原发性腹膜恶性间皮瘤的超声图像分析

目的 对照手术病理，分析原发性腹膜恶性间皮瘤超声图像的表现。方法 对照超声图像，回顾性总结11例经手术和尸解证实的原发性腹膜恶性间皮瘤病例。结果 超声图像特点：（1）壁层腹膜弥漫增厚似胎儿胎盘，脏层腹膜增厚常见消化道，充气肠袢被增厚腹膜包裹及粘连形成较大肿块，呈假肾征声像。（2）中至大量腹水。在超声引导下用自动活检枪取材病检效果好。结论 超声显像对该肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断很有价值。     

高频超声诊断恶性腹膜间皮瘤17例分析

目的探讨高频超声对腹膜恶性间皮瘤的诊断价值。方法对17例恶性腹膜间皮瘤声像图特点进行分析总结,并与手术病理对照。结果腹膜恶性间皮瘤声像图表现为壁层腹膜不规则增厚9例,脏层腹膜受侵、包绕肠管形成假肾样包块5例,肠系膜和大网膜受侵形成＂饼样＂肿块3例,腹水17例。结论高频超声对腹膜恶性间皮瘤诊断具有重要实际意义。     

腹膜间皮瘤的超声诊断价值

目的：分析腹膜间皮瘤的超声声像图特征，探讨超声对腹膜间皮瘤的诊断价值。方法：对23例腹膜间皮瘤的超声声像图及其中9例的彩色多普勒检查结果进行分析和总结，并将其声像图表现与手术及病理诊断相对照。结果：腹膜间皮瘤的超声声像图表现为：18例探及腹腔或盆腔肿块，回声不均匀，部分肿块内可见不规则暗区；腹膜弥漫性层状或结节状增厚11例(其中6例合并腹腔肿块)，腹水17例。彩色多普勒显像示肿块内较丰富的血流信号。结论：超声检查结合临床对本病可做出初步诊断。     

腹膜恶性间皮瘤的超声表现及其诊断价值

目的探讨腹膜恶性间皮瘤的超声表现及超声诊断价值。方法回顾性分析20例腹膜恶性间皮瘤的超声表现，并与8例腹膜转移癌及5例结核性腹膜炎声像图对比分析。结果腹膜间皮瘤超声表现为腹膜弥漫或局限性增厚，腹膜上可见低回声小结节，部分患者腹水内见大量强回声分隔。腹膜转移癌及结核性腹膜炎声像图与其相似。结论恶性间皮瘤的超声表现不具特异性，很难与腹膜转移癌及结核性腹膜炎相互鉴别，超声引导下对腹膜增厚区或腹膜可疑结节穿刺活检及腹腔镜腹膜活检是安全有效的诊断方法。     

腹膜恶性间皮瘤超声声像图与CT对比分析(附22例报道)

目的探讨超声和CT对腹膜恶性间皮瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经超声引导下腹膜穿刺活检证实的22例腹膜恶性间皮瘤的超声声像图与CT表现。结果超声对增厚腹膜的显示率高于CT,且超声对腹膜病变的定位准确度为100%(22/22)。CT对受累肠系膜的显示优于超声。结论超声与CT对腹膜恶性间皮瘤的显示各有优势,超声引导下腹膜活检为本病确诊提供金标准。     

超声对恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨超声对恶性腹膜间皮瘤(MPM)的诊断价值。方法 19例MPM患者,分析其声像图特征,评价超声对其诊断的可行性和准确性。结果 19例均可见腹膜病变增厚,位于大网膜8例,壁层腹膜6例,脏层腹膜5例;17例为"饼"样腹膜增厚,11例呈低回声,18例病变内部回声均匀,19例均见腹腔积液。结论超声可显示MPM的形态学特征,但难以做出明确诊断,需要在超声引导下经皮穿刺活检以明确诊断。     

恶性腹膜间皮瘤的超声声像图特征与误诊分析

目的分析恶性腹膜间皮瘤（peritoneal malignant mesothelioma,PMM）的超声声像图特征,探讨超声对PMM的诊断价值及误、漏诊原因。方法对经手术及超声引导下组织活检证实的7例PMM声像图及其中4例彩色多普勒血流特点进行分析。结果PMM的声像图表现为：①壁层腹膜不规则非均匀性增厚,或类似结节样、凹凸不平的丘状隆起病灶;②腹腔内网膜、肠系膜及肝、脾等表面结节样肿块;③较大结节肿块内、不规则增厚或结节状、丘状腹膜病灶内有丰富的血流信号。误、漏诊的原因主要是对本病的认识不清,对由其病理变化而产生的相应超声影像学改变不了解,而低频常规探头近场显示不佳及肠腔的不同程度梗阻也影响了病灶的显示。结论在腹部常规探头检查的基础上,应用高频超声探头及彩色多普勒超声显像可较好地显示PMM的腹膜病灶。符合上述超声表现,同时结合临床症状、体征可作出PMM的初步诊断。在超声引导下对病灶进行组织活检,其病理组织学及免疫组化检查可确诊。     

弥漫性恶性腹膜间皮瘤超声与病理分析

目的再探讨超声对恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊断要点。方法总结分析15例超声引导下介入活检病理诊断为恶性腹膜间皮瘤的超声资料。结果15例间皮瘤壁层腹膜厚薄不均，边界不整齐；腹膜线连续性中断，肿块部位回声低；网膜呈饼状不均性增厚，质硬感，边缘不整齐；超声引导下活检易取材，质硬，网膜不随针的提插而移动；CDFI：肿块内血流较丰富，11例RI〈0．60，4例RI〉0．60；病理：12例为上皮型，3例为腺管乳头型。结论弥漫性恶性腹膜间皮瘤有一定的超声特点，结合超声引导下活检能基本做出对该病的诊断与鉴别诊断。     

腹膜间皮瘤声像图特征

目的 探讨腹膜间皮瘤的声像图表现及血流信号特征.方法 分析经手术确诊病理证实的9例腹膜间皮瘤的彩色多普勒超声表现.结果 9例腹膜间皮瘤患者中,4例良性,5例恶性.声像图特征:腹膜间皮瘤表现为大量腹水伴肠粘连,腹膜常显示弥漫性或局限性增厚,典型腹膜间皮瘤为腹膜呈网状结构, 表面有多个分隔光带分成大、小不等房腔;或表现为腹腔肿块以及腹腔内液性暗区伴不规则、断续的纤维素样光带.腹膜血流不丰富.结论 腹膜间皮瘤的声像图表现无明显特异性,遇见顽固性腹水病例需提高警惕,必要时作腹膜活检或剖腹探查确诊.     

腹腔镜在恶性腹膜间皮瘤诊断中的应用50例分析

目的：探讨恶性腹膜间皮瘤的腹腔镜表现及临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析50例恶性腹膜间皮瘤的腹腔镜表现，并于8例腹膜转移癌及5例结核性腹膜炎腹腔镜下表现对比分析，与50例患者剖腹手术后的病理对比分析。结果：恶性腹膜间皮瘤腹腔镜下表现腹膜壁层和胃肠浆膜面散在分布灰白色小结节大小不一，壁层腹膜可见厚薄不均的饼锑样增厚。腹膜转移癌及结核性腹膜炎腹腔镜下表现相似。并与剖腹探查术后诊断一致。结论：腹腔镜活检是恶性腹膜间皮瘤最简单有效的诊断方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.