突螺钉内固定术的患者齿突骨折端硬化,有明显的骨不连发生,其余患者均在术后6个月获得骨性融合,融合率为97.8%;随访期间未发现螺钉松动、移位、螺钉断裂和寰枢椎再移位、失稳现象。结论选择前路齿突拉力螺钉或后路寰枢椎植骨融合技术治疗成人新鲜齿突骨折,可获得良好的临床效果。     

颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折

目的 探讨颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗齿状突骨折的临床疗效.方法 对8例Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型齿状突骨折的患者在透视下行颈前路单枚螺钉内固定术,所有患者术前行颅骨牵引复位,术后使用颈托外固定3个月.结果 随访时间6～24个月,平均12个月,本组全部骨折愈合良好,未出现内植物断裂或感染等并发症,颈椎活动基本正常,旋转(90.2±16.8)°,屈伸(40.5±10.1)°,有1例出现螺钉后退.结论 颈前路单枚螺钉内固定治疗Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型齿状突骨折具有良好的稳定性,保留了寰枢关节运动功能,骨折愈合率较高,并发症低.     

寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折

目的评估寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折的疗效。方法2004年3月-2007年3月对13例Ⅱ型齿突骨折患者以寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定自体髂骨植骨融合术进行治疗,其中6例伴脊髓受损症状。结果术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤;平均随访时间为18个月（6—32个月）;未发生内固定物松动、断裂。所有患者寰枢椎均融合。6例脊髓受损患者术前JOA评分为10．1分（9．2～11．8分）,术后2周JOA评分为15．6分（15．2～16．8分）。结论寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗Ⅱ型齿突骨折是一种安全有效的方法。     

枢椎椎弓根钉板结合对侧椎板钉棒固定在寰枢椎及枕颈固定中的应用

目的探讨后路单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统在寰枢关节及枕颈固定中的临床疗效。方法后路单侧椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统寰枢椎固定及枕颈固定11例,新鲜Ⅱ型齿突骨折5例,陈旧性齿突骨折3例,寰椎枕骨化畸形2例,寰枢椎不稳1例。单侧椎弓根发育狭小者6例,单侧椎动脉优势型2例,一侧椎动脉高跨2例,寰椎枕骨化畸形寰枢关节脱位行钉板系统固定失效后再次手术1例。寰枢椎固定9例,枕颈固定2例,1例难复型寰枢关节脱位行经口咽前路松解+后路复位内固定融合术,术后内固定失效行翻修手术。全部患者行后路寰枢或枕颈固定植骨融合术。比较术前、术后JOA评分变化,术后随访X线片及CT,观察寰枢椎复位及融合情况。结果所有患者均得到随访,随访时间6~32个月,平均16个月。全组患者无一例发生脊髓或椎动脉损伤,寰枢椎得到解剖复位,临床症状得到不同程度改善。术后JOA评分13~16分,平均14.9分,术前、术后JOA评分改善率为76%~92%,平均83%,术后半年复查CT显示均获得骨性融合,未见寰枢椎失稳或复位丢失征象,固定螺钉位置良好。结论单侧枢椎椎弓根钉板系统结合对侧枢椎椎板钉棒系统行寰枢关节及枕颈固定临床疗效可靠,但缺少临床对比研究。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.