慢性阻塞性肺部疾病急性加重期病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)的病原菌分布和耐药性。方法收集柳州多家医院2012年2月至2014年6月期间呼吸内科的AECOPD患者805例,详细记录入组患者的临床资料,分析AECOPD患者的病原菌分布及耐药特点。结果 805例AECOPD患者中分离出病原菌482例,共分离病原菌602株,其中革兰氏阴性菌430株,占71.5%,革兰氏阳性菌97株,占16.1%,真菌75株,占12.5%;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌居前3位,分别占20.3%、18.3%和13.8%;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林耐药率均80.0%,大肠埃希菌对头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药率较高,均50.0%。结论 AECOPD病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,治疗应根据病原菌及药敏试验结果指导,临床合理选用抗菌药物。     

579株泌尿道感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿道感染的病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法采用VITEK32细菌鉴定系统对2008年1月～2010年12月尿培养分离的579株病原菌进行鉴定,纸片扩散法做药敏试验。结果 579株病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(404株),优势菌为大肠埃希菌(266株),占45.94%,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌(50株)和奇异变形杆菌(41株);革兰阳性菌(175株)的优势菌为屎肠球菌(87株)和粪肠球菌(73株)。产ESBL的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌的检出率分别为53.00%、36.00%和36.59%。病原菌对各抗生素的耐药率不同,对多数抗生素的耐药率高于50%,对头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星以及万古霉素和替考拉宁等抗生素耐药率较低。结论泌尿道感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主;应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

我院COPD急性加重患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解亳州市人民医院慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)住院患者感染病原菌的分布情况及耐药性特点。方法分析亳州市人民医院2018年1月-2018年12月280例AECOPD住院患者痰培养的检出病原菌分布和耐药特征。结果 280例AECOPD患者痰标本共分离病原菌301株,其中革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌分别占79. 4%和1. 66%,真菌占18. 94%。革兰阴性菌排名前3位的病原菌分布为铜绿假单胞菌(28. 57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14. 29%)、大肠埃希菌(12. 62%),革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林和头孢类抗生素耐药率高,其中铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松的耐药率均超过90%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率100%;鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松耐药率均为100%,对亚胺培南耐药率为44. 44%。革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌为主,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感。前三位真菌为白假丝酵母菌(13. 29%)、热带假丝酵母菌(3. 99%)、曲霉菌(1%),白假丝酵母菌为主,对氟康唑、伏立康唑均敏感,耐药率较低。结论亳州市人民医院AECOPD患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌占绝对优势,且耐药性严重,真菌感染在AECOPD患者占一定比例,临床上应根据病原菌分布及耐药性、合理选择抗生素,有利于提高临床诊疗。     

呼吸内科痰标本的病原菌谱及耐药性分析

目的分析呼吸内科患者痰标本的病原菌分布及耐药性情况,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法收集呼吸内科患者痰标本855份,分离鉴定病原菌并进行药物敏感试验。结果检出病原菌271株,检出率为31.70%。检出革兰阴性杆菌最多,占53.63%,其中居前三位的是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌。大肠埃希菌呈多重耐药,耐药情况比肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌严重(χ~2=358.808,P=0.000),对青霉素类、磺胺类、头孢菌素类和喹诺酮类等药物的耐药率为64.71%~100%;肺炎克雷伯菌对替卡西林、哌拉西林的耐药率高,分别为91.30%和86.96%;铜绿假单胞菌对复方新诺明的耐药率100%。3种革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类未产生耐药性。结论革兰阴性杆菌是呼吸内科患者痰标本中的主要病原菌,真菌其次。革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性存在差异,临床医师应该合理使用抗生素,以达到减少耐药菌株的产生和控制疾病的目的。     

淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤患者院内感染因素分析

目的研究淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤患者院内感染因素、病原菌分布和流行特点,为院内感染防治提供有力依据。方法收集2013年1月-2018年6月437例淋巴造血系统恶性肿瘤患者临床资料。采用全自动微生物鉴定系统对菌种进行鉴定。采用头孢西丁纸片法对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌株进行筛选。采用K-B纸片扩散法测定肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对常见抗生素的耐药情况。采用SPSS 24.0对院内感染有关临床数据进行分析。结果 437例患者院内感染71例,检出病原菌126株,其中革兰阴性菌75株,革兰阳性菌48株和真菌5株;肺炎克雷伯菌27株、大肠埃希菌23株、鲍曼不动杆菌12株、铜绿假单胞菌8株;金黄色葡萄球菌16株、表皮葡萄球菌12株。肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率48.00%,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs检出率47.83%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率43.75%。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌未对碳青霉烯类抗生素美罗培南和亚胺培南产生耐药,对加替沙星、阿米卡星耐药程度低。金黄色葡萄球菌对利福平、加替沙星和阿米卡星耐药程度低。男性感染率为17.13%,女性12.00%;60岁感染率为15.81%,≥60岁23.97%;住院15 d感染率12.50%,住院≥15 d感染率20.49%;有静脉置管感染率25.81%,无静脉置管14.67%;留置尿管感染率25.00%,未留置尿管14.16%;有侵入性治疗感染率22.64%,无侵入性治疗14.20%。结论由于患者自身体质虚弱、免疫力低下,一旦受到病毒和病菌侵入,易发感染。感染应依据药敏试验结果选用抗生素。碳青霉烯类抗生素可以有效地抑制革兰阴性菌感染,但不能作为首选药物。     

医院重点科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及耐药性动态监测结果分析

目的通过动态监测医院重点科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及耐药特征,指导临床各科室合理应用抗菌药物。方法对2013~2014年医院重点科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及耐药率进行连续监测,采用WHO细菌耐药性监测网提供的WHONET5软件进行数据分析。结果 2013年在4个细菌监测重点科室的住院患者中,共检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌296株,占检出大肠埃希菌的51.8%;2014年共检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌640株,占检出大肠埃希菌的54.7%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率从高到低的科室依次为ICU、神经外科、血液科及呼吸科;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率呈上升趋势。各重点科室住院患者中检出的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对各种抗生素的耐药率呈上升趋势,神经外科、ICU和血液科住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药率较高,对大部分抗生素的耐药率均大于50%,而呼吸科住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对各抗生素的耐药率与其他科室比较相对较低。在各重点科室使用的抗生素中,耐药率10%的有哌拉西林/他唑巴唑、亚胺培南、头孢替坦、阿米卡星;耐药率在10%~40%范围的有头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、妥布霉素。结论医院不同科室住院患者产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的检出率及耐药性不同;对于不同科室感染产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的住院患者,在经验性选用抗菌药物治疗的同时,应进行病原菌检测及细菌耐药性试验,根据医院动态病原菌监测结果合理使用抗生素。     

老年无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨老年无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者病原菌分布及耐药性对临床用药和治疗的指导。方法选择2008年1月至2013年12月该院住院确诊的老年HAP患者426例,根据发病时间分为早发HAP组和晚发HAP组,采集痰标本进行培养鉴定和药敏试验。结果 426例老年HAP患者中病原菌共检出481株;HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等;早发HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌等;而晚发HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等;早发和晚发HAP患者革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌的比例差异无统计学意义(P0.05);晚发HAP中检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌及耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌(CR-AB)比例增高;另外338株革兰阴性菌的药敏试验结果显示,哌拉西林及阿莫西林/克拉维酸对早发HAP与晚发HAP耐药率差异显著(均P0.05),其余常见抗菌药物耐药率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);111株革兰阳性菌的药敏试验结果显示,常用抗菌药物耐药率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论老年无多重耐药危险HAP患者,早发和晚发HAP病原菌构成差别不大,尽管晚发HAP耐药率相对较高,但对大多数抗菌药物敏感,故合理选择抗菌药物是减少耐药菌株产生及降低二重感染率的有效措施。     

血液肿瘤并发败血症143株病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的探讨血液肿瘤患者并发败血症病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法回顾分析2004-01/2006-12住院的血液肿瘤患者血培养标本中分离的病原菌。结果472份血培养标本检出致病菌143株,阳性率30.3%。革兰阴性菌95株（66.4%）,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌40株（28.0%）,以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌8株（5.6%）。革兰阴性杆菌除对亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药耐药性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对美洛培南也有一定耐药性。3种主要革兰阴性菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林均高度耐药。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药率低,尚未检出耐万古霉素菌株,部分肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌株对替考拉宁耐药。结论血液肿瘤患者并发败血症的病原菌中,以革兰阴性菌为主;抗生素的大量使用,使革兰阴性菌和阳性菌的耐药率都增高,应根据细菌培养及药敏实验在临床中合理使用抗生素。     

子宫内膜异位症术后感染病原学研究北大核心CSCD

目的研究本地区子宫内膜异位症术后感染病原菌分布和流行特点,为合理使用抗生素进行预防和治疗提供依据。方法收集本地区子宫内膜异位症术后感染患者临床标本,采用全自动微生物鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,并筛选MRSA和产ESBLs酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。采用PCR热扩增对产ESBLs酶的大肠埃希菌进行分型研究。结果共计分离出38株革兰阳性菌,分别为金黄色葡萄球菌16株、表皮葡萄球菌9株、肠球菌8株、肺炎链球菌5株;59株革兰阴性菌,分别为大肠埃希菌23株、肺炎克雷伯菌15株,铜绿假单胞菌11株,鲍曼不动杆菌6株、其他G^(-)4株;真菌共计3株,全部为白色假丝酵母菌。其中MRSA检出5株,检出率31.25%;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出11株,检出率47.83%;产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌检出5株,检出率33.33%。革兰阳性菌对红霉素、青霉素G、四环素、头孢呋辛酯、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、哌拉西林、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和左氧氟沙星耐药率为68.42%、52.63%、55.26%、44.74%、39.47%、55.26%、10.53%、57.89%、10.53%和28.95%,未产生对对替考拉宁和万古霉素产生耐药性;革兰阴性菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、美罗培南和亚胺培南耐药率为38.98%、15.25%、66.10%、8.47%、28.81%、5.08%和5.08%。11株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中检出7株携带CTX-M-1基因,4株携带TEM基因,3株携带CTX-M-14基因,携带SHV基因、CTX-M-8基因、CTX-M-9基因、OXA1基因和OXA2基因各1株。结论金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是本次研究中的主要致病菌,CTX-M型是产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的主要基因型。     

2006年1月～2007年12月败血症患者520例病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 了解败血症病原菌分布及其耐药性的变化,指导临床合理用药.方法 应用全自动血培养仪对520例疑似败血症患者外周血标本进行培养,使用Vitek AMS系统对培养阳性者进行病原菌鉴定,采用K-B法进行体外药敏试验,并采用体外扩散确证法进行ESBLs检测.结果 520例外周血标本中检出107株(20.6%)病原菌,从中分离出革兰阴性菌56株(52.3%),革兰阳性菌40株(37.4%),真菌11株(10.3%).引起败血症的主要病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(28株,26.2%)、葡萄球菌(25株,23.4%)、克雷伯菌(11株,10.3%);28株大肠埃希菌和11株克雷伯菌中分别确证ESBLs阳性菌13株和3株,检出率分别为46.4%和27.3%.ESBLs阳性菌株对多种抗生素耐药,其耐药率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌株.结论 革兰氏阴性菌是败血症的主要致病菌,大肠埃希菌是最常见的病原菌.导致败血症的病原菌常存在多重耐药性,产ESBLs是大肠埃希菌耐药的重要原因.应加强对病原菌ESBLs的监测,预防和控制耐药菌株的传播流行.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.