社会支持对法官职业倦怠的影响:应对方式的中介效应

目的:调查我国法官的职业倦怠现状,探究社会支持与职业倦怠的关系,考察应对方式可能的中介作用和调节作用。方法:采用Maslach倦怠量表、简易应对方式问卷和社会支持评定量表对196名法官,142名律师和141名公务员进行测验。结果:法官职业倦怠的情绪衰竭维度得分显著高于律师和公务员(P=0.001);支持利用度(P=0.007)对情绪衰竭有预测作用;积极应对方式在社会支持对情绪衰竭和个人成就感的影响中具有显著的部分中介效应(Z=-2.509,3.090,P=0.011,0.002)。结论:我国法官群体的职业倦怠状况比较严重,社会支持对法官职业倦怠有负向预测作用,积极应对方式具有显著的中介作用。     

角色压力对中学女教师职业倦怠的影响

目的考察角色压力对中学女教师职业倦怠的影响。方法采用《角色冲突与角色模糊量表》和《中小学教师职业倦怠问卷》对150名中学女教师进行调查。结果角色冲突与情绪衰竭、去人性化以及低成就感相关非常显著(r=0.380,0.559,0.421;P0.01),角色模糊与去人性化、低成就感显著相关(r=0.262,0.444;P0.01);倦怠组与对照组在角色冲突与角色模糊上差异非常显著(P0.001);角色冲突对情绪衰竭和去人性化的标准回归系数(β=0.366,0.5266;,P0.001)达到极其显著水平,角色冲突和角色模糊对低成就感的标准回归系数(β=0.330,0.311;P0.001)达到极其显著水平。结论角色压力是中学女教师职业倦怠的重要预测变量;角色冲突影响情绪衰竭、去人性化以及低成就感,而角色模糊影响低成就感。     

中学教师择业动机、职业认同和职业倦怠的关系

目的:探讨中学教师择业动机、职业认同和职业倦怠三者间的关系。方法:采用自己设计的择业动机类型调查题项、教师职业认同量表和中小学教师职业枯竭量表对241名中学教师进行调查。结果:①角色价值观和职业归属感对情绪衰竭、去个性化和知识枯竭分别具有负向预测作用和正向预测作用,职业价值观对去个性化和知识枯竭具有负向预测作用,职业行为倾向对个人成就感具有正向预测作用;②相比内部动机型教师和复合动机型教师,无动机型教师和外部动机型教师表现出了更低的职业认同度、更强的情绪衰竭感和更高的去个性化水平。结论:激发教师内部动机型,提高教师的职业认同,有助于降低其职业倦怠。     

高等师范院校教师职业倦怠实证研究

目的对高等师范院校的教师进行职业倦怠调查研究。方法采用改编的《高等师范院校教师职业现状调查问卷》对四川省3所高等师范院校的366名在职教师进行调查。结果①29．5％的高等师范院校教师有着不同程度的职业倦怠；②教龄6～10年和16～20年是教师职业倦怠的重要转折点；③艺术、体育专业教师在情绪衰竭上的得分显著高于理科教师；④周课时20节及以上的教师在情绪衰竭上得分显著高于其他教师；⑤性别、婚姻、职称和工作类型对职业倦怠没有显著影响。结论教师职业倦怠问题虽然没有达到严重的程度，但已普遍性存在；其中，情绪衰竭得分最高，低成就感次之，去人性化得分最低。     

高等师范院校教师职业倦怠实证研究

目的对高等师范院校的教师进行职业倦怠调查研究。方法采用改编的《高等师范院校教师职业现状调查问卷》对四川省3所高等师范院校的366名在职教师进行调查。结果①29.5%的高等师范院校教师有着不同程度的职业倦怠;②教龄6～10年和16～20年是教师职业倦怠的重要转折点;③艺术、体育专业教师在情绪衰竭上的得分显著高于理科教师;④周课时20节及以上的教师在情绪衰竭上得分显著高于其他教师;⑤性别、婚姻、职称和工作类型对职业倦怠没有显著影响。结论教师职业倦怠问题虽然没有达到严重的程度,但已普遍性存在;其中,情绪衰竭得分最高,低成就感次之,去人性化得分最低。     

控制点在辅导员工作压力应对策略和职业倦怠间的中介作用

目的:探讨高校辅导员职业倦怠与工作压力应对策略和控制点的关系.探索控制点的中介作用.方法:采用教师职业倦怠问卷、工作压力臆对策略问卷和控制点量表对182名高校辅导员进行了问卷调查.结果:高校辅导员职业倦怠与工作压力应对策略和控制点之间存在显著的相关(P<0.05或P<0.01);高校辅导员的工作压力应对策略和控制点分别对职业倦怠的情绪衰竭、去个性化、个人低成就感具有显著的预测作用;被动策略通过内控中介作用对职业倦怠有预测作用.结论:高校辅导员工作压力应对被动策略对职业倦怠有预测作用.控制点在辅导员工作压力应对策略和职业倦怠过程中起中介作用.     

河南省农村高中教师职业倦怠现状及相关因素研究

目的了解河南省农村高中教师职业倦怠现状及其相关因素。方法用MBI对河南省179名农村高中教师进行问卷调查。结果①河南省农村高中教师职业倦怠整体上不容乐观,主要表现在情绪枯竭和去人性化维度;②职业倦怠程度随教龄的增加呈现先高后低的趋势,教龄在6～15年是该地区教师职业倦怠程度相对严重的阶段;③教师职业倦怠的3个维度在性别上差异不显著;④不同职称教师在情绪枯竭维度上存在显著差异(F=8.68,P<0.01),其他维度上差异不显著;⑤工作负荷与教师职业倦怠3个维度均呈显著正相关(r=0.326,0.288,0.283;P<0.01)。结论河南省农村高中教师的职业倦怠现状整体上比较严重,教龄、职称、工作负荷等是影响教师职业倦怠的重要因素。     

中小学教师职业承诺、教学效能与职业倦怠的关系模型

目的:探讨中小学教师职业承诺、教学效能与职业倦怠的关系模型.方法:采用教师职业承诺问卷、教学效能问卷和职业倦怠问卷对454名中小学教师进行调查.结果:相关分析结果表明,除继续承诺外,中小学教师的情感承诺、规范承诺与情绪耗竭、去个性化、成就感低呈显著负相关,与一般教学效能、个人教学效能呈显著正相关.中小学教师的一般教学效能、个人教学效能与情绪耗竭、去个性化、成就感低呈显著负相关.结构方程模型结果显示,中小学教师的职业承诺和教学效能对其职业倦怠具有显著的负向预测作用.中小学教师的职业承诺除直接影响其职业倦怠外,还通过教学效能间接影响其职业倦怠水平.结论:中小学教师的职业承诺、教学效能对其职业倦怠有重要影响.教学效能在职业承诺与职业倦怠的关系中发挥积极的中介作用.     

我国高校教师职业倦怠的元分析

目的考察高校教师的职业倦怠状况是否随年代变化,为高校和教育主管部门干预职业倦怠提供理论参考。方法通过检索中国知识资源总库-CNKI系列数据库,采用元分析方法对我国教师职业倦怠情况进行研究。结果年代与高校教师职业倦怠的情绪衰竭因子、非人性化因子和低成就感因子呈显著正相关(r=0.11,0.151,0.136;P0.01),年代可以解释3个因子1.2%、2.2%和2.1%的变异;不同性别在职业倦怠的情绪衰竭、去个性化因子上有统计学意义,95%的置信区间分别为(-0.03,-0.02)、(0.06,0.11)和(-0.03,0.02);高校教师与中小学教师相比,情绪衰竭、去个性化和低个人成就感因子差异均有统计学意义,95%的置信区间分别为(-0.08,-0.02)、(-0.03,-0.01)和(-0.04,-0.01);(-0.07,-0.04)、(-0.04,-0.02)和(-0.06,-0.02)。结论高校教师的职业倦怠情况逐年增加;男性教师的去个性化情况较女性教师严重,女性教师的情绪衰竭较男性教师严重;高校教师的职业倦怠显著轻于中小学教师。     

中小学教师职业枯竭状况及其与职业承诺的关系

目的分析中小学教师职业枯竭的现状及其与职业承诺的关系。方法使用教师职业承诺问卷和教师职业枯竭问卷对北京地区2114名中小学教师进行调查。结果1中小学教师职业枯竭的情感衰竭、个人成就感低下、认知枯竭和非人性化得分依次下降;2中小学男性教师在职业枯竭的非人性化的维度上要显著高于女性教师(F=13.809,P=0.000);36～15年教龄段的教师在职业枯竭上的得分较高;4职业承诺中的情感承诺和留职承诺作用于职业枯竭的各个维度,而规范承诺只作用于职业枯竭的非人性化和个人成就感低下2个维度(χ2/df=6.060,CFI=0.998,TLI=0.982,RMSEA=0.049)。结论不同性别和教龄的教师职业枯竭状况具有多样化特点;中小学教师职业承诺的不同维度对于职业枯竭各维度具有不同的影响。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.