葛根素对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后学习记忆障碍保护作用及其机制的研究

目的 探讨葛根素对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后学习记忆能力的影响及其机制。方法 采用四血管阻断法建立SD大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型，暗回避反应法测定学习记忆能力，并应用免疫组织化学法、原位末端标记法，检测大鼠全脑缺血再灌注海马CA，区的bcl-2阳性细胞数、凋亡细胞数的动态变化。结果 (1)与再灌注组相比，葛根素组大鼠潜伏期明显延长；(2)脑缺血再灌注后，海马CA1区bcl-2蛋白的表达随再灌注时间不同而变化，缺血20min后再灌注24h达高峰，葛根素组bcl2蛋白的表达于相应的时间点明显增多；(3)脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经元凋亡损伤在再灌注72h损伤最重，葛根素组可减少相应时点神经细胞凋亡数。结论 葛根素对全脑缺血再灌注后大鼠学习记忆能力具有明显的改善作用，其作用机制可能与通过上调bcl-2基因表达从而抑制或延迟脑缺血再灌注后细胞凋亡有关。     

脑缺血后脑室内注射胰岛素减轻大鼠学习记忆力损害的实验研究

目的探讨经脑室直接注射胰岛素对全脑缺血后大鼠学习记忆力的影响.方法以4-VO法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型.全脑缺血20min后行再灌注,于再灌注即刻经脑室注入1U胰岛素,缺血再灌注后8周利用三等分Y型迷宫箱测试大鼠的学习记忆功能,并对大鼠海马CA1区神经元的病理改变进行观察.结果经Y型迷宫测试,对照组、治疗组及缺血组大鼠达9/10正确反应所需电击数分别为5.6±1.2,8.6±1.3,19.6±2.6;对照组、治疗组及缺血组大鼠海马CA1区神经元计数分别为176.5±10.6,112.4±11.7,10.5±0.4.结论全脑缺血后脑室内注射胰岛素可明显减少大鼠海马CA1区神经元的死亡,进而减轻大鼠学习记忆力损害.     

缺血后处理对脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的研究缺血后处理(IP)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的学习和记忆能力的影响,探讨各组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区β淀粉样蛋白前体(APP)表达。方法将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组、对照组和缺血后处理组(IP组),每组16只大鼠。术后用Morris水迷宫方法测定大鼠认知记忆能力变化。3组大鼠脑组织切片行HE染色和APP染色,并行统计学分析。结果 Morris水迷宫试验显示,对照组大鼠训练第1~4天逃避潜伏期长于IP组(P 0. 01);跨越原平台次数IP组明显多于对照组(P 0. 05)。HE染色结果显示,对照组大鼠海马CA1区神经元细胞脱失明显,而IP可减轻这种形态学改变。免疫组化结果显示,在脑缺血再灌注144 h后对照组中APP表达明显高于假手术组(P 0. 01); IP组海马CA1区APP表达较对照组减少(P 0. 05)。结论缺血后处理可通过抑制APP的表达改善缺血再灌注后大鼠的记忆减退。     

脑缺血预处理对缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　观察缺血预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　采用四血管阻断法对实验鼠分组进行全脑缺血预处理及缺血后再灌注, 半定量法观察海马区神经元受损情况。结果　实验组四血管阻断３ 分钟（ 预处理） 后海马区神经元受损与对照组无显著差异;３ 天间隔６ 分钟全脑缺血再灌注组神经元受损较其他组明显减轻。结论　缺血预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用与全脑缺血预处理时间, 后续全脑缺血再灌注损伤时间及两者间的时间间隔有关。     

神经生长因子对大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马神经细胞损伤的影响

目的 :观察神经生长因子 (NGF)对脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经细胞损伤的影响。方法 :采用大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型 ,在光镜和透射电镜下观察NGF治疗组和缺血再灌组动物脑缺血 3 0min再灌注 2 4h和 72h时海马组织学及超微结构的改变。结果 :在缺血 3 0min再灌注 2 4h和 72h时 ,NGF治疗组海马CA1区神经细胞的结构损伤与缺血再灌组比较显著减轻 ;NGF可以减轻海马迟发性神经细胞死亡 (DND)性损伤。结论 :NGF对缺血再灌注所致的神经细胞损伤可能具有一定的保护作用     

胰岛素对脑缺血后鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡及记忆影响

目的　观察胰岛素对全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元凋亡及大鼠学习记忆力改变的影响 ,探讨胰岛素对全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元产生中枢直接保护作用的机理。方法　利用 4 VO法制作大鼠全脑缺血模型。造成脑缺血 15min后行再灌注 ,于再灌注后即刻经脑室注入 1U胰岛素 ,利用免疫组化及原位标记法分别于全脑缺血后 1、3d观察海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白表达及神经元凋亡的情况 ;缺血后 8周 ,利用“Y”型迷宫测试大鼠的学习记忆功能。结果　全脑缺血后 3d ,缺血组大鼠海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白的表达呈阴性 ,海马CA1区原位标记阳性细胞计数为 14 3.5± 11.6。治疗组大鼠海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白呈阳性表达 ,海马CA1区原位标记阳性细胞计数为 75 .6±6 .7。全脑缺血后 8周 ,治疗组大鼠学习记忆力明显好于缺血组。结论　全脑缺血后脑室内注入胰岛素可促进海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白表达 ,减少神经元的凋亡 ,进而减轻脑缺血后大鼠的学习记忆力损害 ,这可能是其对全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元产生中枢直接保护作用主要机理之一     

p38MAPK在脑缺血后处理大鼠海马区的表达与意义

目的观察脑缺血后处理大鼠海马区神经元p38MAPK表达变化,探讨脑缺血后处理的脑保护机制。方法将96只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组(Sham组)、脑缺血组(IR组)、脑缺血后处理组(IpostC组)。Sham组只切开头部皮肤不电凝,分离颈总埋线不夹闭。IR组采用改良的Pulsinelli四血管闭塞(4-VO)法制作全脑缺血大鼠模型,缺血时间20min;IpostC组于IR组恢复再灌注前给予再灌注15s/缺血15s,重复3次处理。每组又按恢复再灌注后6h、24h、48h、72h分为4个亚组(每个亚组8只大鼠)。应用光镜观察各组大鼠海马区神经元形态变化;免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot检测海马区磷酸化p38MAPK表达情况。结果 IR组大鼠海马区神经元结构损伤严重,各时间点神经元坏死率增加,神经元磷酸化p38MAPK表达增多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与IR组比较,IpostC组大鼠海马区神经元结构损伤明显改善,各时间点神经元坏死率下降,神经元磷酸化p38MAPK表达明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑缺血后处理对全脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与下调p38MAPK表达有关     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马自噬相关蛋白Beclin 1的表达变化

目的研究自噬相关蛋白Beclin 1在大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注损伤后海马中的表达情况,并探讨其意义。方法使用四动脉结扎法制作大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注损伤模型,实验动物随机分为：假于术组和缺血再灌注组。存全脑缺血15min后,分别再灌注0min、30min、3h、6h、12h、24h、1d、3d,使用Western blot检测各个时阃点大鼠全脑缺血-再灌后海马自噬相关蛋白Beclin1的表达情况。结果与假手术组比较,大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注损伤后1d,海马区Beclinl蛋白的表达最强（P〈0．05）。结论大鼠全脑缺血-再灌注损伤后海马自噬相关蛋白Beclinl表达上调,表明脑缺血-再灌注损伤后海马区域的自噬活性上调．     

短暂陛全脑缺血/再灌注损伤致大鼠海马组织BNIP3表达水平的改变

目的 观察全脑缺血/再灌注损伤后大鼠海马组织Bc12/腺病毒E1819kD相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)表达水平的改变. 方法 取10只成年雄性Wistar大鼠,采用随机数字表法分为假手术组和全脑缺血/再灌注72h组,每组5只.通过尼氏染色检测缺血模型是否引起海马神经元死亡.另取14只成年雄性Wistar大鼠采用随机数字表法分为假手术组(4只)、全脑缺血/再灌注1h组(5只)、全脑缺血/再灌注6h组(5只).在全脑缺血/再灌注后,于对应时间点取三组大鼠海马组织制备蛋白样品.western blot检测各时间点BNIP3表达水平的改变. 结果 (1)与假手术组比较,全脑缺血/再灌注72 h组中海马CAI区神经元形态不规则.细胞皱缩.胞核碎裂消失,表明海马神经元死亡.(2)大鼠海马组织BNIP3单体表达水平在全脑缺血/再灌注后上调,与假手术组相比.全脑缺血/再灌注1 h组(2.543±0.473)与全脑缺血/再灌注6 h组(2.942±0.777)的海马组织BNIP3单体蛋白表达水平都升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但全脑缺血/再灌注1 h组与全脑缺血/再灌注6 h组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).BNIP3双聚体在各时间点表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 全脑缺血/再灌注损伤可以引起大鼠海马组织BNIP3单体表达水平上调.     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马白噬相关蛋白LC3表达变化的研究

目的研究自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3（microtubule—associated protein 1 light chain3,LC3）在大鼠全脑缺血损伤后海马的表达情况,并探讨自噬在脑缺血损伤中的意义。方法使用四动脉结扎法制作大鼠全脑缺血模型再灌注损伤模型,实验动物随机分为：假手术组（sham组）、缺血再灌注纽。在全脑缺血15min后,分别再灌注0,30min,3,6,12,24h,1,3d,使用Westernblotting的方法检测各个时间点大鼠全脑缺血／复灌后海马LC3Ⅱ／LC3 Ⅰ蛋白的表达情况来研究脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马自噬现象的变化情况。结果与假手术组相比,大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后3h,海马区LC3Ⅱ／LC3Ⅰ蛋白的表达开始上调,在全脑缺血再灌注损伤后1d表达最强（P〈0．05）。结论大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马LC3Ⅱ／LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达上调,表明脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马区域的自噬活性上调。     

富氢液多次给药对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价再灌注后多次给予富氢液对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组:假手术组(S组)、脑缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和富氢液多次给药组(H组).I/R组和H组采用四血管阻塞法制备全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型.H组大鼠于再灌注即刻及再灌注后2、4、6h分别腹腔注射0 6mmol/L富氢液5ml/kg.I/R组大鼠给予等容量的生理盐水.再灌注24h时,测定海马丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量;再灌注72h时,尼氏染色观察海马组织形态学变化.结果 与I/R组比较,H组海马组织MDA、TNF-α、IL-6含量降低(P＜0.05),尼氏染色见海马CA1区神经元、尼氏小体数目增多,细胞形态趋于正常.结论 再灌注后多次给予富氢液可减轻大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与抑制脂质过氧化反应和炎性反应有关.     

Autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and BAF may attenuate hippocampal neuronal necroptosis after global cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in male rats by inhibiting the interaction of the RIP3/AIF/CypA complex

Our previous study found that receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were involved in neuronal programmed necrosis during global cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we further studied its downstream mechanisms and the role of the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafilomycin A1 (BAF). A 20-min global cerebral I/R injury model was constructed using the 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) method in male rats. 3-MA and BAF were injected into the lateral ventricle 1 h before ischemia. Spatial and activation changes of proteins were detected by immunofluorescence (IF), and protein interaction was determined by immunoprecipitation (IP). The phosphorylation of H2AX (γ-H2AX) and activation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (p-MLKL) occurred as early as 6 h after reperfusion. RIP3, AIF, and cyclophilin A (CypA) in the neurons after I/R injury were spatially overlapped around and within the nucleus and combined with each other after reperfusion. The survival rate of CA1 neurons in the 3-MA and BAF groups was significantly higher than that in the I/R group. Autophagy was activated significantly after I/R injury, which was partially inhibited by 3-MA and BAF. Pretreatment with both 3-MA and BAF almost completely inhibited nuclear translocation, spatial overlap, and combination of RIP3, AIF, and CypA proteins. These findings suggest that after global cerebral I/R injury, RIP3, AIF, and CypA translocated into the nuclei and formed the DNA degradation complex RIP3/AIF/CypA in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors could reduce neuronal necroptosis by preventing the formation of the RIP3/AIF/CypA complex and its nuclear translocation.     

亚硒酸钠对沙土鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的抗氧化作用

目的 探讨亚硒酸钠对沙土鼠脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法 实验分3组.采用夹闭双侧颈动脉法制备沙土鼠前脑I/R(2,4 d)模型,焦油紫染色,光镜下观察各组海马CA1区神经元的形态变化,电镜下超微结构变化.同时测定脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量.结果 硒处理组沙土鼠脑I/R后,神经元病理损伤减轻,GSH-PX和SOD含量增多,与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.01,P<0.05).MDA含量减少.结论 亚硒酸钠对沙土鼠脑I/R损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能和增强脑I/R早期脑组织中抗氧化酶的抗氧化作用有关,可能存在对脑缺血耐受的预处理机制.     

缺血后处理对大鼠脑缺血—再灌注中细胞凋亡的作用及其机制研究

目的观察缺血后处理(IP)对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注(I/R)中细胞凋亡的影响,并探寻其机制。方法开颅永久性阻断大脑中动脉+临时夹闭双侧颈总动脉法制作模型。将大鼠随机分为空白对照组(Control组)12只、假手术组(Sham组)、I/R组、IP组各48只、I/R+caspase-3抑制剂组(I/R+Z-DEVD-FMK组)、I/R+溶剂组(I/R+DMSO组)各12只。通过免疫荧光及Western blot法检测细胞凋亡数、细胞色素c(cyt-c)释放及caspase-3活性。结果 IP组较I/R组TUNEL阳性细胞数减少(P<0.05)。Sham组、IP组和I/R组均有细胞呈cyt-c/TUNEL双阳性,但cyt-c阳性不全伴有TUNEL阳性。I/R组与IP组cyt-c呈双峰样释放(再灌注3 h和48 h),在48 h时IP组较I/R组降低(P<0.05)。I/R组caspase-3活性在再灌注3 h时开始升高,12 h和24 h时最高。各相应时点IP组较I/R组的caspase-3活性降低(P<0.01和P<0.05)。I/R+Z-DEVD-FMK组cyt-c后期释放量小于I/R+DMSO组(P<0.01),但完整细胞数多于I/R+DMSO组(P<0.01)。结论 IP可以抑制凋亡;cyt-c参与凋亡,并与caspase-3形成相互作用的反馈回路。IP对该反馈回路具有调节作用。     

慢性脑低灌注对2型糖尿病模型大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响及胆碱能神经元损伤的机制探讨

目的探讨2型糖尿病（DM）是否加重慢性脑低灌注（CCH）大鼠胆碱能神经元及空间学习记忆能力损伤。方法SD大鼠24只,随机分为4组（均n=6）：①对照组（正常饮食＋假手术）;②DM组[高脂饮食＋链脲佐菌素（STZ）];③CCH组[正常饮食＋双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎（2-VO）];④DM-CCH组（高脂饮食＋STZ＋2-VO）。采用Morris水迷宫测试各组大鼠学习记忆能力;免疫组化学法检测海马区乙酰胆碱转移酶（CHAT）阳性细胞表达和免疫印迹法检测海马ChAT相对表达量。结果DM＋CCH组逃避潜伏期与对照组比较明显延长,第2-4天（P〈0．001）、第5天（P〈0．01）;目标象限时『目】百分比明显低干对照组（P〈0．01）、DM组（P〈0．05）和CCH组（尸〈O．05）。DM＋CCH组海马区ChAT阳性细胞表达明显减少,ChAT相对表达量较对照组显著减少（P〈0．01）、DM组（P〈0．05）和CCH组（P〈0．05）显著减少。结论DM可加重CCH大鼠的空间学习记忆能力障碍,可能与海马区胆碱能神经元损伤有关。     

磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白在全脑缺血大鼠海马中的表达

目的观察转录因子磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(pCREB)在大鼠短暂性全脑缺血再灌注后海马中的表达，并探讨其表达的意义。方法采用四动脉阻断法制备大鼠全脑缺血模型，缺血15min。Western印迹检测海马组织pCREB的表达，免疫组化观察其在大鼠海马CA1区及齿状回的表达。结果Western印迹显示，缺血再灌注3h，pCREB的表达至高峰，并随再灌注时间延长呈现下降趋势。免疫组化显示缺血再灌注3h海马CA1区pCREB表达至高峰，并迅速下降，于24h降至假手术组水平；而在齿状回其表达较强且持久。结论脑缺血再灌注促进pCREB的表达，pCREB的表达可能参与了缺血性脑损伤的内源性保护机制。     

Ischemic Postconditioning Protects the Neurovascular Unit after Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Recently, cerebral ischemic postconditioning (Postcond) has been shown to reduce infarction volume in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, it is unclear if ischemic Postcond offers more extensive neuroprotection than current therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ischemic Postcond on the neurovascular unit (NVU). A middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model was used; cerebral infarct volumes, neurologic scores, and transmission electron microscopy were evaluated 24 h after reperfusion. We used Evans blue extravasation, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analyses to evaluate the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the distribution and expression of the tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins of claudin-5 and occludin in brain microvessel endothelium. The Postcond group showed significantly reduced infarct volumes and decreased neurologic impairment scores compared to the I/R group. Also, injuries to the cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons were minimized in the Postcond group. The permeability of the BBB increased in both the I/R and Postcond groups, but the Postcond group showed a significant decrease in permeability than the I/R group. Expression of both claudin-5 and occludin were higher in the Postcond groups compared to the I/R group, but expression of both proteins decreased in the I/R and Postcond groups compared to the sham group. The results of our study suggest that ischemic Postcond is an effective way to reduce injury to neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells, to increase protein expressions of TJ-associated proteins, and to improve BBB intergrity affected by focal I/R. Ischemic Postcond could protect the NVU from I/R injury.     

依达拉奉对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡及caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经功能损伤、细胞凋亡及caspasc-3蛋白表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠24只采用随机数字表法分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组、生理盐水治疗组、依达拉奉治疗组,每组6只.除假手术组外,其余3组均采用大脑中动脉线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型.依达拉奉治疗组于脑缺血开始时及再灌注后12 h分别腹腔注射依达拉奉3 mg/kg,生理盐水治疗组同时间注射等量生理盐水;假手术组同样过程造模,但不插入尼龙线造成缺血.造模后24 h后进行大鼠神经行为学评分;应用免疫组织化学及Western blot检测caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化;利用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)研究神经细胞凋亡的变化.结果 与脑缺血再灌注组及生理盐水治疗组相比,依达拉奉治疗组大鼠神经行为学评分明显减少,caspase-3免疫阳性细胞及蛋白表达明显减少,凋亡细胞也减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 依达拉奉能有效减轻脑缺血灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡.改善神经功能缺损症状,推测其机制与抑制caspase-3蛋白表达有关.     

Temporal Pattern and Crosstalk of Necroptosis Markers with Autophagy and Apoptosis Associated Proteins in Ischemic Hippocampus

Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, has been recently implicated as a possible mechanism for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We herein studied time-dependent changes of necroptosis markers along with apoptosis- and autophagy-associated proteins in rat hippocampus at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after global cerebral I/R injury. Furthermore, to determine the cross talk between autophagy and necroptosis, we examined the effects of pretreatment with bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1), as a late-stage autophagy inhibitor, on necroptosis. Highest levels of receptor-interacting protein 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3), as key mediators of necroptosis, were observed at 24 h after reperfusion. Alongside, activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1), downstream enzyme of RIP3, was increased. Peak time of necroptosis was subsequent to caspase-3-dependent cell death that peaked at 12 h of reperfusion but concurrent with autophagy. Administration of Baf-A1 could attenuate necroptosis, verified by decrease in RIP1 and RIP3 protein levels, as well as GLUD1 activity. However, there was no significant change in caspase-3-dependent cell death. Taken together, our results highlight that global cerebral I/R activates necroptosis that could be triggered by autophagy and interacts reversely with caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.