幼儿攻击性行为游戏矫正的倒返设计研究

目的：探讨幼儿集体游戏用于矫正幼儿攻击性行为的效果。方法：采用倒返实验，对三名被试进行了游戏矫正。结果：三名被试在实验的基线阶段有明显的攻击性行为，游戏介入后攻击性行为明显减少，游戏取消后攻击性行为再度增加，游戏再次介入后，攻击性行为再次明显减少；方差检验的结果表明，被试在基线阶段的攻击性行为与游戏矫正后的攻击性行为差异极显著。结论：运用自然的幼儿集体游戏可以矫正幼儿的攻击性行为。     

依恋游戏促进小班幼儿社会自立-社交行为发展的个案研究

目的：探究依恋游戏对小班幼儿社会自立-社交行为的干预效果。方法：采用单被试A-B基线实验设计，综合访谈法、观察法及问卷法对三名小班幼儿在基线期（1～4周）、干预期（5～12周）、追踪期（13～14周）的社会自立-社交行为进行评估。结果：两名幼儿在干预期和追踪期的社会自立-社交行为水平高于基线期水平，一名幼儿的社会自立-社交行为水平因家长未按游戏设计要求充分投入和配合以及因家长专制型教养方式的影响无明显提高。结论：依恋游戏可以有效促进小班幼儿社会自立-社交行为的发展。     

儿童期社交退缩与人际关系的研究综述

目的 对近20年关于儿童退缩和人际关系相关的研究结果进行总结,了解退缩儿童的人际关系特点。方法 利用文献法整合国内外的相关研究,对儿童退缩和亲子关系、同伴关系和师生关系3种人际关系的相关的研究结果进行总结分析。结果 3种人际关系对儿童退缩行为的产生和发展有直接的、重要的影响。结论 社交退缩儿童具有不良的人际关系,通过改善儿童人际关系,将有助于矫正儿童退缩行为。     

父母婚姻满意度与幼儿社交退缩：一个链式中介模型

目的:探讨父母婚姻满意度、父母教养方式、亲子关系对幼儿社交退缩的影响。方法:采用父母婚姻满意度问卷、父母教养方式问卷、亲子关系问卷和幼儿社交退缩家长评价问卷,对新疆地区17所幼儿园的1447名幼儿家长进行问卷调查。结果:①相关分析表明父母婚姻满意度(r=-0.22, P0.01)、民主型教养方式(r=-0.21, P0.01)、亲子亲密性(r=-0.16, P0.01)与幼儿社交退缩总分呈显著负相关。②中介效应分析表明民主型教养方式和亲子亲密性在父母婚姻满意度与幼儿社交退缩之间有部分中介作用。结论:民主型教养方式与亲子亲密性在父母婚姻满意度和幼儿社交退缩之间起链式中介作用。     

融合性沙盘游戏疗法在随班就读孤独症儿童社交行为干预中的作用

目的：采用融合性沙盘游戏疗法，探究其在随班就读孤独症儿童社交行为干预中的作用。方法：将38名就读于普通小学的孤独症儿童随机分成实验组与对照组，每组19人。研究期间，对照组被试接受同频同质的日常社交行为干预，实验组被试则在此之上接受为期18周共计36次彼此独立的基于融合性沙盘游戏疗法的社交行为干预。运用孤独症治疗评估量表（ATEC）与Achenbach教师报告量表（TRF）综合考察干预方案对被试社交行为发展的作用。结果：前测两组被试ATEC与TRF的总分及其各因子得分均无统计学差异，后测实验组被试ATEC与TRF的总分及其各因子得分明显低于前侧，且明显低于对照组后测得分（除体诉因子）。结论：融合性沙盘游戏疗法能有效推动随班就读孤独症儿童社交行为的发展。     

住院康复精神分裂症社交能力不足者的集体行为治疗

目的 对24例住院康复精神分裂症社交能力不足者在药物剂量相对稳定情况下，通过集体行为心理治疗，增强社会交往的主动性，减少和缓解退缩行为。方法 社会交往能力不足的精神分裂症康复期患者6～9人为1小组，在心理治疗师引导下，以社交技能训练、角色扮演、情景模拟等技巧训练，进行12次集体心理治疗。结果 治疗前后SANS量表分下降，部分阴性症状缓解，以较为积极的态度及行为与人交往。结论 集体行为心理治疗在住院康复精神分裂症社交能力不足者中的应用对提高其自信心，改善社交不足，提高生活质量，减轻家属负担有重要作用。     

幼儿攻击性行为装扮游戏矫正的多基线实验研究

目的:探讨幼儿装扮游戏对幼儿攻击性行为的矫正效果.方法:采用多基线设计(A、B、C、D四阶段共20天)对三名幼儿园大班具有明显攻击行为的研究对象进行装扮游戏矫正.设计8个融合移情训练和榜样学习的装扮游戏,分别于多基线设计的B、C、D阶段干预研究对象一、二、三.结果:研究对象一在B、C、D阶段的攻击性行为次数较基线A均显著减少(5.4±1.1、3.4±1.3、1.8 ±0.8/9.8 ±2.5,F=23.97,P＜0.001),研究对象二在C、D阶段的攻击性行为次数较基线A、B均显著减少(6.0±2.2、3.0±1.6/13.2±1.8、10.2 ±1.9,F=28.17,P＜0.001),研究对象三在D阶段的攻击性行为次数较基线A、B、C均显著减少(2.8±0.8/12.4±1.5、10.0±1.2、11.0±1.6,F=52.37,P＜0.001).三个研究对象在矫正期D的攻击性行为次数没有显著差异(F=1.59,P=0.23).结论:采用集体装扮游戏可以矫正幼儿的攻击性行为.     

学前游戏行为量表在中国学前儿童中的信效度检验

目的:检验教师评定学前游戏行为量表(PPBS)中文版在中国学前儿童的信效度。方法:随机抽取上海市公立幼儿园3～6岁的学前儿童(N=211,M=48.66个月,SD=3.85,110个男孩,占52.1%),由教师完成学前游戏行为量表、儿童行为量表(CBS)和儿童行为教师评定量表(TBRS)的评定,母亲完成对儿童社会偏好量表(CSPS)的评定。1年后,教师完成对儿童社会能力与行为评定简表(SCBE-30)的评定。结果:PPBS在中国学前儿童的五因素模型拟合良好(χ~2=389.78, df=142,χ~2/df=2.75,P0.001,NFI=0.91, CFI=0.94, IFI=0.94, TLI=0.92, RMSEA=0.09),分别为缄默行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩、社会性游戏和粗野游戏。PPBS的缄默行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩与CBS的不合群、TBRS的内化问题、CSPS的害羞和社交淡漠呈显著正相关(r=0.13～0.60,Ps0.10～0.001);PPBS的社会性游戏和粗野游戏与CBS的不合群、TBRS的内化问题、CSPS的害羞和社交淡漠呈显著负相关(r=-0.23～-0.58,Ps0.01～0.001)。PPBS的缄默行为、安静退缩、活跃退缩与SCBE-30的焦虑退缩呈显著相关(r=0.47,P0.001;r=0.27,P0.001;r=0.17, P0.05);PPBS的社会性游戏与SCBE-30的焦虑退缩呈显著负相关(r=-0.44,P0.001);PPBS的缄默行为、安静退缩和粗野游戏与SCBE-30的社会能力呈显著负相关(r=-0.27,P0.001;r=-0.16,P0.05;r=-0.15,P0.05),PPBS的社会性游戏与SCBE-30的社会能力呈显著正相关(r=0.24,P0.01)。结论:修订后的PPBS具有良好的信效度,能够作为中国学前儿童游戏行为的测评工具,并为之后对表现出退缩行为的儿童进行干预提供有效的监测工具。     

短期焦点解决疗法治疗人际关系因惑女大学生一例

<正>运用短期焦点解决疗法治疗1名人际关系困惑女大学生的个案研究。通过对来访者基本资料的搜集及分析,和来访者一起探讨潜藏的正向力量并转化为行动。经过6次咨询,来访者的困扰基本消失,自我效能感提高,社交回避退缩行为改善,能和室友和睦相处,较好地适应大学生活。1来访者人口学资料1.1一般情况:来访者,女,21岁,大学三年级学生,外貌中等,无重大疾病史。父母感情良好,家族均无精神疾病史,经     

学前儿童社交退缩类型与气质

目的:考察学前儿童不同类型的社交退缩行为与气质特点的关系。方法:采用实验室观察法对176名4岁儿童的三种社交退缩行为做出评价:抑制行为、安静退缩和活跃退缩。气质特点由母亲报告。结果:抑制行为与儿童气质上的害羞(r=0．21,P<0．05)、不善交往(r=-0．31,P<0．01)有关,安静退缩与母亲报告的气质特征(P>0．05)无显著相关,活跃退缩与儿童的高活动水平(r=0．19,P<0．05) 有关。结论:儿童三种社交退缩行为的气质基础存在差异,行为抑制可能是由于天性害羞,而安静退缩与害羞无关,活跃退缩行为多的儿童活动水平较高。     

青春期功能失调性子宫出血的调经治疗研究

目的:探讨人工周期调经对青春期功能失调性子宫出血(青春期功血)的临床效果及其安全性。方法:回顾性分析85例患者,经人工周期调经(50例,观察组)和口服复合避孕药调经(35例,对照组)6个周期治疗后,两组撤药性岀血时间及不良反应,以及治疗结束后第3月末和第6月末临床总有效率。结果:治疗期间两组撤药性岀血时间及不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗结束后第3月末和第6月末复查临床总有效率,观察组明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在调理青春期功血中人工周期调经效果较复合避孕药效果好。     

学业成绩与内化行为问题的预测关系:一年的追踪研究

目的:探讨学业成绩与内化行为问题的预测关系。方法:使用同伴提名、自我报告以及学校记录对小学四年级到初中二年级787名儿童进行为期一年的追踪研究,采用结构方程模型进行交叉滞后分析,考察学业成绩与内化行为问题的相互预测关系。结果:①在前后测之中,学业成绩都与孤独感、抑郁感和社会退缩行为呈显著负相关,与一般自我价值感呈显著正相关;②交叉滞后模型结果显示,前测学业成绩可以预测后测内化行为问题,而前测内化行为问题不能预测后测学业成绩。结论:在学习成绩与内化行为问题的预测关系中,先前学业成绩对后来内化行为问题的预测力比先前内化行为问题对后来学业成绩的预测力更强。     

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease as a result of a traditional remedy: confirmation of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids as the cause,using an in vitro technique

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A child presented with hepatic veno-occlusive disease after having been administered a short course of treatment with a traditional herbal remedy. The child subsequently died. Postmortem liver histology confirmed the diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the herbal remedy was the cause of veno-occlusive disease. METHODS: Extracts of the traditional remedy were analysed by colorimetry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cultured hepatocytes were treated with an extract of the plant material and examined for morphological changes. RESULTS: The screening analyses indicated the presence of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which were later confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The cell studies indicated dose related toxicity, with necrosis at high concentrations and apoptosis and abnormalities of the cytoskeleton at lower concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The simple screening techniques used allowed rapid confirmation of the presence of toxic pyrrolizidines in the remedy. The in vitro method confirmed the toxicity of herbal extracts to hepatocytes.     

Child health in low‐income neighborhoods: The unexpected relationship with neighborhood disorder and other aspects of distress

There is substantial evidence linking child health and neighborhood of residence. However, most studies focus on poverty, paying less attention to other social and environmental factors that vary across low‐income neighborhoods. Using data from the Making Connections initiative, we examine the relationship between child health and neighborhood factors, including safety, social cohesion, informal social control, collective efficacy, disorder, and poverty, across a sample of children living in low‐income neighborhoods (N = 3,013). We use multilevel modeling to account for clustering at the household and block level. Results show that neighborhood disorder is related to child health in an unexpected direction: More disorder is related to lower odds of a child having fair or poor health. Similarly, informal social control and safety are related to greater odds of child fair or poor health. We underscore the importance of neighborhood conditions for child health and highlight the unexpected direction of these relationships.     

Factors related to the maintenance of social interaction among withdrawn preschool children]

It is difficult for withdrawn children to enter a play and to maintain social interaction with other children. This investigation attempted to identify whether the difficulty was due to their incorrect perception of others' responses or due to the lack of their self-confidence. Forty-five 5- and 6-years old nursery school children enrolled in six day-care classrooms served as subjects. They were divided into high middle or low groups by the degree of withdrawal, and each child was asked to play with two other same-age peers. Analyses by the observation of video recordings and the interviewing of the children revealed that the low withdrawals could perceive other children's responses more correctly than any other group, whereas there was no difference among the three groups in self-confidence. Thus, it was interpreted that those highly withdrawal children cannot skillfully enter plays with other children because they were unable to perceive other children's responses correctly. After entering a play, they also remained solitary almost all the time. The highly withdrawn children tended to keep themselves alone, while the children in low and middle degrees of withdrawal seemed to attempt to join other children even after being rejected or neglected by other children.     

Naloxone-induced depolarization and synaptic activation of myenteric neurons in morphine-dependent guinea pig ileum

To investigate the cellular basis of opiate dependence, intracellular microelectrodes were used to record from both electrophysiologically defined classes of neurons (S and AH) in myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle preparations from morphine pretreated guinea pigs. These preparations responded to naloxone with the characteristic contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle, indicative of morphine dependence. Depolarization in response to naloxone was observed in 42% of S neurons, but there were no consistent changes in input resistance. In some cells the depolarization was reduced or abolished after blockade of synaptic transmission, suggesting that it was due in part to the release of an excitatory transmitter producing a slow depolarization in the impaled neuron. Synaptic activation of S neurons during withdrawal was further indicated by the observation that fast postsynaptic potentials appeared after abrupt displacement of morphine from its receptors by naloxone. Morphine withdrawal, therefore, involves both the final motor neurons and interneurons. During naloxone-induced withdrawal, 25% of S neurons discharged action potentials. In contrast, no action potentials were discharged in AH neurons. Furthermore, naloxone did not alter the resting membrane potential, input resistance, soma action potential configuration, or slow hyperpolarization following a soma spike in AH neurons. The specificity of the withdrawal response for S neurons and the relatively small proportion of neurons involved suggests that morphine withdrawal occurs in quite specific neuronal circuits in the myenteric plexus.     

The quality of the mother-child relationship in high-risk dyads: application of the Emotional Availability Scales in an intergenerational, longitudinal study

The present research examined how family psychosocial risk may be associated with emotional availability (EA) across age and time in two longitudinal, intergenerational studies with high-risk, disadvantaged mother-child dyads. Study 1 examined dyads during preschool and middle childhood. Study 2 examined a different sample of dyads, tested intensively at five time points (6, 12, and 18 months; preschool; and school age). Across studies, maternal childhood histories of aggression and social withdrawal predicted negative EA (higher levels of maternal hostility) during mother-child interactions at preschool age. In Study 1, mothers with higher levels of social withdrawal during childhood had preschoolers who were less appropriately responsive to and involving of their mothers during interactions. In Study 2, higher levels of observed appropriate maternal structuring predicted child responsiveness while observed maternal sensitivity (and structuring) predicted observed child involvement. More maternal social support and better home environment combined with lower stress predicted better mother-child relationship quality. Findings contribute to the burgeoning literature on EA by focusing on a high-risk community sample across time and generations. Results are interpreted in light of the developmental psychopathology framework, and have implications for a broader understanding of how EA is related to parental history and personal characteristics, as well as ongoing family and environmental context.     

Symptoms of anxiety and depression among mothers of pre-school children: effect of chronic strain related to children and child care-taking

BACKGROUND: Factors that affect maternal mental health were studied when the children were 30 and 50 months old, and changes in the importance of these factors over time were analyzed. A specific aim was to elucidate the role of chronic strain related to children and child care-taking. This study follows up previous work on the influence of social class, strain and social support on maternal mental distress when the children were 18 months old. METHODS: The sample is population based, and 1,081 parents were invited to fill out questionnaires. Maternal mental distress was measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-25). Multiple regression analyses were conducted at each time point and chi-square tests were used to analyze the changes between the estimated regression coefficients over time. RESULTS: Chronic strain related to children and child care-taking consistently predicted maternal mental distress. Among the specific child related strains, problems with child care-taking were significantly associated with maternal symptom levels at all time points. The importance of two specific child problem behaviors (activity level and the child being a worrier) on maternal mental health changed over time. LIMITATIONS: Conclusions about causality can not be drawn based on cross-sectional analyses. The self-report measures used here may be biased by the current mood state. CONCLUSIONS: Problems with child care arrangements and combining work and child care-taking are predictive of maternal mental health when the children are 18, 30 and 50 months old. The risk and protective factors found here may have implications for prevention and intervention.     

Assessment of the immunization status of practice children under five years of age

Many professional groups are involved in immunization, and four different immunization records may be kept—the general practice record, the community child health record, the health visitor record and a record retained by the parent. The first three of these sources were examined for the immunization status of children under five years of age in a practice. The health visitor record was the most comprehensive. There was a remarkable improvement in pertussis vaccine acceptance over the four years reviewed but there were gaps in the uptake of measles vaccine.