噻托溴铵联合布地奈德/福莫特罗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血管内皮功能及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的:探讨噻托溴铵联合布地奈德/福莫特罗对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血管内皮功能及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法:将117例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者按照随机数字表法,分为噻托溴铵治疗组(TB组)、布地奈德/福莫特罗治疗组(BF组)以及噻托溴铵联合布地奈德/福莫特罗治疗组(TCBF组),疗程四周,检测三组患者治疗前后临床疗效、内皮功能及T淋巴细胞亚群变化。结果:治疗后,TCBF组CAT评分、m MRC显著低于TB组、BF组,而FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、6MWT显著高于TB组、BF组(P0.05);TCBF组NO、VEGF高于TB组、BF组,而ET-1、ES显著低于TB组、BF组(P0.05);TB组NO高于BF组,而ET-1低于BF组(P0.05);TCBF组CD3~+、CD4~+及CD4~+/CD8~+显著高于TB组、BF组(P0.05);TB组CD3~+、CD4~+高于BF组(P0.05)。相关性分析显示,m MRC、CAT评分及FEV1/FVC与NO、VEGF、ES及CD3~+、CD4~+/CD8~+显著相关。结论:噻托溴铵联合布地奈德/福莫特罗治疗稳定期COPD患者临床疗效显著,可能与改善血管内皮功能、调节T淋巴细胞亚群有关。     

噻托溴铵和沙美特罗替卡松在COPD稳定期患者的应用及对深吸气量的影响

目的：分析噻托溴铵(思力华)与沙美特罗替卡松(舒利迭)在 COPD稳定期患者中的应用价值。方法选取我科收治的90例COPD稳定期患者作为研究对象,随机分为 A、B、C 3组,各30例,分别采用沙美特罗替卡松、噻托溴铵及沙美特罗替卡松联合噻托溴铵吸入治疗,测定3组治疗前、治疗3个月后肺部深吸气量(inspiratory capacity,IC)、功能残气量(functional residual capacity,FRC)、FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC变化情况,同时监测3组治疗前后PaO2、PaCO2的变化,并采用COPD患者自我评估测试(COPD assessment test,CAT)问卷表评估患者治疗前后生活质量的改善情况。结果 A组总有效率60.00%,B组总有效率66.67%,C组总有效率90.00%,C 组有效率高于 A、B 2组(P值均<0.05);治疗3个月后,3组IC、FRC均有改善,其中C组IC上升幅度、FRC降低幅度均明显高于 A、B 2组,对比差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);治疗3个月后,3组FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC均有所改善,以C组改善最明显,与 A、B 2组对比差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);治疗后,C组PaCO2、CAT评分降低幅度高于 A、B 2组,PaO2上升幅度高于 A、B 2组,对比差异有统计学意义(P 值均<0.05);且3组治疗不良反应对比差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论采用噻托溴铵联合沙美特罗替卡松治疗 COPD 稳定期患者,可改善肺功能、提高 IC,同时改善患者的血气指标,从而提升患者生活质量,安全可靠。     

茚达特罗联合噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者临床疗效观察

目的探讨茚达特罗联合噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的临床疗效。方法选择中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者80例,随机分为4组,每组120例。空白对照组患者不给予任何抗胆碱能药物及β2-受体激动剂吸入治疗;噻托溴铵组患者给予噻托溴铵吸入治疗;茚达特罗组患者给予茚达特罗吸入治疗;联合治疗组患者给予茚达特罗+噻托溴铵吸入治疗,4组均治疗2个月。比较4组患者治疗前后的肺功能、BODE指数积分,比较治疗期间急性加重情况以及不良反应的发生情况。结果疗程结束后,茚达特罗组、噻托溴铵组及联合治疗组患者FEV1%和FEV1/FVC均显著升高(P0.05),联合治疗组患者FEV1%明显高于空白对照组(P0.05)、FEV1/FVC明显高于其他三组(P0.05);茚达特罗组、噻托溴铵组及联合治疗组患者BODE指数积分均显著降低(P0.05),联合治疗组患者BODE指数积分显著低于其他三组(P0.05)。治疗期间联合治疗组患者急性加重情况显著轻于空白对照组(P0.05);4组患者的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与单独应用噻托溴铵或茚达特罗治疗相比,二者联合治疗中重度稳定期COPD患者,有助于改善患者的肺功能,提高临床治疗效果,避免受体耐受效应的发生。     

噻托溴铵联合沙美特罗替卡松治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者的疗效观察

目的 观察噻托溴铵联合沙美特罗替卡松对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期的治疗效果.方法 采用随机、双盲的方法将62例COPD患者分为观察组和对照组,观察组给予噻托溴铵和沙美特罗替卡松治疗,对照组给予沙美特罗替卡松治疗,分别对两组患者治疗前后呼吸困难评分和肺功能检测进行比较.结果 治疗两个月后,与对照组比较观察组肺功能FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC%,呼吸困难评分改善差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 噻托溴铵与沙美特罗替卡松联合吸入治疗COPD,疗效优于沙美特罗替卡松单药治疗.     

小剂量阿奇霉素联合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗稳定期COPD临床可行性分析及对炎症细胞因子的影响

目的：研究小剂量阿奇霉素联合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗稳定期 COPD 临床可行性分析及对炎症细胞因子的影响。方法选取2014年3月至2016年3月在我院进行治疗的100例稳定期COPD 患者,根据治疗方案的不同将患者随机分为噻托溴铵单药组(A 组)50例,阿奇霉素联合噻托溴铵组(B 组)50例。另选择同期健康体验者50名为正常对照组(NS 组)提供血液样本。按照2013版 COPD 诊疗指南,在常规治疗的基础上,A 组给予噻托溴铵粉吸入剂吸入治疗,B 组给予阿奇霉素口服联合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂吸入治疗。治疗1年后观察各组急性加重住院次数和治疗前后的肺功能、呼吸困难评分和 C 反应蛋白等指标的变化,并分别于治疗前和治疗后12、24、48 h 取各组患者血清进行酶联免疫吸附测定试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测患者血液中炎症细胞因子 PTX3、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、IL-2、IL-6的含量并与 NS 组进行对比。结果各组患者的不良反应较轻,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);与 A 组比较,B 组1年后发作频率、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC 相对较低,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05);C 反应蛋白和呼吸困难评分 B 组改善高于 A 组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);与 NS 组相比,A、B 组患者 TNF-α、PTX3明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);A 组治疗后12、24、48 h 的炎症细胞因子 TNF-α、PTX3与治疗前相比,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),B 组治疗后 TNF-α和 PTX3逐渐降低并恢复至正常值,差异有统计学意义(P <0.01);其他炎症细胞因子虽有稍微降低,但是差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论服用小剂量阿奇霉素联合噻托溴铵粉吸入剂治疗可以改善稳定期 COPD 患者的肺功能和活动耐力,提高生活质量,减少急性发作频率,其机制可能与其能够降低血液中的 PTX3、TNF-α含量有关。     

布地奈德/福莫特罗粉剂联合噻托溴铵治疗稳定期慢阻肺合并糖尿病的疗效分析

目的研究稳定期慢阻肺合并糖尿病联合应用布地奈德/福莫特罗粉剂与噻托溴铵的临床疗效。方法选择2015年6月—2017年5月该院接诊的稳定期慢阻肺合并糖尿病患者76例,根据奇偶数字分组原理对所选患者进行分组:A组和B组各38例。两组都应用布地奈德/福莫特罗粉剂,A组加用噻托溴铵。观察两组血糖水平的改善情况,比较肺功能恢复正常时间等指标。结果 A组治疗后的FPG与2 hPG明显比B组降低,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组的肺功能恢复正常时间为(7.09±1.46)d,明显比B组的(9.87±2.14)d短,组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组的不良反应发生率为7.89%、疗效总有效率为92.11%,和B组的26.32%、71.05%比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论将布地奈德/福莫特罗粉剂和噻托溴铵联合用于稳定期慢阻肺合并糖尿病中,有助于促进患者肺功能的恢复,提高血糖控制效果,减轻药物不良反应。     

脾氨肽冻干粉口服联合噻托溴铵治疗老年COPD的临床疗效

目的评价口服脾氨肽冻干粉联合噻托溴铵治疗老年稳定期COPD的临床疗效。方法选取68例老年稳定期COPD患者采用平行分组法随机分为治疗组与对照组各34例,对照组给予噻托溴铵粉吸入18μg/次,1次/d;治疗组在对照组治疗基础上给予脾氨肽冻干粉口服2 mg/次,1次/d。疗程均为8周。结果治疗8周后,治疗组较对照组FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC及FEV1%预计值水平明显改善(P0.05),血清CD+3、CD+4、CD+8、CD+4/CD+8及NK细胞水平较对照组明显改善(P0.05),具有统计学意义。结论脾氨肽冻干粉口服联合噻托溴铵治疗老年稳定期COPD效果理想,其可能通过改善淋巴细胞免疫功能水平发挥作用。     

老年中重度稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者应用噻托溴铵的疗效与安全性

目的探讨老年中重度稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者应用噻托溴铵(吸入剂量18μg,1次/d)的疗效和安全性。方法在中重度稳定期96例COPD患者,连续3年应用噻托溴铵,每3个月检测肺功能第1秒用力呼吸气量占预计值的百分比(FEV1)和用力肺活量(FVC),圣·乔治呼吸问卷计分(SGRQ)评估生活质量,观察急性加重的发生率及用药的不良反应。结果经连续3年的治疗观察,与对照组比较,噻托溴铵治疗组用药后的FEV1较基线值显著增加,FEV1增加0.26 L(P0.01),并且重度COPD患者肺功能改善明显,治疗组在6个月后肺功能下降趋势明显变缓。噻托溴铵组患者SGRQ评分低于对照组,在重度治疗后的第3个月,噻托溴铵治疗组SGRQ总评分较基线低了6.85,对照组SGRQ总评分较基线低了1.14,SGRQ总评分治疗组较对照组明显改善(P0.01);在中度患者中治疗6个月后SGRQ总评分治疗组较对照组比较有明显改善。COPD急性加重率治疗组与对照组之比为0.75(95%CI 0.58~0.96;P0.05)。在安全指标方面治疗组与对照组没有显著差异。结论噻托溴胺对于改善肺通气功能、健康状态及降低急性发作频率等方面显示出了独特的长处,且耐受性良好,是目前稳定期COPD患者的有效药物。     

信必可治疗稳定期COPD的疗效观察

目的观察吸入信必可[布地奈德/福莫特罗干粉剂（160/4.5μg）]对稳定期Ⅱ~Ⅲ级COPD患者的临床疗效。方法将明确诊断的60例COPD病人随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予吸入布地奈德/福莫特罗干粉剂;对照组予茶碱缓释片口服;疗程为6个月。治疗前后进行肺功能指标测定。结果治疗前,治疗组和对照组的FEV1/FVC和FEV1/预计值的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗结束时,治疗组FEV1/FVC和FEV1/预汁值较治疗前均有显著提高（P〈0.05）;对照组FEV1/FVC和FEV1/预计值与治疗前的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论布地奈德/福莫特罗干粉吸入剂能够改善稳定期Ⅱ~Ⅲ级COPD患者的肺功能和生活质量,降低住院率。     

沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵治疗慢阻肺临床效果分析

目的探讨沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者的临床疗效。方法选取2013年4月至2015年8月我院收治的COPD稳定期患者80例为研究对象,将患者住院号录入计算机并将其随机分为对照组38例和联合组42例。对照组患者使用沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗,联合组患者使用沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果及治疗前后肺功能变化情况。结果联合组患者治疗总有效率(97.62%)显著高于对照组(84.21%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),秩和检验结果显示两组疗效差异有统计学意义(u=2.346,P=0.010)。治疗前两组患者PEF、FEV1、FEV1/预计值比较无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后联合组患者FEV1、FEV1/预计值均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论沙美特罗氟替卡松联合噻托溴铵治疗COPD稳定期患者可更有效改善患者肺功能,提高治疗效果。     

Biliary microlithiasis,sludge,crystals,microcrystallization,and usefulness of assessment of nucleation time

BACKGROUND:The process of microcrystallization,its sequel and the assessment of nucleation time is ignored.This systematic review aimed to highlight the importance of biliary microlithiasis,sludge,and crystals,and their association with gallstones,unexplained biliary pain,idiopathic pancreatitis, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.DATA SOURCES:Three reviewers performed a literature search of the PubMed database.Key words used were"biliary microlithiasis","biliary sludge","bile crystals","cholesterol crystallisation","bile microscopy","microcrystal formation of bile","cholesterol monohydrate crystals","nucleation time of cholesterol","gallstone formation","sphincter of Oddi dysfunction"and"idiopathic pancreatitis".Additional articles were sourced from references within the studies from the PubMed search.RESULTS:We found that biliary microcrystals account for almost all patients with gallstone disease,7%to 79%with idiopathic pancreatitis,83%with unexplained biliary pain, and 25%to 60%with altered biliary and pancreatic sphincter function.Overall,the detection of biliary microcrystals in gallstone disease has a sensitivity ranging from 55%to 87%and a specificity of 100%.In idiopathic pancreatitis,the presence of microcrystals ranges from 47%to 90%.A nucleation time less than 10 days in hepatic bile or ultra-filtered gallbladder bile has a specificity of 100%for cholesterol gallstone disease.CONCLUSIONS:Biliary crystals are associated with gallstone disease,idiopathic pancreatitis,sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, unexplained biliary pain,and post-cholecystectomy biliary pain.Pathways of cholesterol super-saturation,crystallisation, and gallstone formation have been described with scientificsupport.Bile microscopy is a useful method to detect microcrystals and the assessment of nucleation time is a good method of predicting the risk of cholesterol crystallisation.     

Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime,cefdinir, cefetamet,ceftibuten, loracarbef,cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime,cefaclor and cefadroxil

Summary The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC₅₀ equal to or below 2 mg/l) againstEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. andMorganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except someAcinetobacter species against cefdinir andPseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri andStreptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens likeHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis andNeisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak againstListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522).Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.

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Antibakterielle Aktivität von Cefpodoxim im Vergleich mit anderen oralen Cephalosporinen

Zusammenfassung Die neuen oralen Cephalosporine Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten zeigen eine verstärkte Aktivität auch gegen solche Enterobacteriaceae, die gegen etablierte Substanzen empfindlich sind (z.B. Cefuroxim, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil). Zusätzlich schließt das Spektrum von Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten Spezies ein, die gegen die bisherigen oralen Cephalosporine resistent waren (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Daneben zeigt die Mehrheit der neuen Substanzen erhöhte Aktivität (MHK₅₀<2 mg/l) gegenEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. undMorganella morganii. Gegen die meisten Enterobacteriaceae ist Ceftibuten das wirksamste orale Cephalosporin. Non-Fermenter (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) bleiben gegenüber oralen Cephalosporinen vollständig resistent (mit Ausnahme einigerAcinetobacter-Spezies gegen Cefdinir undPseudomonas cepacia gegen Ceftibuten). Die Antistaphylokokken-Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine ist am höchsten bei Cefdinir, gefolgt von BAY 3522, Cefprozil, Cefuroxim und Cefpodoxim. Loracarbef, Cefaclor und Cefadroxil sind etwa gleich aktiv, während die anderen Substanzen nur schwach aktiv (Cefixim) oder inaktiv sind (Cefetamet, Ceftibuten). Enterokokken sind gegenüber der neuen Generation oraler Cephalosporine ebenso unempfindlich wie gegenüber den etablierten Substanzen. Die aktivsten oralen Cephalosporine gegen hämolysierende Streptokokken sind Cefdinir und Cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri undStreptococcus mitior sind am empfindlichsten gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefdinir, Cefuroxim und BAY 3522. Penicillin-resistente Pneumokokken müssen als resistent gegenüber allen oralen Cephalosporinen betrachtet werden. Anspruchsvolle Erreger wieHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis undNeisseria gonorrhoeae sind gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten empfindlicher als gegen die anderen oralen Cephalosporine. Die Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine gegenListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori und Anaerobier (Ausnahme BAY 3522) ist nur schwach.Bordetella pertussis bleibt gegen alle resorbierbaren Cephalosporine resistent. Der Fortschritt in der antibakteriellen Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine wurde gegen Enterobacteriaceae und anspruchsvolle Erreger hauptsächlich durch Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten erlangt, gegen Staphylokokken und Streptokokken (außer Enterokokken) durch Cefdinir, BAY 3522, Cefprozil und Cefpodoxim.

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Supported by Luitpold-Werk, a company of the Sankyo group.     

Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La,Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm,Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO₄ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.     

Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of The American College of Cardiology 2002: LIFE,DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD,OVERTURE, OCTAVE,ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS,AFFIRM, RACE,WIZARD, AZACS,REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL

This article continues a series of reports updating recent research developments of particular interest to personnel involved in the treatment and management of patients with heart failure. This is a summary of selected presentations made at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session held in Atlanta on 17-20 March 2002. Reports of the following clinical studies are included: LIFE, DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD, OVERTURE, OCTAVE, ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS, AFFIRM, RACE, WIZARD, AZACS, REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL.