A study of some factors associated with wound infection

Five hundred and four surgical patients were studied at Princess Basma Hospital, North Jordan, during the period April 1984-January 1985. The overall postoperative wound infection rate was 3.6%. In clean surgery 1.1% of wounds were infected and in potentially contaminated and contaminated surgery the infection rate was 3.3% and 18.5% respectively. Major organisms isolated from infected wounds were Staphylococcus aureus (55.5%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), Proteus vulgaris (11.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Aeromonas hydrophilia, each with 5.6%. Use of a wound drain, duration of operation and carriage of Staph. aureus by the patient were associated with a higher frequency of wound infection.     

A study of 245 infected surgical wounds in Singapore.

The aims of the study were to correlate the laboratory detection rate of wound infections with the actual wound infection rate, and to analyse the bacteriology of these wounds to provide a rationale for antibiotic usage in prophylaxis and treatment of surgical wound infections. The wound infection rate in a general surgical unit was determined using the most comprehensive surveillance available to us and was correlated with the laboratory detection rate. A correlation coefficient of 0.8 was obtained, allowing a reasonable estimation of the actual wound infection rate from laboratory data. Review of the bacteriology of consecutive infected surgical wounds over a 4 year period in a university hospital, revealed that the commonest organisms cultured were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci and beta-haemolytic streptococci. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) caused 50% of all staphylococcal wound infections. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to fusidic acid and vancomycin. All the non-MRSA isolates of S. aureus were sensitive to cephalexin. Some 89% of E. coli were sensitive to gentamicin, with 93% and 100% sensitive to cefuroxime and ceftriaxone respectively. Klebsiella isolates have shown an increased resistance to aminoglycosides, with a new strain from one patient, isolated in 1990, resistant to penicillins, aminoglycosides and third generation cephalosporins. Pseudomonas spp., enterococci and beta-haemolytic streptococci did not show a change in resistance patterns over the same time period.     

多重PCR检测食品中的金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌和沙门菌

目的建立一种能同时检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌和沙门菌的多重PCR检测方法。方法采用7.5%NaCl肉汤对食品样品中的金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌,同时采用GN增菌剂对食品样品中的志贺菌和沙门菌进行增菌。根据金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因、志贺菌的ipaH基因、沙门菌的invA基因设计引物,通过多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)反应对食品样品中上述三种病原菌的目标基因进行扩增,同时对反应体系进行优化。结果特异性实验表明本方法的特异性良好。对污染金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌和沙门菌的牛奶样品进行检测,检出限为1cfu/ml。结论本实验建立的多重PCR检测方法适用于食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺菌和沙门菌的快速检测,具有快速、简便、灵敏的特点。     

新疆不同民族中耳炎病原菌特点分析

目的探讨新疆地区慢性化脓性中耳炎与中耳胆脂瘤分泌物病原菌分布及其与民族、中耳炎分型等的关系。方法选择2006年2月—2008年4月新疆地区151例不同民族的住院及门诊中耳炎患者进行中耳分泌物微生物培养及药物敏感试验,获取细菌分离率的排序、病原菌种类等。结果本组164耳中,中耳胆脂瘤58耳(35.37%),慢性化脓性中耳炎106耳(64.63%);病原菌分布以金黄色葡萄球菌(37.04%)、变形杆菌属(21.30%)、铜绿假单胞菌(17.59%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(14.81%)为主。不同民族患者病原菌的检出率有所不同,维吾尔族以金黄色葡萄球菌最多见(40.79%),其次是变形杆菌属(25.00%);汉族各类病原菌均有检出;哈萨克族以金黄色葡萄球菌感染最多(35.30%),变形杆菌属很少(5.88%),未发现真菌感染(0.00%)。金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌株数在中耳炎分型分布间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);真菌在中耳胆脂瘤患者中的检出率18.96%明显高于慢性化脓性中耳炎者的0.00%(χ2=20.812,P<0.01);其他病原菌在中耳胆脂瘤中的检出率15.52%明显低于慢性化脓性中耳炎的43.40%(χ2=13.072,P<0.01)。结论新疆不同民族中耳炎病原菌的主次顺序与国内外不同;中耳炎分型不同,病原菌的种类与分布也不同。真菌感染常见于胆脂瘤型中耳炎。     

开放伤口并感染患者的监测及治疗

目的 了解创伤患者开放伤口合并细菌感染的情况。方法 回顾性分析了我院1994年9月-2002年6月收治的109例患者的临床资料。结果 感染率占总外伤住院患者的3．4％，感染患者为车祸伤、Ⅲ类开放伤口及青壮年、男性多见；急诊手术术后感染多见于择期手术，病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌多见；所有患者均使用抗生素，最多11种，最少为2种，其中＞三联占15．6％。结论 分析了开放伤口术后感染的危险因素，讨论了清创术的重要性及伤口感染后的处理。     

Microbial contamination of nebulizers in the home treatment of cystic fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Home nebulizers are in widespread use in cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic pulmonary diseases. Bacterial contamination may be a source of respiratory tract colonization. OBJECTIVES: To investigate microbial contamination of home nebulizers in CF patients, compare with sputum cultures and relate to cleaning practices. METHODS: A total of 29 home nebulizers of CF patients were cultured. Families were interviewed regarding cleaning routines and patients had sputum cultures for bacteria and fungi. RESULTS: In total, 19/29 (65%) nebulizers were contaminated: 18 reservoir cups, 14 mouthpieces and five filters. Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from 10 nebulizers (35%) and all 10 had Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection although without genetic typing we could not be sure this was the same bacteria as that from their nebulizer unit. An additional 7/29 had Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection without a contaminated nebulizer (P=0.001). No nebulizers were contaminated with Aspergillus. Only 4/19 contaminated nebulizers (22%) had been cleaned after every use, compared with seven of the 10 (70%) uncontaminated nebulizers (P=0.017). Only 7/19 patients with contaminated nebulizers (37%) and 5/10 with clean nebulizers (50%) recalled receiving cleaning instructions (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Home nebulizers are frequently contaminated, particularly when cleaning instructions are inadequate, and may be a source of airway infection or reinfection especially following contamination from a patient chronically colonized with P. aeruginosa. Simple oral and written cleaning instructions should be offered.     

372例急诊胸腹创伤手术后切口感染的特征分析

目的 探讨急诊胸腹创伤手术后切口感染的病原菌分布和相关因素.方法 应用回顾性调查研究方法对急诊科2008年5月-2012年5月实行急诊胸腹创伤手术372例进行分析.结果 急诊胸腹创伤手术后切口感染与切口类型、手术时间、抗菌药物使用、损伤类型及部位、有无其他部位损伤等因素有关;术后切口感染以革兰阴性菌为主,占57.14％;所有病原菌中,以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,均占19.05％.结论 切口类型、手术时间、抗菌药物使用、损伤类型及部位、有无其他部位损伤等是急诊胸腹创伤手术后切口的易感因素;应采取对应措施控制感染发生.     

某部队医院官兵创伤感染的病原菌分布及耐药性

目的了解部队训练伤患者伤口感染病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床军医用药提供参考依据。方法对某院2014年1月—2015年6月收治的部队伤患者伤口分泌物进行细菌培养及药敏分析。结果临床送检部队伤病员伤口分泌物标本1 029份,分离病原菌647株,检出率为62.88%,居前6位的病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌（29.99%,194株）、大肠埃希菌（19.32%,125株）、铜绿假单胞菌（19.17%,124株）、肠球菌属（13.60%,88株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（7.73%,50株）和鲍曼不动杆菌（5.87%,38株）。金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属细菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、达托霉素均具有较高的敏感性（耐药率均≤3.41%）,其中金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率达44.33%,肠球菌属中耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）的检出率为2.27%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦保持较高的敏感性（耐药率为1.60%和0）。除鲍曼不动杆菌外,革兰阴性菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率均较低（耐药率均≤4.00%）。结论临床军医应根据药敏结果选择合适的抗菌药物,降低战创伤感染的伤残率,为伤员救治提供临床支持。     

The DANOP-DATA system: a low-cost personal computer based program for monitoring of wound infections in surgical ward

A low-cost personal computer program to monitor surgical wound infections was developed in parallel to the Danish national guidelines for recording postoperative wound infections. Internationally accepted definitions were used. The program offers three fixed-data entry screens and produces user-specified variations of four standard tables, comprising most of the epidemiological data needed for surveillance and infection control. The program was tested in Danish hospitals and was found to serve well as a simple local tool for the operating staff, offering fast information on infection rates. Results from two hospitals consisting of 3904 operations are presented. Infections occurring after discharge were included. Overall infection rates for clean wounds were 2.3%, clean-contaminated wounds 4.7%, contaminated wounds 4.3% and dirty operations 8.3%. None of the hospitals had used infection surveillance systems before.     

不同烧伤面积患者创面感染病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的 调查分析不同烧伤面积患者创面感染病原菌分布特点及其耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考.方法 调查2015—2020年北京积水潭医院收治的烧伤患者创面感染的细菌培养结果,根据患者烧伤面积与体表面积比例的不同,分为<10％烧伤面积占总体表面积(TBSA)、10％～49％TBSA和≥50％TBSA 3组,分析不同...     

Endowashers: an overlooked risk for possible post-endoscopic infections

Background: Prevention of post-endoscopy infections is an important objective to assure patient safety. Endowashers, or high throughput irrigation water pumps, are a frequently used device on endoscopes. Recommendations published by professional bodies and regulatory health agencies cover not only adequate reprocessing of fiber-endoscopes but also state accepted methods of regular microbial sampling. Although major instruments like endoscopes are covered by these recommendations, other devices used as optional add-ons for endoscopes are not included. Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the potential for endowashers to act as a possible source of infection.Method: 24 endowashers were sampled. Sterile rinse-water was pumped through the endowasher and tested microbiologically according to standardised tests. Sampling was performed in 18 hospitals, including 2 university teaching hospitals, in northern Germany. If endowashers were contaminated, devices were reprocessed and re-tested.Results: Of 44 samples, 6 (14%) were contaminated with pathogens of up to >20,000 cfu/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative non-fermenters such as Stenotrophomonas spp. (18x) and Acinetobacter spp. (2x), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (1x), Enterobacter cloacae (1x), Candida albicans (1x), Serratia spp. (1x), Streptococcus spp. (1x) and others (2x).Conclusion: Endowashers can be a potential source of infection. Despite their common use, they are not routinely sampled microbiologically. Endowashers should be clearly mentioned in respective guidelines and routine quality control sampling of endowashers should be part of such recommendations. If endowashers are not monitored regularly, devices with single-use hoses should be used.     

烧伤创面感染菌群分布及体外药敏的分析

报道自１９９２～１９９５年间１１３０株烧伤创面感染主要菌群变化，Ｇ－杆菌对２６种抗菌药物的敏感性变化、Ｇ＋球菌对１５种抗菌药物敏感性的变化。结果：Ｇ－杆菌占第一位（７０．６％），Ｇ＋球菌占第二位（２７．８％），酵母样真菌占第三位且主要以念珠菌属为主。铜绿假单胞菌占Ｇ－杆菌分离率的５５％；金黄色葡萄球菌占Ｇ＋球菌分离率的４７％。ＭＲＳＡ在金黄色葡萄球菌中的分离率为８６％。三代的头孢菌素和单环类β－内酰胺类药物抗菌活性最强。结果：烧伤感染菌的耐药性监测对了解细菌的耐药机制及合理有效应用抗菌药物有重要价值。     

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Bacterial Isolates Identified from Surgical Site Infections at a Referral Hospital,Northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundSurgical wound infections (SWI) remain as a major source of postoperative illness that increases the time of hospital stay and health care related costs globally. On top of this, the emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens continue to challenge the proper management of surgical wound infections.MethodsA hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH). A total of 165 study participants were included. Socio-demographic data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Isolates were identified by conventional bacteriological technique and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.ResultsAmong 165 study participants, 98 (59.4%) were males. The overall prevalence of culture confirmed surgical wound infection was 115 (69.7%). A total of 125 bacteria isolates were identified among which, Staphylococcus aureus was predominant followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species with a proportion of 31 (24.8%), 26 (20.8%) and 17 (13.6%), respectively. Majority (80.8%) of the isolates were found multidrug resistant (MDR). Dirty wound and duration of hospital stay were found significantly associated with culture confirmed surgical wound infections.ConclusionsS. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella species were the most common isolates identified from surgical wound sites. Most of these pathogens were found MDR. Therefore, regular surveillance on the types of bacterial isolates and their drug resistance pattern should be considered.     

医院感染常见细菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解细菌分布及常见细菌的耐药性。方法回顾性分析某院2000—2004年临床标本分离的细菌及其耐药性监测结果。结果1439株细菌中，革兰阳性菌456株（31．69％），以凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌为多，达206株（45．18％），其次为金黄色葡萄球菌92株（20．18％）；两种葡萄球菌的耐药率相似，对万古霉素耐药率均为0。革兰阴性菌983株，前5位依次为肠杆菌属346株（35．20％），克雷伯菌属164株（16，68％），铜绿假单胞菌155株（15．77％），埃希菌属101株（10．27％），变形杆菌属94株（9．56％）；前5位革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性以半合成青霉索较明显，铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性较突出。结论应高度重视细菌变迁和耐药性监测，提高抗菌药物合理应用水平。     

159所医院医院感染现患率调查结果与分析

目的 了解全国不同规模医院的医院感染日现患率。方法 采用查阅住院病历与床旁调查相结合的方法调查159家医院住院患的日现患率。结果 94723例住院患日现患率为4．77％；大型医院日现患率较高。下呼吸道仍是我国最常见的医院感染部位，其次为上呼吸道、泌尿道、手术部位、胃肠道和皮肤软组织。现患率最高的科室为综合重症监护室(ICU)，达38．71％。革兰阴性菌仍是医院感染的主要细菌，常见有铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、不动杆菌属、克雷伯菌属等，也可见嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌；金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌是主要的革兰阳性菌；真菌感染占有相当比例。结论 159家医院的日现患率平均为4．77％，下呼吸道感染最多见，院内真菌感染需引起高度重视。需加强医院感染控制。     

开放性骨折创面的细菌学调查及预防用药分析

目的明确开放性骨折创面的细菌种类、数量及来源,合理预防性应用抗蔺药物。方法对笔者所在医院骨外科于2006年2月至2009年8月间收治的476例开放性骨折患者的刨面进行3～4次不同时间采集标本,进行细菌学种类检测。结果开放性骨折的细菌污染种类在入院时分布广泛,但在治疗过程中革兰阴性菌不断增加;铜绿似单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌等革兰阴性菌和表皮葡萄球菌等革兰阳性菌耐药广泛。结论开放性骨折创面在院外感染的较为广泛,与受伤环境有关。入院后及术后发生的院内感染主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、阴沟杆菌,应及时应用氨基糖苷类和第三代头孢菌素类抗菌药物预防感染。     

血液病科2011-2013年临床标本分离病原菌及耐药性分析

目的分析血液病科近3年临床送检标本病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法收集2011年1月—2013年12月血液病科住院患者送检标本分离菌株,使用K-B法或自动化仪器法进行药敏检测,抗菌药物药敏结果判定依照美国临床试验标准化委员会(CLSI)2011年版指南,应用WHONET5.6软件进行数据统计分析。结果 2011—2013年血液病科临床送检标本共分离病原菌462株,其中革兰阳性球菌161株,革兰阴性杆菌279株,真菌22株。葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRSCN)及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为81.37%和62.50%。葡萄球菌属及肠球菌属细菌对利奈唑胺耐药率分别为1.69%及3.57%,葡萄球菌属细菌对替考拉宁耐药率为3.39%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的革兰阳性球菌。肠杆菌科中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感(敏感率为97.56%~98.88%);而非发酵革兰阴性杆菌铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药明显(耐药率为38.71%~64.00%)。结论血液病科主要细菌耐药现象较重,应根据血液病科细菌分布的特点及药敏结果,有针对性地合理应用抗菌药物,加强医院感染控制措施,降低细菌耐药率。     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网报告:伤口感染病原菌分布及耐药监测

目的 了解2010年我国114所三级甲等医院临床患者伤口感染的细菌分布及耐药性.方法 采用纸片法、MIC法或E-test法进行药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.5软件进行统计分析.结果 共分离病原菌14424株,其中革兰阴性菌8428株占58.4％,革兰阳性菌5877株占40.8％;分离率最高的前5位病原菌依次为:大肠埃希菌占20.7％、金黄色葡萄球菌占16.3％、铜绿假单胞菌占9.6％、肺炎克雷伯菌占7.6％、表皮葡萄球菌占5.1％;未检出对万古霉素和利奈唑胺中介或耐药的葡萄球菌属,金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对替考拉宁的中介率分别为0.1％、1.8％、0,耐药率分别为0.2％、0.9％、3.4％;未发现对利奈唑胺中介或耐药的肠球菌属,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素的中介率分别为3.4％、1.4％,耐药率分别为1.3％、1.4％,粪肠球菌对替考拉宁的耐药率为0.8％,屎肠球菌对替考拉宁的中介率为0.6％,未发现耐替考拉宁屎肠球菌;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对美罗培南的耐药率分别为3.1％、1.1％,鲍氏不动杆菌对多数抗菌药物的敏感性＜33.0％,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对美罗培南的耐药率分别为15.4％、49.9％.结论 我国临床患者伤口感染主要致病菌分别为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,细菌耐药现象严重.     

外科送检伤口分泌物的细菌培养及药敏分析

目的对外科病人送检的伤口分泌物标本细菌培养分离出的阳性菌株的种类和药敏进行分析,为临床合理的抗感染治疗用药提供依据。方法使用DL-96细菌测定系统对伤口分泌物中病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验,对实验结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果在送检的伤口分泌物检出病原菌中,革兰阳性球菌比率最高的是金黄色葡萄球菌（31.4%）;革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌（14.3%）、铜绿假单胞菌（8.6%）、阴沟肠杆菌（6.6%）为主。结论伤口分泌物的细菌培养中的阳性菌种类的多样化及其耐药性较严重,临床医生应在使用抗生素前或根据病情及时进行细菌培养,根据药敏实验结果合理选用有效抗生素,降低感染率的发生。     

Microbiological quality of indoor and outdoor swimming pools in Greece: investigation of the antibiotic resistance of the bacterial isolates

During 1997-2005, the microbiological quality and susceptibility of bacterial isolates of swimming pool waters were investigated. A total of 462 water samples were collected from three indoor swimming pools (a teaching pool, a competition public pool, a hydrotherapy pool) and two outdoor swimming pools (a hotel semi-public and a residential private pool) in Northwestern Greece. All water samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria, protozoa and fungi and susceptibility tests were performed for the bacterial isolates. Sixty-seven percent of the examined water samples conformed to the microbiological standards and 32.9% exceeded at least one of the indicated limits. Out of 107 bacterial isolates, 38 (35.5%) resistant strains were detected. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Leuconostoc, and Staphylococcus aureus (isolated from the teaching pool), Staphylococcus wernerii, Chryseobacterium indologenes and Ochrobactrum anthropi (isolated from the competition pool), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and S. aureus (isolated from the hydrotherapy pool) and A. hydrophila (isolated from the hotel pool) were detected. The swimming pool with the poorest microbiological quality (THC 500 cfu/ml in 12.1% of the samples, P. aeruginosa counts 1500 cfu/100 ml in 6% of the samples) and the highest prevalence of multi-resistant isolates (73.6%) was the hydrotherapy pool. No Cryptosporidium or Giardia cysts and no Legionella, Mycobacteria and Salmonella were detected, but there were isolations of Candida albicans, Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Alternaria spp., Rhizopus spp., Trichophyton spp., and Penicillium spp.