河南省小动物宿主肝毛细线虫病流行病学调查

目的调查分析河南省小动物宿主感染肝毛细线虫病流行现状。方法根据地理方位和地理特征选择7个县为调查点，在户外捕捉鼠类等动物，鉴定种类，解剖取鼠肝用直接压片法镜检肝毛细线虫感染情况。结果共捕获各种鼠类和其他动物15种1188只，其中啮齿目动物11种，1169只。优势鼠种为褐家鼠、大仓鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠和黑线姬鼠。6种鼠157只检出肝毛细线虫感染，平均感染率为13．62％。感染率最高的为家栖鼠类，其中褐家鼠25．83％，黄胸鼠12．90％，小家鼠10．00％。地区分布以汝南县鼠感染率最高，为23．83％；郑州市惠济区1．76％。环境分布以村周鼠感染率最高，为30．34％；村内19．49％，田地17．24％。结论河南省鼠肝毛细线虫分布十分广泛，部分地区鼠类感染较为严重。开展人肝毛细线虫流行病学调查和防治十分必要。     

大理地区鼠类动物肝毛细线虫感染情况调查

目的调查大理地区鼠类动物肝毛细线虫感染的情况。方法在室内和室外采用捕鼠笼、鼠夹和电子捕鼠器捕捉鼠类动物，并确定其种类，解剖检查和镜检肝毛细线虫感染情况。结果共捕获鼠类动物1132只，分属3目6科13属23种，齐氏姬鼠为野外常见种，褐家鼠为室内优势种。感染肝毛细线虫的鼠共238只，分属2日8种，感染率为21．02％。家栖鼠类感染普遍，感染率为76．83％，以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠感染率较高，分别是77．01％和77．46％。野栖鼠类感染率低，为4．47％，但斯氏家鼠感染率可达38．81％。结论大理地区鼠类肝毛细线虫感染相当普遍，家栖鼠类感染率较高，预防人群肝毛细线虫的感染是十分必要的。     

高原峡谷区鼠类感染日本血吸虫调查

１９９８年７￣８月，在洱源县高原峡谷区对鼠类、人群和家畜的血吸虫感染情况进行了调查。捕获鼠类７７８只，隶属３目４科７属１１种，以黄胸鼠、齐氏姬鼠和褐家鼠为优势种类。检验鼠７６０只，其中４种２８只鼠类自然感染日本血吸虫，阳性率为３．６８％，ＥＰＧ（每克粪便虫卵数（ｘ）为２５．４７；人群阳性率为２０．３７％，ＥＰＧ（ｘ）为３．３６；牛阳性率为７．８９％，ＥＰＧ（ｘ）为０．０１３５；马阳性率为２．５６％     

贵州鼠疫疫源地鼠形动物的部分生物学调查

为查明鼠疫疫源地的鼠形动物种类、组成、分布和季节消长，为鼠疫的预防控制提供依据，用日夹法和笼捕法捕获野外和住宅内鼠形动物，进行分类鉴定，用粉迹法和日夹法调查鼠形动物密度。捕获的鼠形动物有3目4科10属23种，黄胸鼠和褐家鼠为住宅内优势鼠种；黄胸鼠为野外优势鼠种；住宅内鼠形动物的平均鼠迹阳性率为72．62％，野外鼠形动物的捕获率为4．54％。黄胸鼠、褐家鼠和锡金小鼠的妊娠率分别为24．22％，28．99％和28．13％。家栖鼠类是鼠疫预防控制中的主要防制对象，药物灭鼠的最适时间在3月和11月。     

2009年云南省肾综合征出血热监测分析

目的进一步掌握肾综合征出血热（HFRS）在云南省的流行特征,为防治提供依据。方法收集云南省本病疫情资料,采集人血清、鼠类肺脏作汉坦病毒（HV）抗体和抗原检查。结果2009年云南省共报告本病16例,死亡1例,年发病率为0．04／10万。病死率为6．25％：发病地区为大理、昆明、红河、文山、楚雄和怒江州（市）。在固定监测点泸西县、祥云县和昆明市五华区捕获鼠类8属15种559只,人血清292份,其中居民区以黄胸鼠和褐家鼠为优势鼠种,野外以大绒鼠和高山姬鼠为优势鼠种;鼠间HY带毒率为3．78％（20／529）,带毒鼠型动物为褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、小家鼠、大足鼠、大绒鼠、臭鼩鼱和灰麝鼩。健康人血清HV抗体检测,人群隐性感染率4．45％（13／292）。结论进一步证实了云南省存在着以褐家鼠和黄胸鼠为主要宿主的家鼠型HFRS疫源地,也存在着以高山姬鼠和大绒鼠为主的野鼠型疫源地;近几年发病率有所下降与鼠密度和鼠间HV感染率降低有关。     

从鼠体内分离出弓形体

1985～1986年动物弓形体血清流行病学调查中,发现我省鼠类感染率较高(20.8％)。1987年又在大理州进行鼠类弓形体分离工作,结果从黄胸鼠分离出1株,褐家鼠分离出3株弓形体,现报告如下。 一、分离结果 本次捕获的鼠类有5种64只,共接种32组,结果从黄胸鼠和褐家鼠中分离出4株弓形体,见附表。     

2007-2012年云南省居民区鼠疫宿主动物调查及其地理分布

目的 探讨云南省居民区鼠疫宿主动物地理分布格局及其与鼠疫的关系.方法 根据云南省不同经纬度、海拔等自然环境条件,在2007年4月至2012年11月,选取云南省17个县(市)的自然村作为调查点,开展室内鼠和蚤的种类、数量和生物量的调查,运用群落结构指标对居民区鼠类的群落特征和沿环境梯度的空间分布进行研究.结果 在调查的17个县(市)室内共捕获小兽390只,经分类鉴定隶属于3目4科7属11种.其中,黄胸鼠、大足鼠、褐家鼠为居民区优势种,分别占33.85％(132/390)、20.77％(81/390)和16.92％(66/390).居民区鼠类的经度分布,以黄胸鼠最广,东经98°～105°均有分布,其次为褐家鼠、斑胸鼠和小家鼠;室内鼠类纬度分布和垂直分布相似,均以黄胸鼠分布最广,北纬21°～＜28°和海拔500～＜3 500 m均有分布,其构成比随着纬度和海拔的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,逐渐更替为大足鼠、齐氏姬鼠等鼠种.室内鼠疫宿主动物的物种丰富度随经纬度增加呈现先增高后降低的分布格局,分别在东经98°～＜101°和北纬23°～＜28°形成高峰,而垂直分布显示出低海拔和高海拔地带物种丰富度相对较低的特征,高峰为1 000～＜1 500 m和2 000～＜2 500 m垂直带.结论 云南居民区鼠疫宿主动物的地理空间分布均表现为聚集型分布,经纬度和海拔等重要环境因素不仅决定着不同疫源地室内鼠疫宿主动物的地理分布格局,也直接影响鼠疫流行和传播的模式.     

临海市流行性出血热宿主动物调查

<正> 为了阐明本市流行性出血热(EHF)的流行规律,了解宿主动物的种类组成,确定主要传染源,分折感染环境,给EHF防治工作提供科学依据,我站在疫区进行了鼠类种、群分布密度及抗原携带情况调查,现报告如下。 一、材料和方法 用捕鼠中型铁夹放在室内外,夜放晨收,连放3夜,共捕鼠119只;另用夜夹法捕获35只,共有6个鼠种。室内鼠密度16.33％,以褐家鼠为优势种(83.67％);野外鼠密度为23.33％,以黑线姬鼠为优势种(58.57％),褐家鼠次之(20.00％)。将捕获的154只鼠种经特异性直接免疫荧光法测定,室内褐家鼠鼠肺中检出EHF相关抗原阳性率为7.32％。野外黑线姬鼠抗原阳性率4.92％,褐家鼠为18.18％。室内外褐家鼠的带毒率经统计学处理无显著差异(X~2=1.71,P>0.05)。野外褐家鼠与黑线姬鼠带毒率亦无显著差异(X~2=3.68,P>0.05)。其它鼠种均     

新疆乌鲁木齐市及其近郊鼠类和鼠害调查

作者等于1989年3～10月对乌鲁木齐市及其近郊的鼠类和鼠害进行了调查。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市及近郊共有啮齿动物12种。近郊的平均捕获率为11.0％;市区的平均捕获率为21.1％。主要害鼠为小家鼠,灰仓鼠,褐家鼠和红尾砂土鼠。小家鼠和灰仓鼠为本调查区的优势种;红尾砂土鼠在市区总的数量虽然不高,但它却能长期在市区生存下来,而且破坏性很大;迁入鼠种——褐家鼠在西郊和相邻的北郊分布较广,并在继续扩散,在部分外生境已开始取代红尾砂土鼠。此外文中还对主要害鼠所造成的危害、分布范围、密度及与疾病的关系等进行了报道和讨论。     

江苏省南通市经济技术开发区灭鼠效果分析

南通市经济技术开发区位于市郊东南,沿江总面积148.3km2,人口约13万。南通市是平原地带,温湿气候,适合鼠类生长繁殖。由于该地区鼠类生长繁殖较快,密度很高,当地的主要鼠种为褐家鼠、黄胸鼠和小家鼠等,对工农业生产有很大的危害,对传染病的传播潜在很大的威胁,为了掌握鼠类密度趋势,为进一步的灭鼠工作提供科学依据,结合鼠类流行季节,为此,1996-2003年以来,南通市疾病预防控制中心每年都组织有关人员进行一次大规模的灭鼠工作。现将近年来的灭鼠情况及效果进行分析如下。1对象与方法1.1对象:调查39个外资企业及农贸市场、宾馆、饮食店、副食…     

Somatostatin inhibition of GnRH neuronal activity and the morphological relationship between GnRH and somatostatin neurons in rats

In rodents, GnRH neurons are diffusely distributed from the medial septum through to the medial preoptic area and control gonadal functions through the pituitary. The activity of GnRH neurons is regulated by a variety of bioactive substances, including the inhibitory peptide somatostatin. In the present study, we focused on somatostatin because intracerebroventricular injection of somatostatin inhibits the LH surge in rats and reduces LH secretion in ewes. Somatostatin also decreases GnRH release from rat hypothalamic slices. In mice, somatostatin is also thought to suppress GnRH neuronal activity through contact on the soma of GnRH neurons. However, similar data are missing in rats. Moreover, rat GnRH neurons receive only a few synaptic inputs. In this study, we assessed the morphological relationship between GnRH and somatostatin neurons. Confocal microscopy on the sections from the medial septum through medial preoptic area revealed about 35 close contacts per rat between the GnRH and somatostatin neuronal fibers in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis region. No contact of somatostatin fibers on the GnRH neuronal somata was observed. Multicell RT-PCR for somatostatin receptor mRNA in rat GnRH neurons was also performed, which revealed moderate expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1-5. In addition, patch clamp experiments were carried out in acute slice preparations. Somatostatin suppressed neuronal firing in cells recorded in a cell-attached configuration and also induced whole-cell outward currents in GnRH neurons. These findings suggest that somatostatin directly inhibits the activity of rat GnRH neurons through volume transmission in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis region.     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

Arcuate area of the female rat maintained in vitro exhibits increased afternoon electrical activity

The arcuate area of the rat hypothalamus has previously been shown to have increased neuronal activity in vivo corresponding to the estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone rise in the afternoon. The present experiments investigate the arcuate area to determine whether afternoon increases in activity occur in vitro and are dependent on estradiol pretreatment. Light-dark entrained pubertal rats were ovariectomized and implanted with estradiol- or cholesterol-filled silastic capsules. Two days later they were sacrificed at 10.00 h and coronal sections containing the arcuate area were maintained in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid at 34 degrees C. With estrogen pretreatment, units recorded from 11.00 to 15.00 h had a slow discharge with hourly mean rates ranging from 0.7 to 0.86 spikes/s. However, in the next hour the mean firing rate doubled (p less than 0.01) and an increase in units encountered per electrode penetration was observed. In tissue from animals sacrificed 3 h later, an increase in firing rate was also noted after 15.00 h, suggesting that a diurnal mechanism rather than a technical artifact was responsible for the timing of the activity increase. In control experiments with cholesterol capsules, electrical activity did not have a diurnal pattern. In summary, the arcuate area of the rat isolated in vitro was observed to display an increase in neuronal activity during the afternoon that was dependent on estrogen pretreatment and correlated to the time of day that luteinizing hormone rises are seen in intact animals. Although the arcuate area is involved in numerous functions, this electrical activity may represent interneurons controlling the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from axonal endings in the median eminence.     

Direct, neuronal action of atrial natriuretic factor in the rat brain

The present investigation assessed the ability of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to affect hypothalamic neuronal excitability. Single neurons in the rostral septal-preoptic area of the female rat brain were recorded extracellularly and tested for responsiveness to iontophoretically applied and/or pressure-ejected ANF. Neurons responsive to ANF were detected in the lateral septal nucleus, the lateral paraolfactory area, the bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, and the medial preoptic area. The majority of neurons influenced by ANF (16 out of 18) exhibited a decrease in spontaneous firing rate during application of the peptide. In some cases, the inhibitory response outlasted the period of ANF application. When both iontophoretic and pressure ejection techniques were used to apply ANF to an individual neuron, the responses were similar. The results indicate that ANF is capable of modulating the membrane excitability of rat forebrain neurons and suggest that the peptide acts as a neuromodulator/neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.     

A method to prevent recanalization of the transected bile duct in the rat

The purpose of this study was to develop a surgical technique for bile duct occlusion in the rat which would prevent restoration of biliary drainage. In three successive series of animals the surgical technique was modified from ligation and transection to ligation and transection with resection and, finally, to ligation and transection with transposition of the distal end behind the stomach-duodenum. In these three groups recanalization was observed in 4 out of 9, 1 out of 9, and 0 out of 19 animals, respectively. Bilirubin levels in plasma monitored in the last group showed that a stable cholestatic jaundice was maintained for at least 6 weeks. The results suggest that transposition of the distal transected end of the bile duct below the stomach-duodenum will effectively reduce the chance of recanalization and thus make study of long-term extrahepatic cholestasis in the rat more practical.     

Regional induction of c-fos-like protein in rat brain after estradiol administration.

The protooncogene c-fos is induced in rat brain by various forms of physiological stimulation. In this study immunocytochemical staining for a peptide fragment of the c-fos protein was used to assess estradiol's effects on c-fos in rat brain. After estradiol benzoate (100 micrograms/kg) administration to ovariectomized rats, the number of cells staining for c-fos-like protein increased in the anterior medial preoptic area, the medial preoptic area, the medial amygdala nucleus, and the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus, all regions rich in estradiol-concentrating cells. This increase peaked between 12-48 h (depending on the region) after estradiol administration and was not observed in several areas with a lower density of estradiol-concentrating cells. In the most affected region, the anterior medial preoptic area, estradiol effects were dose dependent and not altered by progesterone administration. It is not yet clear whether estradiol induces c-fos expression in brain directly or whether c-fos is part of a cascade of mechanisms by which estradiol regulates gene expression.     

云南省耿马县鼠疫疫源地及人间鼠疫调查报告

1990年12月11日～31日,对云南省耿马县首次鼠疫流行进行了现场调查。用血清学及细菌学方法在33个疫点(180km~2)检出了63例腺鼠疫患者和13例隐性感染者,并从人,鼠、蚤分离到49株鼠疫菌。造成鼠间鼠疫流行,主要是黄胸鼠数量及印鼠客蚤指数的急骤增高;人间鼠疫是由于鼠间鼠疫长期流行,地面游离蚤增加,人与蚤类接触频繁所致。结果表明:耿马县以勐撒镇为中心的鼠间及人间鼠疫大面积流行是一次典型的家鼠型鼠疫,其疫源地具有西南山地黄胸鼠鼠疫疫源地的特征。鼠疫在该县(至少在动物间)有可能长期存在。     

Quantitative Assessment of Collagen Crosslinks in Dissected Predentin and Dentin

Dentinogenesis offers a unique system for the study of changes in collagen structureoccurring simultaneously with mineralization. Bovine dentin was found to contain about one reducible crosslink per collagen molecule; rat dentin contained twice this amount. In contrast, bovine dentin contained twice as much pyridinium crosslink as did rat dentin collagen. These results indicate that the collagen in rat teeth is less mature and again emphasize the difference in composition between the organic matrices of rat and bovine dentin. In dissected bovine predentin, the unmineralized precursor of dentin, the content of reducible crosslinks was almost double that of dentin. Only minute amounts of non-reducible crosslinks were found in predentin, whereas both pyridinoline and deoxy-pyridinoline were present in collagen from mineralized dentin. The observed differences in crosslinking between predentin and dentin of the same teeth may indicate some alterations within the area of mineralization.