Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures treated with fine-wire circular external fixation

Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures are serious injuries to a major weight-bearing joint. These injuries are often associated with severe soft tissue injuries that complicate surgical management. We reviewed 54 consecutive patients who sustained bicondylar tibial plateau fractures that were treated with limited open reduction and cannulated screw fixation combined with fine-wire circular external fixation. Forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria of this retrospective review. Eight patients were excluded because they did not complete a minimum of 1-year follow-up. Thirty-six patients had Schatzker type-VI, and ten patients had Schatzker type-V fractures. All fractures were united without loss of reduction; there were no incidences of wound complications, osteomyelitis or septic arthritis. The average Knee Society Clinical Rating Score was 81.6, translating to good clinical results. Minor pin track infection was the most common complication encountered. This review concludes that fine-wire circular external fixation, combined with limited open reduction and cannulated screw fixation, consistently produces good functional results without serious complications.     

不同固定方法治疗青少年胫骨骨折的比较

目的：通过对3种固定方法的疗效及并发症比较并研究其有关影响因素,探讨治疗青少年胫骨骨折固定方式的选择.方法：2007年1月至2012年1月收治青少年胫骨骨折患者79例（83处骨折）,男55例,女24例;年龄11～17.6岁,平均13.9岁.分别采用弹性髓内钉、钢板及外固定支架进行固定治疗,并行回顾性分析.观察比较各组住院时间、骨折愈合时间以及并发症发生率和再手术发生率等.结果：所有患者得到随访,平均随访时间为15.8个月.骨折愈合时间与固定方式、高能量损伤、多发骨折、开放性骨折因素显著相关.且外固定支架组愈合时间明显长于弹性髓内钉组和钢板组.外固定支架组并发症发生率明显高于弹性髓内钉组和钢板组.4例弹性髓内钉固定患者需再手术（复位丢失2例、延迟愈合和畸形愈合各1例）.6例外固定支架患者需再手术（复位丢失3例,畸形愈合2例,钉道感染1例）.2例钢板固定患者因不愈合、成角畸形行二次手术.通过统计学分析：外固定支架与弹性髓内钉固定术比较有7.56倍（95％可信区间=3.74～29.87）的复位丢失和（或）畸形愈合风险.未次随访时,3组疗效结果差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论：不同方法治疗青少年胫骨干骨折中,外固定支架固定术并发症发生率最高,弹性髓内钉可以达到其他固定系统效果并可避免大部分并发症,手术方式选择取决于医生的经验以及患者基本情况和骨折类型.     

三种手术方法治疗脑血管意外后偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的比较

目的 比较空心钉内同定、双动人工股骨头置换和人工全髋关节置换术对偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的治疗效果.方法 2002年9月至2007年2月间收治脑血管意外偏瘫后股骨颈骨折患者共67例,回顾性分析患者的一般资料、伤前状况、骨折与偏瘫侧的父系、骨折距离腩血管意外发生的时间等.对其中偏瘫侧骨折的65例患者分别进行闭合复位空心螺钉内固定(11例)、双动人工股骨头置换(37例)和人工全髋关节置换术(17例).比较三种治疗方法在手术时间、出血量、下地行走时间、住院时间、围手术期并发症等方面的差异,观察早期并发症的发生以及随访期内死亡病例的情况. 结果本组患者中97.0%(65/67)的股骨颈骨折发生在偏瘫侧;所有患者伤前均能行走;除1例外,致伤原因均为跌倒摔伤;骨折距离脑血管意外发生的时间平均为1年3个月.三组的手术时间(F=45.952,P=0.000)、出血量(F=47.795,P=0.000)和下地时间(F=331.922.P:0.000)间差异均有统计学意义.与人工股骨头置换和全髋关节置换组相比,内固定组的手术时间短、手术出血量低、下地行走时间长,差异均有统汁学意义(P<0.05).人工股骨头置换组的手术时间短于全髋关节置换组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但下地时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).三组的住院时间(F=0.217,P=0.806)和围于术期并发症的发生率(χ<'2>=2.090,P=0.352)差异无统计学意义.术后平均随访2年2个月(6个月～4年5个月),无严重早期并发症发生,随访期内9例患者死亡.结论 脑血管意外后股骨颈骨折多发生于能够行走的偏瘫患者的偏瘫侧,致伤原凶主要是跌倒摔伤.闭合复位内同定、人工股骨头置换和全髋火节胃换术对偏瘫侧股骨颈骨折的治疗各有其优势,应根据骨折类型和患者具体情况进行个体化治疗.     

Evaluation of the role of pin fixation versus collar and cuff immobilisation in supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children

Long term results of children with supracondylar humeral fractures treated with manipulation and strapping and manipulation followed by pin fixation were evaluated. Forty patients were regarded as Gartland type II injuries. 33 of these were treated with closed reduction and collar and cuff immobilisation and 7 with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Two cases of cubitus varus were reported one from each treatment modality. Forty-four patients were included as Gartland type III injuries. Of these 14 were treated with closed reduction and collar and cuff immobilisation, 25 with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning and five with open reduction and pinning. There were two cases of cubitus varus and one case of cubitus valgus following pin fixation. In addition one case of extension lag and one significant ulnar nerve neurapraxia was recorded following pin fixation. One case of cubitus varus was seen following manipulation and collar and cuff treatment. There was no statistical difference between either treatment modality in terms of predicting a better outcome (p0.05).We conclude that pin fixation has no advantages over simple immobilisation in certain Gartland II and III type injuries. Although pin fixation is beneficial in unstable injuries collar and cuff immobilisation continues to have an important role in the treatment of stable supracondylar fractures.     

Closed reduction of tibial plateau fractures. A comparison of functional and roentgenographic end results

One hundred tibial plateau fractures in 96 patients were treated at three teaching hospitals. Seventy-three fractures were treated by closed reduction and early mobilization of the knee using a cast brace. Twelve fractures in this group also had percutaneous pin fixation under fluoroscopic control. The end results were graded by clinical functional criteria and by roentgenographic criteria. Eighty-nine percent of the patients treated by closed reduction methods had good to excellent functional results with a low complication rate (12%). Observations based on long-term roentgenographic examinations did not correlate with the functional end results. Many patients with less than satisfactory roentgenographic results had good to excellent functional long-term results. The indications for operative stabilization of these fractures should be based on testing for knee stability in full extension, rather than on any arbitrary roentgenographic criteria. For unstable fractures, closed reduction using ligamentotaxis and percutaneous fixation supplemented by cast brace support proved effective and relatively free of complications.     

经皮克氏针固定治疗严重移位儿童肱骨近端骨折

目的:评估采用手法复位、经皮克氏针固定方法治疗严重移位儿童肱骨近端骨折的疗效。方法:2006年1月至2010年12月,采用手法复位、经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨近端骨折43例,男28例,女15例;年龄3～17岁,平均11.1岁。术前经X线片确诊,均为Neer-HorwitzⅢ及Ⅳ型。全部病例均为闭合性骨折,无神经血管损伤表现。手术在C形臂X线机监视下进行,根据骨折类型及移位情况进行手法复位,复位满意后行经皮克氏针固定。记录术中及术后并发症、术后放射学检查结果、上肢长度及肩关节活动度,并以Neer肩关节功能评分标准对肩关节功能进行评分。结果:全部病例获随访,时间3～37个月,平均20.4个月。术后出现克氏针穿出关节面1例,针道反应5例,末次随访时肩关节功能Neer评分为85～100分,平均(95.0±4.3)分;优38例,满意5例。X线片显示所有病例骨性愈合,未发现骨骺早闭现象,无肢体短缩畸形。术后3个月,所有患儿能参加正常的体育活动,肩关节活动恢复至伤前。结论:采用手法复位、经皮克氏针固定方法治疗严重移位的儿童肱骨近端骨折,手术操作简单,疗效满意。     

Subtrochanteric femur fractures: a comparison of the Zickel nail, 95 degrees blade plate, and interlocking nail.

Seventy-nine nonconsecutive patients with subtrochanteric femur fractures were divided into three groups based on the method of fracture fixation. Group I consisted of 21 patients treated with a Zickel nail, Group II comprised 25 patients treated with a 95 degrees blade plate, and Group III included 33 patients treated with an interlocking nail. All patients in Group I and Group II had open reduction and internal fixation of their fractures. Ninety-four percent of the patients in Group III were treated by closed intramedullary nailing. The average operating times for Groups I, II, and III were 212, 272, and 181 min, respectively, while blood loss averaged 900, 1,500, and 600 ml for each group, respectively. Group I had one infection, ten malunions, and one nonunion. Group II had one infection, six malunions, and two nonunions. Group III had no infections, two malunions, and one nonunion. We conclude that closed interlocking nailing is the treatment of choice for acute nonpathologic subtrochanteric femur fractures in adults. There is decreased blood loss, reduced operating time, and fewer complications than with either the Zickel nail or the 95 degrees blade plate regardless of the fracture pattern or the degree of fracture comminution.     

Operative treatment of displaced lateral malleolar fractures: the Knowles pin technique

OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of Knowles pin fixation for isolated displaced lateral malleolar fractures and to present our surgical experience using this method. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. SETTING: The study was carried out at a municipal teaching hospital. The senior surgeons were all orthopedic trauma subspecialists. PATIENTS: A total of 168 patients meeting our inclusion criteria, an isolated displaced lateral malleolar fracture surgically treated by a Knowles pin between 1995 and 2000, were studied. All the patients had a stable syndesmosis, less than 50% comminution, and had no other operations in the same extremity. Patients were assigned into 4 groups according to the Orthopedic Trauma Association classification of ankle fractures. INTERVENTION: Open reduction and internal fixation with a Knowles pin fixation of the lateral malleolus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Functional results were evaluated using the Baird and Jackson ankle scoring system. RESULTS: There was a 100% union rate. The average satisfactory outcome of the 4 groups was 88.1%. No instrumentation problems were encountered. Three complications occurred, but resolved with nonoperative therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Knowles pin fixation for displaced lateral malleolar fractures is a useful and effective method. This implant offers several advantages, including easy application, less soft tissue dissection, less palpable instrumentation, stable fixation, and a short operating time.     

经皮克氏针固定治疗严重移位儿童胫骨下端骨折

目的：探讨利用手法复位、经皮克氏针固定治疗严重移位的儿童胫骨下端骨折的疗效.方法：自2009年5月至2012年12月,利用手法复位、经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童胫骨下端骨折56例,术前均行骨折端X线检查,证实均为严重移位骨折.其中男33例,女23例;年龄3～14岁,平均10.1岁.所有骨折为闭合性骨折,不伴血管神经损伤.根据骨折类型及移位情况,在C形臂X线机透视下行手法复位,复位成功后对两骨折端经皮克氏针固定,术后石膏固定4～6周.详细记录术中情况、术后并发症及远期随访结果,包括X线检查结果、踝关节活动范围及胫骨长度,最后以Teeny踝关节功能评分评价疗效.结果：56例患儿中45例成功随访,时间3～46个月,平均19.4个月.在末次随访时,予踝关节功能Teeny评分：优35例,良7例,可3例.X线片示所有病例达骨性愈合,愈合时间8～12周,未出现骨骺早闭,无胫骨短缩、成角畸形,术后出现克氏针针道反应4例.术后3个月,所有患儿可以正常步行,踝关节功能基本恢复至正常.结论：手法复位、经皮克氏针固定治疗严重移位的儿童胫骨下端骨折是一种简便、安全的手术方式,微创,对软组织损伤小,固定牢靠,可早期功能锻炼,疗效满意,是一种行之有效的治疗方法.     

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus associated with ipsilateral forearm fractures in children: a report of forty-seven cases

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus associated with ipsilateral forearm fractures are uncommon and treatment recommendations are controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pin fixation of both fracture components, humerus and forearm, would improve the outcome. In a two-center trial, 884 children sustaining supracondylar fractures of the humerus were retrospectively reviewed, and 47 (5.3%) showed associated ipsilateral forearm fractures. Of those, 29 underwent Kirschner-wire fixation of the forearm fracture, and 18 of the forearm fractures were treated with casting alone. Three of the 18 forearm fractures with casting alone reangulated. There were no reangulations in the patients who had pin fixation of their fractures. There were no complications due to pin fixation in the humerus or the forearm. In unstable supracondylar humerus and forearm fractures, stabilization with pin fixation to prevent reangulation should be considered.     

Adding a First Metatarsal Pin to An Ankle Tubular External Fixator Does Not Reduce the Incidence of Early Reduction Loss

External fixation with a bilateral frame configuration (delta frame, DF) is a routine approach for treating ankle fractures and dislocations with severe soft tissue damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate to what extent adding a first metatarsal fixation contributes to the stability of the fixation as evidenced by reduced frequency of early loss of reduction. A retrospective study was performed to compare the rate of early reduction loss in patients treated with a bilateral frame external fixation as part of a 2-stage treatment protocol for periarticular ankle fractures, in a level one trauma center between 2006 and 2016. The cohort was divided into 2 groups according to the frame configuration that had been used: DF only and DF with first metatarsal fixation (DF+1MT). A multivariate analysis assessing risk factors for postoperative loss of reduction was conducted. A total of 67 patients were included in the study, of which 30 underwent fixation by DF and 37 by DF+1MT. Early loss of reduction was recorded in 13 (19.4%) patients, 6 (20%) in the DF group and 7 (18.9%) in the DF+1MT group (p = .576). None of the assessed risk factors reached statistical significance. To conclude, the addition of a first metatarsal pin as an enhancement of external fixation with a delta frame configuration did not reduce the incidence of early loss of reduction. There is no evidence to support the claim that adding this pin contributes to the stability of the fixation in a clinically relevant manner.     

切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨头骨折

目的 探讨切开复位钢板内固定治疗桡骨头骨折的临床效果.方法 将41例MasonⅢ、Ⅳ型桡骨头骨折患者按照治疗方式的不同分为对照组(采用桡骨头置换术治疗,20例)和观察组(采用钢板内固定术治疗,21例).比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、住院费用、疼痛VAS评分、Mayo评分及优良率、肘关节活动度.结果 患者均获得...     

经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎压缩性骨折的短期临床疗效研究

目的 探讨经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎压缩性骨折的短期临床疗效.方法回顾性研究2012年1月至2015年6月我院收治的胸腰椎骨折且无脊髓神经损伤病人44例,均为单节段椎体骨折,采用经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定术的22例纳入经皮微创组,行常规后路切开复位内固定术的22例纳入切开复位组.对比两组病人的手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、椎体前缘高度比、矢状位后凸Cobb角、疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分等指标.结果两组病人均未出现术后感染、内固定松动断裂、脊髓神经损伤等并发症.两组病人的术中出血量和住院天数组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=21.966,P<0.0001;t=8.278,P<0.0001);两组病人术后1、6、12个月的椎体前缘高度比和Cobb角均较术前明显改善,经皮微创组和切开复位组术后1个月的椎体前缘高度比分别为(91.68±1.94)%、(94.73±0.88)%,差异有统计学意义(t=8.512,P<0.0001);但两组术后6、12个月的椎体前缘高度比及术后1、6、12个月的Cobb角比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);经皮微创组术后1个月的VAS评分为(2.91±0.75)分,明显低于切开复位组的(3.95±1.13)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.609,P=0.001),但两组病人之间术后6、12个月的VAS评分差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).结论经皮微创椎弓根螺钉内固定技术具有损伤小、出血少、术后疼痛轻、康复快的特点,是治疗无脊髓神经损伤的胸腰椎压缩性骨折的有效方法.     

两种手术方法治疗跟骨骨折的病例对照研究

目的:探讨闭合撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定与传统切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法:2007年8月至2010年5月,对进行闭合复位空心螺钉内固定(25例,A组)及切开复位钢板内固定(28例,B组)治疗的53例跟骨骨折患者进行回顾性分析,男35例,女18例;年龄18～67岁,平均39.1岁。Sanders骨折分型:Ⅱ型18例,Ⅲ型29例,Ⅳ型6例。分析内容包括手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、影像学资料及术后功能恢复情况(按照Maryland足功能评分标准)。结果:53例患者均获随访,时间9～35个月,平均20.4个月。手术时间和术中出血量A组少于B组,A组无骨折不愈合、感染及皮肤坏死病例,并发创伤性距下关节炎1例;B组3例出现局部皮肤坏死,1例骨折部位应用人工骨4个月未愈合,1例发生创伤性关节炎,无深部感染发生。末次随访时影像学表现2组无明显差异。术后功能恢复A组优8例,良12例;B组优10例,良14例。2组差异无统计学意义。结论:采用撬拨复位空心螺钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折,可获得良好的复位和可靠的固定,且在手术时间及术中出血量、术后早期局部皮肤并发症方面,较切开复位内固定治疗具有明显的优越性。     

Fractures of the distal radius treated with a nonbridging external fixation technique using multiplanar k-wires

PURPOSE: Joint-bridging external fixation is a minimally invasive treatment option for distal radius fractures. Although radial length can be restored easily the anatomic reduction of articular fragments and restoration of the normal volar tilt proves to be more difficult. A method of nonbridging hybrid fixation of distal radius fractures facilitates fracture reduction and allows for free wrist movement. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients with fractures of the distal radius were treated with nonbridging external fixation for 6 weeks. The stepwise surgical technique comprised a preliminary joint-bridging construction for reduction purposes, the subsequent insertion of 3 to 4 K-wires in the distal fragment, the assembling of wires to a bar nearly parallel to the fracture line, and lastly the removal of the joint-bridging part. Clinical and radiologic evaluation was performed on the first and seventh days and at 6 weeks and 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: All fractures united. Palmar tilt (> or =0 degrees ) and articular surface (articular step-off < 2 mm) were restored in all patients whereas loss of radial length occurred in 4 patients having the distal fracture fragment secured with 3 K-wires. No radial shortening was seen in fractures with 4 K-wires inserted in the distal fragment. Functional results at 2 years after surgery showed an average extension of 55 degrees and flexion of 64 degrees without significant differences between extra-articular and intra-articular fractures. There was no extensor tendinitis or pin loosening in the distal fragment; however, 3 pin track infections of proximal pins occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This surgical technique of nonbridging external fixation is a good treatment option for distal radius fractures: it permits wrist movement. We recommend the insertion of 4 K-wires in the distal fracture fragment.     

两种方式治疗Rüedi-Allgöwer Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的比较

目的 比较有限内固定结合外固定支架与前正中联合后外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗Rüedi-Allg?werⅢ型Pilon骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年3月至2015年6月我科治疗117例Rüedi-Allg?werⅢ型Pilon骨折病人的病例资料,男65例,女52例,年龄为20~67岁.根据手术方式不同分为两组:53例采用有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗(外固定组),64例采用前正中联合后外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗(切开复位组).两组病人一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).比较两组病人的手术时间、术中出血量、术后首次负重时间、早期并发症、远期并发症、Mazur功能评分.结果 术后病人均获得随访,随访时间为12~36个月,平均为(22.0±3.6)个月.两组病人术中出血量、术后首次负重时间和早期并发症情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);手术时间、术后远期并发症及末次随访Mazur功能评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).切开复位组治疗效果较对照组更优.结论 与有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Rüedi-Allg?werⅢ型Pilon骨折比较,前正中联合后外侧入路切开复位内固定治疗Rüedi-Allg?werⅢ型Pilon骨折可以充分暴露骨折端,复位关节面满意,固定牢靠,患肢术后功能恢复远期疗效更好.     

Operative treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The consequences of pin placement

BACKGROUND: The commonly accepted treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children is fracture reduction and percutaneous pin fixation; however, there is controversy about the optimal placement of the pins. A crossed-pin configuration is believed to be mechanically more stable than lateral pins alone; however, the ulnar nerve can be injured with the use of a medial pin. It has not been proved that the added stability of a medial pin is clinically necessary since, in young children, pin fixation is always augmented with immobilization in a splint or cast. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the results of reduction and Kirschner wire fixation of 345 extension-type supracondylar fractures in children. Maintenance of fracture reduction and evidence of ulnar nerve injury were evaluated in relation to pin configuration and fracture pattern. Of 141 children who had a Gartland type-2 fracture (a partially intact posterior cortex), seventy-four were treated with lateral pins only and sixty-seven were treated with crossed pins. Of 204 children who had a Gartland type-3 (unstable) fracture, fifty-one were treated with lateral pins only and 153 were treated with crossed pins. RESULTS: There was no difference with regard to maintenance of fracture reduction, as seen on anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, between the crossed pins and the lateral pins. The configuration of the pins did not affect the maintenance of reduction of either the Gartland type-2 fractures or the Gartland type-3 fractures. Ulnar nerve injury was not seen in the 125 patients in whom only lateral pins were used. The use of a medial pin was associated with ulnar nerve injury in 4% (six) of 149 patients in whom the pin was applied without hyperflexion of the elbow and in 15% (eleven) of seventy-one in whom the medial pin was applied with the elbow hyperflexed. Two years after the pinning, one of the seventeen children with ulnar nerve injury had persistent motor weakness and a sensory deficit. CONCLUSIONS: Fixation with only lateral pins is safe and effective for both Gartland type-2 and Gartland type-3 (unstable) supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The use of only lateral pins prevents iatrogenic injury to the ulnar nerve. On the basis of our findings, we do not recommend the routine use of crossed pins in the treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. If a medial pin is used, the elbow should not be hyperflexed during its insertion.     

Cross pinning of supracondylar fractures from a lateral approach. Stabilization achieved with safety

Purpose Various pin configurations are possible to stabilize a supracondylar fracture. While cross pinning gives the best stabilty the disadvantage is the risk of iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. We combine a cross pin fixation with a lateral approach. The aim of the study was to prove our method retrospectively to show the advantage of lateral cross-pinning achieving stabilty and avoiding ulnar nerve injury. Method Between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2002, 84 supracondylar fractures were treated with invasive surgical procedure. The intention was a primary closed reduction. Following closed reduction under general anaesthesia, two K-wires were introduced from the lateral side, one ascending and the other descending. If it was not possible to perform a closed reduction, an open reduction was performed by medial–lateral crossed K-wire fixation. After either an open or closed reduction, the pins were buried under the skin. The results were evaluated using Flynn’s score. The mean time of follow-up was 18.9 months. Results Seventy-seven percent of the patients were treated with a closed reduction, while 23% needed an open reduction. A clinical follow-up examination was done at an average of 18.9 months following the trauma. Of those treated with a closed reduction alone, 93% had an excellent or good functional result. Of those requiring an open reduction, 88% had excellent or good result. None of our patients exhibited secondary dislocation or iatrogenic ulnar palsies. Conclusion Closed reduction and lateral crossed pin fixation with ascending and descending K-wires buried under the skin is an effective method to treat type II and III supracondylar fractures in children. The method gives stability and avoids iatrogenic ulnar nerve injuries.