小肠出血的病因和诊断

小肠出血的病因较复杂,临床上常表现为原因不明的消化道出血,诊断比较困难.目前常用的诊断方法有纤维内镜、气钡双重对比造影、选择性动脉造影、核素显像和螺旋CT等.双气囊小肠镜、胶囊内镜的应用,为小肠出血的诊断提供了新的手段.尽管如此多的先进检查方法,一些病例仍不能明确病因,需要作腹腔镜检查或剖腹探查.本文对小肠出血的病因分类及各种诊断方法的优缺点进行综述,为小肠出血的病因分析及临床决策提供参考.     

双气囊小肠镜对小肠肿瘤诊断价值的研究

传统检查方法对小肠肿瘤的诊断率一直较低,不能充分满足临床需求,双气囊小肠镜为小肠肿瘤的诊断提供了新的方法.目的：探讨双气囊小肠镜对小肠肿瘤的诊断价值.方法：选取2004年4月～2010年5月期间165例临床怀疑小肠肿瘤的患者接受双气囊小肠镜检查,其中63例、49例和53例患者同时分别接受腹部CT、消化道钡剂造影和胶囊内镜检查,比较不同检查方法对可疑小肠肿瘤的阳性检出率、敏感性和特异性.结果：双气囊小肠镜对可疑小肠肿瘤的阳性检出率明显高于腹部CT和消化道钡剂造影检查（68.5%对39.7%和46.9%,P〈0.01）,但与胶囊内镜（69.8%）相比无明显差异;双气囊小肠镜诊断小肠肿瘤的敏感性和特异性较上述三项检查方法明显升高（99.1%对42.5%、52.8%和80.6%,P〈0.01;100%对68.8%、69.2%,和45.5%,P〈0.01）,漏诊率和误诊率明显降低（P〈0.01）.结论：胶囊内镜对可疑小肠肿瘤的阳性检出率较高,但特异性较低,而双气囊小肠镜对小肠肿瘤具有较高的敏感性和特异性.因此,胶囊内镜和其他常用的检查方法可用于小肠肿瘤的初步筛查,对筛选出的可疑病灶可进一步行双气囊小肠镜以明确诊断.     

34例不明原因疑小肠出血的病因诊断--推进式双气囊小肠镜与小肠钡灌检查对比研究

背景:不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断较为困难,不同检查手段的临床实用价值有待进一步探讨.目的:通过对不明原因疑小肠出血患者分别行推进式双气囊小肠镜和小肠钡灌检查,比较两者对小肠出血的病变检出率、病因诊断准确率和临床实用价值.方法:34例不明原因疑小肠出血患者分别接受推进式双气囊小肠镜和小肠钡灌检查.推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的进镜方式分为经口腔和经肛门两种,以首选进镜方式检查后未发现病灶者,择期改换进镜方式再行检查.小肠钡灌检查采用插管式稀钡灌注法.两项检查分别由消化科和放射科医师独立操作并诊断,最后进行汇总分析.结果:在34例行推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的患者中,首选从口腔进镜者22例,其中14例(63.6%)检出病灶;8例未发现病灶者择期再从肛门进镜检查,6例检出病灶.12例首选从肛门进镜者中8例(66.7%)检出病灶;4例择期再从口腔进镜检查,3例检出病灶.推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的病变整体检出率为91.2%(31/34);小肠钡灌检查的病变整体检出率为50.0%(17/34).推进式双气囊小肠镜检查发现的阳性病灶均经活检病理检查、手术探查以及临床治疗和随访结果证实,病因诊断准确率为100%(31/31);小肠钡灌检查的病因诊断准确率为48.4%(15/31).全麻下经口腔进镜推进式双气囊小肠镜检查的患者耐受性最佳,其后依次为非麻醉经肛门进镜、非麻醉经口腔进镜和小肠钡灌检查.所有受检者均未发生严重操作相关并发症.结论:经口腔和经肛门进镜方式结合能使推进式双气囊小肠镜完成对全小肠的检查,其在不明原因小肠出血的病因诊断方面明显优于小肠钡灌检查.小肠钡灌对肠腔狭窄和小肠肿瘤仍是一项较有价值的检查方法,同时可作为选择后续检查方法的筛选性手段.全麻下经口腔进镜推进式双气囊小肠镜检查是一项安全、易为患者接受、病变检出率和病因诊断准确率均较高的小肠疾病检查方法.     

74例小肠出血患者的病因分析及诊断方法评价

目的 分析小肠出血的病因，并对其检查方法进行评价，以提高对小肠出血这一少见病的认识。方法 对北京大学第三医院近10年来确诊的74例小肠出血患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 病因以小肠肿瘤最为多见(44．6％)，其他依次为憩室(23．0％)、血管疾病(16．2％)及炎症(16．2％)。小肠气钡双重造影开展较普遍，检查阳性率为76．3％(29／38)。血管造影、核素扫描、小肠镜、剖腹探查及术中肠镜开展尚不普遍。各种检查均有其缺陷。结论 小肠出血病例中，小肠肿瘤为常见病因，小肠气钡双重对比造影对于小肠出血的诊断是应用较广的主要检查方法。     

多模态MR小肠口服造影法与CT小肠造影在小肠肿瘤性病变诊断中的对比

目的探讨多模态MR小肠口服造影法与CT小肠造影在小肠肿瘤性病变诊断中的价值。方法选取2013年1月至2014年1月该院收治的疑似小肠病变患者78例,行多模态MR小肠口服造影及CT小肠造影。分析CT和MR造影图像的病变部位、累及范围、肠壁形态,并与手术或内镜病理检查(金标准)结果进行对比,计算两者诊断的灵敏度、特异度以及准确度。结果与金标准比较,多模态MR小肠口服造影及CT小肠造影均能排除非小肠肿瘤性疾病的患者(20例),且对小肠肿瘤性病变的诊断灵敏度分别为94.8%和96.6%,准确度分别为96.2%和97.4%,特异度均为100%,两者比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论多模态MR小肠口服造影与CT小肠造影均是小肠肿瘤性病变诊断的有效检查方法。     

磁共振小肠造影对小肠疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振小肠造影对小肠疾病的诊断价值。方法 对21例疑为小肠疾病的患者行磁共振小肠造影检查，并与小肠插管造影和(或)手术病理结果比较。结果 21例行磁共振小肠造影检查的患者中，20例与小肠插管造影相符，包括克罗恩病6例，小肠肿瘤4例，肠梗阻3例，肠结核1例，十二指肠结肠瘘1例，有5例经各项检查均未发现小肠有明显病变。另1例磁共振小肠造影诊断为克罗恩病，但小肠插管造影误诊为淋巴瘤。磁共振小肠造影与临床诊断符合率为100％，而小肠插管造影为95．2％。有8例行手术治疗，结果均与磁共振小肠造影表现相符，其中7例与小肠插管造影相符。结论 磁共振小肠造影对小肠疾病，尤其是对肠壁和肠腔外病变的诊断有较高的临床价值。     

双气囊电子小肠镜诊断67例不明原因腹痛的价值

目的 评价双气囊电子小肠镜对不明原因慢性腹痛的诊断价值,探讨小肠病变所致腹痛病因.方法 对2005年6月至2008年6月中南大学湘雅医院67例有慢性腹痛症状,经胃镜、结肠镜、全消化道钡餐、腹部B超及心电图检查阴性的患者行双气囊电子小肠镜检查.结果 67例患者中,36例经肛进镜,19例经口进镜,12例患者接受2次检查分别经口和经肛进镜.41例发现病灶,阳性检出率为61.19%.41例病变包括克罗恩病15例(36.59%),非特异性小肠炎10例(24.39%),肿瘤8例(19.51%),其他病变8例(19.51%).结论 双气囊电子小肠镜对小肠病变所致慢性腹痛具有较高临床诊断价值.小肠克罗恩病、非特异性小肠炎及小肠肿瘤为不明原因小肠源性腹痛最常见病因.     

胶囊内镜和双气囊内镜诊断小肠肿瘤及克罗恩病316例

目的:探讨胶囊内镜,双气囊内镜以及两项联合检查对小肠肿瘤及克罗恩病的诊断价值,以提高对此类小肠疾病的诊断水平.方法:316例怀疑有小肠疾病的患者中,178例行胶囊内镜检查,138例行双气囊内镜检查,32例行两项联合检查,分别对两项内镜的小肠肿瘤及克罗恩病的检出率及确诊率进行分析.结果:胶囊内镜对小肠肿瘤的检出率为4.5...     

血管造影和小肠镜检查对小肠出血的诊断和治疗价值（附34例分析）

目的 比较血管造影和小肠镜检查对小肠出血的诊断和治疗价值.方法 34例胃、结肠镜检查阴性的消化道出血病人分别予血管造影和双气囊小肠镜检查,证实为小肠出血并分别行介入和手术治疗.结果 19例(67.9%)血管造影发现病灶,14例(93.3%)小肠镜确诊.其中16例介入治疗,15例手术治疗,均成功止血.结论 血管造影和小肠镜检查互 补为小肠出血的有效检查方法,介入和手术治疗为止血的重要手段.     

胶囊内镜在老年患者中的应用

小肠一直是消化道疾病诊断最为棘手的器官。老年患者，尤其是合并有心脑肺等多种器官疾病的“检查高风险”老年人群，一旦出现小肠疾患的病症，要获得满意的诊治更是难L加难。胶囊内镜的问世，填补了小肠缺乏可视性检查的空白，为小肠疾病的诊断开创了新的历史。目前已证实胶囊内镜对小肠疾病的诊断能力和精确度均高于其他小肠检查手段如：气钡双重造影、小肠镜、肠系膜血管造影等。     

Management of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: a guideline on optimal and uniform treatment

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) represents a rare complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). It is characterised by diffuse peritoneal membrane fibrosis, progressive intestinal encapsulation and the clinical spectrum of intestinal obstruction. The pathogenesis is as yet not well understood but includes inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. The current diagnosis of EPS lacks specificity and relies on clinical, radiographic or macroscopic evaluation. There is no general agreement on managing EPS although accumulating clinical data suggest drug treatment (steroids, tamoxifen), surgery (enterolysis) or a combination of both. Here, we provide a short overview on the current knowledge of EPS, with a focus on treatment. Moreover, we present a diagnostic and a therapeutic algorithm for EPS based on the best available published data and our combined experience.     

Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis in Slovenia

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), the prevalence of which increases with the time spent on PD. Various causative factors have been proposed, but the pathogenesis still remains unclear. The aim of our retrospective study was to analyze the basic clinical characteristics and outcomes of five patients diagnosed with EPS out of 423 patients treated with PD between January 1983 and December 2003. One patient was admitted due to ultrafiltration failure of the peritoneal membrane, and four patients were admitted for acute peritonitis. All of our patients presented with clinical symptoms suggestive of obstructive ileus. We confirmed the diagnosis of EPS with a computer tomography scan, a diagnostic laparotomy or laparoscopy, and a biopsy of the parietal peritoneum. We treated all of our patients with catheter removal, transferal to hemodialysis, antibiotics, complete parenteral nutrition, methylprednisolone, and tamoxifen for 6 months. One patient was treated with surgical enterolysis and died of septic complications, another patient died of sudden cardiac death during treatment. Three patients were doing well for 4–7 months after the treatment was started. The incidence of EPS was 1.2% and the mortality rate was 40%. EPS is a rare complication in longstanding PD patients in our institution. Despite treatment with hemodialysis, complete parenteral nutrition, steroids, tamoxifen and surgical intervention, the mortality rate is high and comparable to other reports.     

Does limited placement of bioresorbable membrane of modified sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose (Seprafilm®) have possible short-term beneficial impact?

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose membrane (Seprafilm®) on postoperative intestinal obstruction as judged by the rates of bowel obstruction and laparotomy for bowel obstruction. A secondary aim was to assess early postoperative morbidity. METHODS: All patients who had Seprafilm® placed during colorectal surgery between June 1993 and October 1998 were included in the study group and compared with a matched group of patients without Seprafilm®. All patients were assessed for intestinal obstruction and complications by telephone interview and chart review. Statistical tests for independence were used where appropriate; alpha was 0.05 for all tests, and the two groups were tested for case matching. Fisher's exact test was used to compare gender distribution, nature of diagnosis (inflammatoryvs. noninflammatory), and urgency of surgery (electivevs. emergency). The age distribution, number of prior abdominal surgeries, and operative time were compared by Student'st-test. Approximation of Katz test was used for independent proportions to compare the two groups for early postoperative morbidity and overall incidence of intestinal obstruction and surgical enterolysis. The incidence of intestinal obstruction between the two groups was also compared with Kaplan-Meier product limit method and log-rank test. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-nine patients in whom Seprafilm® was placed were compared with a well-matched control cohort of 179 patients. The two groups did not differ in gender or age. One-half of each group had inflammatory conditions, and approximately 90 percent of each group underwent elective operations. The operative times were similar. Both groups had a similar number of abdominal operations before inclusion (mean = 1.2, both groups). Early morbidity rates were 17.8 percent for the Seprafilm® group and 15.6 percent for the controls, with mortality rates of 0.8 percent and 0.0 percent, respectively. There were 12 intestinal obstructions in 12 patients in the Seprafilm® group and 12 intestinal obstructions in 11 patients in the control group at a follow-up period of 65 months in the Seprafilm® group and 81 months in the control group. Eight of the 12 intestinal obstructions in the Seprafilm® group resolved with conservative management while only 5 of 12 in the control group responded without surgery. Thus the enterolysis rate was 1.5 percent in the Seprafilm® group and 3.9 percent in the control group, demonstrating a trend in favor of Seprafilm®. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of either overall or abdominopelvic septic complications between the Seprafilm® (3.4 percent) and control (1.1 percent) groups. CONCLUSION: During short-term follow-up in this nonprospective, nonrandomized study, limited placement of Seprafilm® did not significantly reduce the need for surgical enterolysis for intestinal obstruction or significantly adversely affect the morbidity rate. However, a long-term, prospective, randomized trial is underway to elucidate these issues.Supported by an educational grant from Genzyme Surgical Products, Inc.Presented at the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Southport, UK, July 10 to 12, 1999.     

Idiopathic abdominal cocoon syndrome with unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism and greater omentum hypoplasia in a young case of small bowel obstruction

Abdominal cocoon syndrome (ACS) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction due to total or partial encapsulation of the small intestine by a fibrocollagenous membrane. Idiopathic ACS with abdominal cryptorchidism and greater omentum hypoplasia is even rarer clinically. We successfully treated a 26-year-old male case of small bowel obstruction with acute peritonitis. He was finally diagnosed with idiopathic ACS with unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism and greater omentum hypoplasia during exploratory laparotomy. He then underwent enterolysis, cryptorchidectomy, and appendectomy. He recovered gradually from the operations and early postoperative inflammatory ileus. There has been no recurrence of intestinal obstruction since the operation, and he is still in follow-up. We analyzed his clinical data and retrospectively reviewed the literature, and our findings may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment on ACS.     

嵌顿于膀胱子宫陷凹的腹内疝致小肠梗阻1例

腹内疝是一种少见的外科急腹症,最常表现为小肠肠管进入正常或异常孔隙而导致的肠梗阻.由于解剖结构的因素,腹内疝有多种类型,但嵌顿于膀胱子宫陷凹的腹内疝迄今未见报道.本文报道嵌顿于膀胱子宫陷凹的腹内疝致小肠梗阻1例.患者女性,35岁,以"下腹突发剧烈绞痛2h"入院.腹部彩超和CT显示小肠肠管扩张,肠管内积液.扩张肠管堆积位于子宫前方与膀胱后方.急诊剖腹探查发现,距回盲瓣40cm处见一约50cm小肠经由膀胱子宫陷凹处疝入,因无肠管血运异常,仅行肠粘连松解术治疗.本病例提示,超声和CT不仅有助于发现小肠梗阻的病因,更有助于各型腹内疝的诊断.     

The role of diagnostic testing in irritable bowel syndrome

This article discusses the diagnostic criteria and processes applicable to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The authors describe the various diagnostic criteria with a focus on the Rome criteria for IBS and the judicious application of historical information such as alarm features and the yield of various diagnostic modalities such as blood, stool, breath, and endoscopic tests.     

Bowel strangulation caused by massive intraperitoneal adhesion due to effective chemotherapy for multiple peritoneal metastases originating from descending colon cancer

We describe a case of bowel strangulation caused by massive peritoneal adhesion as a result of effective chemotherapy. A 71-year-old man, who had obstructive descending colon cancer with massive peritoneal metastases and, therefore, received palliative surgery consisting of diverting colostomy and sampling of peritoneal nodules, developed bowel strangulation on day 4 of the 2nd course of chemotherapy, including irinotecan, l-leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil. Emergent celiotomy showed a massive intraperitoneal adhesion formed around several intestinal loops, which were not observed at the prior surgery. One loop was strangled, but recovered by adhesiotomy alone. Intestinal loops were formed around aggregates of peritoneal nodules as the centers, several of which were then sampled. We closed the abdomen after all intestinal loops were eradicated by total enterolysis. Fortunately, the patient has been doing well and received chemotherapy without recurrent bowel obstruction 10 months after the present episode. Histological findings of the aggregates causing intestinal loops demonstrated extensive necrosis of cancerous tissue surrounded by fibrosis with abundant lymphocyte infiltration. These findings were not observed in the specimen sampled before chemotherapy, suggesting that intestinal loops were caused by inflammatory adhesion occurring around the peritoneal metastases as a result of effectiveness of chemotherapy.     

The management of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma—a review

Aims

The management of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma is controversial. A review of the literature was therefore undertaken to evaluate the evidence for the classification, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma and guide management.

Methods

A literature search was performed utilising Embase, Medline, and Pubmed and papers were evaluated on an individual basis.

Results

Consensus opinion favours the WHO classification scheme and the TNM staging systems for primary small bowel and colon lymphoma. CT enteroclysis and barium enterolysis are recommended for the diagnosis of primary small bowel lymphoma and capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy maybe useful diagnostic tools. In terms of the diagnosis and staging of primary colonic lymphoma, the evidence is scarce and CT is to be recommended.The mainstay of treatment for primary GI lymphoma is surgery and/or chemotherapy. For primary small bowel and colonic lymphoma, there was no definitive evidence regarding the benefits of either strategy; however, chemotherapy seemed to give a survival benefit over surgery alone for primary small bowel lymphoma and colonic lymphoma was skewed towards surgery plus chemotherapy due to the large number of patients presenting as an emergency.

Conclusion

Published data regarding the management of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma is very limited. Classification and staging should be standardised to enable accurate evaluation of investigations and treatments and a large RCT undertaken to compare chemotherapy and surgery. Currently, we would recommend that management should involve chemotherapy with surgery reserved for those with clinical indication.

     

The impact of transesophageal echocardiography on daily clinical practice.

The development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) almost 20 years ago has tremendously widened the diagnostic potential of cardiac ultrasound and has, without doubt, strongly improved our pathophysiological understanding of many cardiovascular diseases such as aortic dissection, mitral valve disease or ischemic stroke. Especially the introduction of multiplane transducers that allow imaging of the cardiac structures from various scan plane orientations has yielded a level of diagnostic accuracy that is seldom attained by other imaging modalities. The outstanding image quality as well as the high temporal and spatial resolution provided by TEE renders the method especially suited to visualize small and rapidly moving structures, such as left atrial thrombus formation and valvular vegetations. In addition, TEE is exceptional in its capability to scan the heart from perspectives that cannot be easily attained by any other modality, thus enhancing its diagnostic yield. In the last few years the clinical application of TEE has been extended from a pure diagnostic tool to an indispensable monitoring adjunct for percutaneous interventional procedures as well as for the intra- and peri-operative monitoring in the operating theatre and on the intensive care unit. In the surroundings of emerging sophisticated technologies to image the heart and the great vessels within the thorax such as multi-slice computed tomography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging TEE asserts a firm place in the diagnostic armamentarium for the cardiologist. This review will focus the impact of TEE in daily clinical practice and on possible future applications of the technique.