肝移植中应用ABO血型不合供肝的初步经验

目的 探讨急诊状况下ABO血型不合肝移植的疗效及其预后影响因素.方法 410例原位肝移植中有8例为ABO血型不合的急诊肝移植,其中受体血型O型5例、非O型3例.术后以四联免疫抑制剂抗排斥反应,观察受体急性排斥反应、血管、胆道并发症、感染和肝肾功能情况.结果 患者半年存活率为50%,围手术期死亡率为50%.受体血型O型和非O型、MELD（model for end-stage liver disease）评分＜30分和≥30分、CTP（Child-Turcotte-Pugh）评分＜13分和≥13分、重型肝炎和非重型肝炎、脾切除和非脾切除患者的半年存活率分别为80%和0%、50%和33%、75%和25%、25%和75%、33%和60%.术后并发症有：急性排斥反应1例;胆漏1例;肝叶坏死和肝脓肿2例;肾功能衰竭2例;感染6例（2例为曲霉菌感染）.结论 ABO血型不合肝移植预后不佳,围手术期死亡率高,因此仅适用于无法及时获得合适供肝的急诊肝移植.     

ABO血型不合的供肝在肝移植中的应用

目的 探讨AB0血型不合的供肝肝移植后的临床治疗措施、疗效及预后.方法 2004年1月至2008年1月接受原位肝移植的2188例患者中,有16例为ABO血型不合的肝移植.术前及术后监测此16例患者的血液凝集素效价;术后采用四联免疫抑制方案抗排斥反应;术中有5例行脾切除.术后观察受者的肝功能、急性排斥反应、血管和胆道并发症及术后存活率.结果 患者围手术期死亡率为25%(4/16),半年存活率为75%(12/16),1年存活率为37.5%(6/16).术后发生急性排斥反应3例、感染5例、多器官功能衰竭1例和胆道并发症1例.结论 ABO血型不合的肝移植多在紧急状况下实施,患者预后不佳.通过术前及术后综合防治措施,可以减少术后排斥反应的发生.提高存活率.     

供受体ABO血型不合肝移植

目的 探讨供受体ABO血型不合肝移植的治疗及效果.方法 回顾性分析武警总医院实施的9例ABO血型不合肝移植临床资料.1例病人术前行血浆置换.全部病例术中均采用显微镜下吻合肝动脉和胆道,5例病人术中切除了脾脏.全部病例采用了四联免疫治疗方案.术后注意保持氧饱和度大于95%,并加强抗凝治疗.结果 4例病人顺利恢复,无并发症.其余5例中,3例出现急性排斥反应,4例出现胆道非吻合口狭窄,3例病死.结论 当供体缺乏而受者病情不能等待时,可以进行供受体ABO血型不合肝移植,但应该尽量减少并发症发生.     

ABO血型不合供肝在肝移植中的应用

目的探讨ABO血型不合供肝在肝移植的应用对术后肝功能和预后的影响及围手术期的处理经验。方法分析南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院2008年1月至2011年12月ABO血型不合供肝8例,随机选择同期ABO血型相合供肝10例作为对照组,分别监测肝移植术后受体肝功能、凝血酶原时间(PT)、住重症监护病房(ICU)时间,排斥反应、胆道并发症、感染、移植肝功能不良或无功能(IPF/PNF)发生率和患者1年生存率等指标。结果上述指标ABO血型不合供肝组与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论在没有合适供肝的情况下,谨慎使用ABO血型不合供肝,辅以适当的围手术期处理,其治疗结果可与正常供肝组相近。     

ABO血型不合肝移植研究进展

根据供／受体ABO血型配合情况，可以将其分为ABO血型相同、ABO血型相符和ABO血型不合。数据统计表明：ABO血型不合肝移植术后发生急性排斥反应、肝叶坏死和血管、胆道并发症均较血型相符者多。但是，肝脏作为一“免疫特惠器官”，对抗体介导的损伤有较好的耐受性，极少发生超急性排斥反应。匹兹堡UNOS肝移植登记处的资料显示，7000余例成人肝移植中ABO血型不合者占3％，在1500例小儿肝移植中占7％。在欧洲，8％的急诊肝移植为ABO血型不合。因此，在紧急或供体紧缺的情况下行ABO血型不合的肝移植已逐渐被接受。     

ABO血型不合肝移植研究新进展

复习国外文章关于ABO血型不相同的肝脏移植在A2型供肝使用,移植肝出现受体类型的ABO组织血型抗原,C4d作用和临床治疗上的新进展。A2型供肝能较安全的用于血型不合肝移植,毛细血管内表达r-ABOAg可能是移植物内皮损害和修复的表现,C4d阳性对血型不同肝移植治疗策略上是很好的参考物,但缺乏特异性,采用包括多联免疫抑制药和肝内灌注等综合治疗方法能有效预防排斥反应且能取得良好的预后。     

供受体ABO血型不合的肝移植围手术期处理

目的:探讨供受体ABO血型不合肝移植围手术期的处理方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院实施的13例ABO血型不合肝移植的临床资料,对围手术期可能出现的并发症进行针对性预防,主要采用的措施包括血浆置换、术中显微镜下吻合肝动脉和胆道、切除脾脏、四联免疫抑制治疗,以及术后保持氧饱和度>95%、加强抗凝、预防感染等。结果:13例患者中,7例恢复良好,未出现并发症,其余6例患者中有3例出现急性排异反应,4例出现胆道非吻合口狭窄,4例死亡。结论:在供体缺乏而受者病情危急时,进行供受体ABO血型不合的肝移植是可行的,加强围手术期处理,有助于减少术后并发症,提高肝移植的疗效。     

供受体血型不合肝移植可行性探讨

目的 探讨供受体血型不合肝移植治疗重症肝炎的可行性。方法 回顾性分析2004年7月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院收治的1例O型血重症肝炎病人接受B型血供肝的临床病例资料。采用四联免疫抑制药物治疗，激素减量延迟。结果病人术后恢复顺利，未发生排斥反应，已健康存活17个月。结论 供受体ABO血型不合肝移植可以作为抢救重症肝炎病人的选择，尤其对O型血受体疗效较好。     

ABO血型不合肾移植的研究进展及临床应用

ABO血型不合一直是肾移植发展的主要障碍之一，目前已有许多方法用于控制和避免ABO血型不合的移植排斥反应，延长移植肾的生存时间，保护移植肾的功能。这些方法有的已经在临床中应用并取得了良好的效果，如血浆置换或免疫吸附、脾切除术、免疫抑制剂等，有的尚处于研究阶段，如基因治疗、抗CD20单克隆抗体治疗等。本文就目前ABO血型不合肾移植的原理、主要的抗排斥反应措施的临床应用及评价作一综述。     

供、受者间ABO血型不合的活体肝移植进展

由于目前尚无类似人工肾的肝脏替代疗法，在急性肝功能衰竭等紧急情况下，如果等待血型相符的供肝，患者很可能会失去治疗机会。因此，而在目前临床肝移植中，ABO血型不合仍占有一定的比例。在北美，ABO血型不合的肝移植占成人肝移植的24％，占小儿肝移植的69％；在欧洲，8％的急诊肝移植为ABO血型不合者。近年来，随着活体肝移植的开展，供、受者ABO血型不合的情况也屡有出现，现对ABO血型不合的活体肝移植的进展作一综述。     

Clinical experience in continuous graft monitoring with microdialysis early after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Early detection of impaired graft function after transplantation is essential. Microdialysis permits continuous monitoring of metabolic changes by mimicking the passive function of a capillary blood vessel by perfusion of a tubular semipermeable membrane introduced into the tissue. Based on the results of animal experiments, a clinical pilot study was undertaken. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients undergoing whole-organ orthotopic liver transplantation were studied. Intrahepatic implantation of a microdialysis catheter was performed at the end of the operation. A reference catheter was placed in the subcutaneous tissue over the right pectoral area immediately after abdominal closure. Consecutive serial samples were collected at 1-h intervals for 3 days after the operation. Glucose, lactate, pyruvate and glycerol concentrations were measured. RESULTS: During the first 24 h, the glucose level was higher in the liver than in reference tissue. Initially, increased mean(s.e.m.) levels of lactate (7.0(1.9) mmol/l) were observed in the liver, with a rapid decrease (to 2.7(0.3) mmol/l) over 24 h. A decrease in, and later stabilization of, the lactate : pyruvate ratio in the liver, from 18.7(4.2) to 10.0(1.1), was observed within 24 h after transplantation. Liver glycerol levels decreased from 62.3(7.4) to 24.3(7.5) micro mol/l within the first 16 h after reperfusion and remained stable thereafter. CONCLUSION: Microdialysis allows continuous monitoring of tissue metabolism in the transplanted liver. The procedure is easy to perform and safe. The specific detection and monitoring of pathological changes in the liver graft (e.g. arterial and portal vein thrombosis, or early rejection) with microdialysis should be addressed in further studies.     

Clinical experience in renal transplantation

In Shiga Prefecture, 378 chronic renal failure patients were registered at the end of 1981. In 1982, the Kidney Transplantation Group, composed of the department of Urology and the 1st division of Surgery, was organized in our hospital and 10 living related renal transplantations and 8 cadaver renal transplantations were performed between July 1982 and October 1984. As immunosuppressants, azathioprine, mizoribine, cyclosporine, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and ALG were used. Azathioprine was used mainly for living transplantation and cyclosporine mainly for cadaver transplantation. ALG was used only for the initial 3 living transplantations. Mizoribine was sometimes used in combination with azathioprine to reduce the dose of azathioprine and reduce its severe side effects. Seven episodes of acute rejection were experienced and all episodes were remitted by methylprednisolone pulse therapy. There were 20 major post-transplant complications in 13 recipients and among them 2 pulmonary infections were fetal (1 from aspergillus infection and 1 from cytomegalovirus infection). The 10 living related kidney transplantation recipients are all well and none have undergone hemodialysis. Three of the 8 cadaver renal transplantation are well without hemodialysis. One patient could not obtain diuresis. In addition to our experience of renal transplantation, the preoperative scheduled blood transfusion with combination of azathioprine administration, was briefly discussed.     

Caval anastomosis in liver transplantation: prospective experience of Verona liver transplantation program

Caval anastomosis in liver transplantation has been modified to avoid outflow complications. Classic cava replacement is rarely indicated; most liver transplantation teams use a piggy-back (PB) technique. At the start of our liver transplantation program, we opted for a latero-lateral (L-L) caval anastomosis. In our prospective experience, the L-L caval anastamosis was safe and feasible in all 24 adult patients. No vascular complications occurred. Graft and patient survival rates were both 96% at 11 months follow-up.