薄层扫描法测定发酵液及萃取液丝裂霉素C的含量

建立了丝裂霉素C的薄层扫描测定方法。以硅胶GF254为吸附剂,甲醇－醋酸乙酯（1：3）的混合溶液为展开剂,测定波长为360nm,参比波长290nm,工作曲线在0．5－5．0μg范围内呈线性关系,相关系数r=0.9993,平均回收率为107％,相对标准偏差RSD＝6．43％（n=7)。该法可用于丝裂霉素C发酵液及洗脱液等样品的含量测定,为发酵液及萃取液丝裂霉素C的质量控制提供了一个方便快速的分析方法。     

替硝唑葡萄糖注射液中替硝唑HPLC和UV测定的研究

采用HPLC和UV法对替硝唑葡萄糖注射液中替硝唑进行含量测定,其线性范围和平均回收率分别为：HPLC法0.6～77μg／ml（0．9999,n=6）,99.96％（RSD=0．64％）;UV法5～30μg／ml（0.9999,n=6）,100．12％（RSD=0．78％）。样品含量测定结果经t检验,p＜0．05,具有显著性差异。平均回收率及样品含量测定结果表明,HPLC法测量准确可靠。     

复方气喘合剂中四种组分的毛细管区带电泳安培检测法测定

采用毛细管区带电泳-安培检测法测定了气喘合剂中氨茶碱、那可汀、盐酸甲氧那明和盐酸麻黄碱的含量，Cu修饰的碳纤维电极对四组分均显示出高催化活性，且稳定性好。四组分的线性范围分别为1.3～28μg/ml（r=0．997）、0．6～17μg／ml（r=0．992）、0．4～13μg／ml（r=0．996）、0．5～10．3μg／ml（r=0．995）。平均回收率分别为99．3％（RSD2．1％）、99．3％（RSD2．3％）、101．4％（RSD1．9％）、98．7％（RSD3．1％）。     

柱前衍生化-高效液相色谱法测定白念珠菌中多胺的含量

目的建立同时测定白念珠菌中4种多胺（腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺和精胺）的HPLC方法。方法样品经苯甲酰氯衍生化,资生堂C18色谱柱（100mm×3．0mm,3．0μm）分离,以甲醇（A）-0．1％甲酸水（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,0～5min,30％-48％B;5—12min,48％B;12～15min,48％～70％B;15～25min,70％b,流速0．6ml／min,检测波长254nm。结果腐胺、尸胺、亚精胺和精胺浓度分别在0．775—77．50μg／ml（r=0．9999）、1．160～116．0μg／ml（r=0、9999）、5．800～580．0μg／ml（r=0．9998）、2．533～192．7μg/ml（r=0．9999）的范围内线性关系良好。4种多胺的加样回收率为94．27％～109．3％,精密度RSD〈4％。结论该含量测定方法灵敏、重现性好,能同时测定白念珠菌中4种多胺的含量。     

HPLC测定复方岩白菜素片中岩白菜素和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量

用HPLC测定复方岩白菜素片中岩白菜素和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。岩白菜素在6～84μg/ml范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997），回收率为99．4％，RSD为0．3％（n=6）；马来酸氯苯那敏在5～70μg/ml范围内峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997），回收率为99．5％，RSD为0．6％（n=6）。     

生物素与氨基酸对林可霉素生物合成的影响

在合成培养基中利用林可链霉菌发酵生产林可霉素。当向培养基中加入生物素和氨基酸时，林可霉素的产量受到很大影响。本研究中首先采用两水平因子设计法筛选出6个显著影响因子，即生物素、谷氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸和酪氨酸；然后采用中心组合设计法．得到上述6因子的优化含量分别为30μg／L、100．5、83、29、117．5和58．5mg／L；最后在摇瓶中进行验证实验，优化条件下发酵液的生物效价为2116μg／ml；对照样品Ⅰ（培养基中无生物素和氨基酸）和Ⅱ（培养基中按原配方加入6个显著影响因子）的生物效价分别为893和1481μg／ml，与样品Ⅰ和Ⅱ比较，生物效价分别提高136．62％和42．88％。     

分光光度法测定复方酮替芬喷鼻剂中酮替芬的含量

目的：建立复方酮替芬喷鼻剂中酮替芬的含量测定方法。方法：采用紫外分光光度法不经分离直接测定酮替芬的含量，检测波长为301nm。结果：酮替芬在浓度为5～30μg／ml内呈线性，相关系数r=0．9999。浓度为7．5、15、30μg／ml的样品液，日内RSD分别为2．68％、1．00％和1．61％，日问RSD分别为2．80％、0．90％和0．81％。浓度为7．5、15、30μg／ml的样品液的平均回收率分别为99．12％、100．25％、99．62％，RSD分别为3．56％、2．10％和1．93％。结论：本方法简便易行，适合复方酮替芬喷鼻剂中酮替芬的含量测定。     

反相离子对色谱法测定发酵液中西索米星的含量

目的建立可快速准确测定伊尼奥小单孢菌发酵液中西索米星含量的HPLC。方法采用反相离子对色谱法,PDA检测器全波段扫描。结果西索米星浓度范围在0.125~2.5mg.mL-1线性良好,相关系数为0.9993;测得发酵液样品的平均回收率为101.3%,RSD为0.68%,发酵液中西索米星与主要杂质的分离度为1.52。结论方法准确可靠,可以用于西索米星发酵过程的含量测定。     

薄层扫描法测定葶苈降血脂胶囊中大黄素含量

本文采用薄层扫描法，以氯仿—甲醇—本(20：1．5：0．5)为展开剂，测定波长450nm，参比波长700nm,测定大黄素的含量，结果表明，大黄素在0～1μg范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9994，加标回收率为99．69％，RSD为0．88%(n=5)，本法简便快速。     

管碟法与HPLC法测定盐酸环丙沙星软膏含量的比较

目的：建立了盐酸环丙沙星软膏的微生物二剂量含量测定方法,并与HPLC法进行了比较。方法：微生物法测定条件为：检定菌：枯草芽孢杆菌,培养基：II号培养基（pH7.8),缓冲溶液：磷酸盐缓冲液（PH7．8）,剂距比为2：1,剂量反应直线方程的范围在0．5－5．0ug/ml,r=0.9993。结果和结论：两种含量测定方法具有可比性,均可用于盐酸环丙沙星软膏的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.