骶神经前根电刺激治疗脊髓损伤患者排尿功能障碍

目的 探讨骶神经前根电刺激在脊髓损伤患者排尿功能障碍治疗中的应用及疗效.方法 总结2005年10月收治1例C6-7损伤后1年的完全性截瘫男性患者资料,患者留置尿管,尿动力学检查显示膀胱容量约200 ml,存在逼尿肌反射亢进,逼尿肌压力达90 cm H2O,膀胱顺应性降低,约为15 ml/cm H2O.气管插管全麻后行骶神经前根电刺激仪植入及骶神经后根切断术.结果 手术顺利,无手术并发症.术后1个月患者使用电刺激器控制排尿、排便良好,术后随访15个月,尿动力学检查显示膀胱容量增加到500 ml,膀胱顺应性正常,＞20 ml/cm H2O,膀胱依靠电刺激仪排尿良好.剩余尿30 ml.结论 骶神经前根电刺激技术+骶神经后根切断术对于骶髓以上的脊髓损伤造成的排尿功能障碍有较好的疗效.     

建立人工膀胱反射弧治疗脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱的临床研究

【摘要】目的：观察利用脊髓正常反射通路重建人工膀胱反射弧恢复脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱功能的临床疗效。方法：对36例完全性脊髓损伤（ASIA分级A级）患者行人工膀胱反射弧重建,其中28例脊髓圆锥上脊髓损伤患者（痉挛性膀胱）,切断并显微吻合单侧S1前根与支配膀胱最强的神经根（一般为S2或S3）前根;8例脊髓圆锥损伤患者（弛缓性膀胱）采用腓肠神经移植并显微吻合T10/T11神经根前根及支配膀胱最强的神经根前根。通过对34例（2例痉挛性膀胱患者死亡）患者术前、术后6、12、18个月随访并行尿流动力学检查（无菌生理盐水灌注速度25ml/s）,评估痉挛性和弛缓性膀胱功能恢复情况。两种不同类型的神经原性膀胱患者均选其具有代表意义的尿流动力学检查指标,整理数据后进行统计学分析。结果：26例痉挛性膀胱患者,最大膀胱测压容积术后3个时间点间比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,但与术前比较均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）;残尿量、膀胱顺应性不同时间点间比较两两均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。8例弛缓性膀胱患者,最大膀胱测压容积术后与术前比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）;残尿量由术前的495.1±56.6ml降至术后18个月时的264.4±30.8ml,且术后不同时间点与术前比较均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;最大逼尿肌压力由术前的6.3±3.9cmH2O升高到术后18个月时的82.9±4.3cmH2O,且术后3个时间点与术前比较差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。未发现一例通过搔抓下腹部皮肤引起排尿。结论：利用脊髓正常反射通路重建神经原性膀胱人工反射弧改善膀胱功能是可行而有效的方法。     

膀胱壁内注射A型肉毒毒素治疗脊髓损伤患者神经原性膀胱的初步临床观察

目的：观察膀胱壁内注射A型肉毒毒素治疗脊髓损伤患者神经原性膀胱的临床效果。方法：78例脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱患者，男59例，女19例，平均年龄38．9岁。将300单位A型肉毒毒素溶解于15ml生理盐水，使用膀胱镜注射针分30个点注射于膀胱壁，0．5ml／点。治疗前后均记录患者排尿日记，并观察药物毒副作用。结果：78例患者经第1次治疗后平均尿失禁次数由13．5次／d降至2．7次／d、平均导尿量由131ml／次增至389ml／次，平均尿失禁量由1690ml／d降至281ml／d，起效的平均时间为7．6d。10例患者在第1次注射8,9个月后接受第2次注射，平均尿失禁次数由9．7次/d降至3．7次/d，平均导尿量由108ml／次增至387ml／次。6例患者在第2次注射后5．8个月接受第3次注射，平均尿失禁次数由9．2次／d降至3．9次／d，平均导尿量由116ml／次增至364ml／次。随访期间未观察到任何毒副作用。结论：经尿道膀胱壁内A型肉毒毒素注射是治疗脊髓损伤患者神经原性膀胱的有效、安全、可多次重复应用的微创方法。     

神经根刺激器在治疗脊髓损伤所致神经原性膀胱功能障碍的应用价值

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨神经根刺激器在治疗脊髓损伤所致神经原性膀胱功能障碍(NBD)的应用价值。方法〓选取2009年3月至2013年5月期间我院确诊治疗的脊髓损伤所致NBD患者72例,分刺激组和对照组,两组患者均给予每天2次口服托特罗定(2 mg/次)治疗,刺激组患者在此基础上给予神经根刺激治疗,其中刺激组依据治疗方法又分为骶神经电刺激(SNS)治疗组和神经肌肉电刺激(NES)治疗组,对所有患者进行为期3个月的随访,观察患者尿流动力学、尿道压力和日均排尿次数。结果〓在尿流动力学方面,NES组残余尿量和最大膀胱容量明显优于SNS组(P<0.017),而SNS组残余尿量与最大膀胱容量明显优于对照组(P<0.017);在逼尿肌压力水平与日均排尿次数方面,治疗后60 d,NES组明显优于对照组(P<0.017);治疗后120 d,NES组明显优于SNS组与对照组,SNS组明显优于对照组(P<0.017)。结论〓神经根刺激治疗有利于改善脊髓损伤所致NBD患者膀胱功能。     

脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱的治疗

目的探讨脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱的治疗方法。方法广泛查阅国内外相关文献，介绍几种弛缓性膀胱的治疗方法。结果脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱尚缺乏有效的治疗方法，与清洁间断导尿、加压排尿、药物治疗及重建逼尿肌功能等治疗方法相比，建立人工反射弧能实现膀胱的可控性排尿。结论人工反射弧的建立为脊髓损伤所致的弛缓性膀胱提供了一种新的膀胱功能重建方法。     

犬神经原性膀胱模型的建立及尿动力学评价

目的　建立犬神经原性膀胱模型 ,进行尿动力学评价。　方法　 8只雌性杂交犬 ,骶上组 4只在第 5～ 6腰椎间孔水平横断脊髓 ,骶下组 4只在此基础上完全破坏骶髓。尿动力学测定模型犬术前及术后 6个月的膀胱容量、逼尿肌压力、膀胱顺应性、尿道压力。　结果　模型犬术后一直存在尾部不能活动和不同程度湿臀的现象 ;弛缓性瘫痪的后肢术后 1周起逐渐恢复 ;下腹部膨胀症状的改善仅见于骶上型犬。骶上组犬术后膀胱容量、顺应性分别下降 37.3%、5 2 .1% ,逼尿肌压力、尿道压力分别增加 33.3%、17.3% ,与术前相比差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;骶下组犬的膀胱容量、顺应性分别上升 89.5 %、78.8% ,与术前和骶上组相比差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　在症状及尿动力学方面 ,术后 6个月的犬骶上型和骶下型神经原性膀胱模型均符合脊髓损伤恢复期的膀胱表现 ,两模型适于进行神经原性膀胱的研究。     

选择性髓神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱的实验研究

目的：观察选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤痉挛性膀胱的实际疗效,搪塞骶神经根高选择性切断的治疗机制及最佳手术方式。方法：雄性家犬１２只,制备成脊髓２后痉挛民生膀胱模型,根据骶神经切断方式分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ４组,通过尿流动力学检测及电生理观察,记录并计算骶神经切断前（对照组）及术后各组各项功能性指标的变化,并进行比较分析。结果：Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ４组术后膀胱容量均明显高于术前对照组,尿道压力均低于术前对照     

选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱的实验研究

目的：观察选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤痉挛性膀胱的实际疗效,探讨骶神经根高选择性切断的治疗机制及最佳手术方式。方法：雄性家犬１２ 只,制备成脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱模型,根据骶神经切断方式分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ４ 组,通过尿流动力学检测及电生理观察,记录并计算骶神经切断前（ 对照组）及术后各组各项功能性指标的变化,并进行比较分析。结果：Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ４ 组术后膀胱容量均明显高于术前对照组,尿道压力均低于术前对照组,其中Ｂ 组的膀胱贮尿功能、排空能力、尿道压力均接近正常,且对犬阴茎勃起功能无明显影响。结论：高选择性骶神经根切断治疗脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱有确实明显的疗效,是一种值得研究的新方法。     

人工膀胱反射弧重建治疗脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱

目的：探索利用截瘫平面以上正常的体反射重建膀胱反射弧,恢复脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱排尿功能的可行性。方法：将Beagle犬L6前根近端与S2前根远端在硬膜内显微吻合,经一段时间的轴突再生后,建立＂膝腱-脊髓中枢-膀胱＂人工反射弧,术后8个月,在破坏S1～S4脊髓节段前后分别进行神经电生理、膀胱肌电图及尿流动力学和辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）逆行示踪等检查：对1例L1压缩性骨折伴截瘫患者行右侧T11与S2前根经腓肠神经移植硬膜内吻合术。结果：2只犬在术后8个月时电刺激截瘫前和截瘫后左侧L6后根、神经吻合口近端均可在吻合口远端记录到运动诱发电位,其波形和波幅相似;尿流动力学检查,当刺激开始时逼尿肌压力和膀胱内压均迅速上升,而腹内压增加幅度较小,刺激中止后膀胱内压迅速下降;膀胱注射HRP后48h实验侧L6脊髓节段前角中发现HRP标记的大神经元细胞。临床1例患者术后55个月时随访,膀胱充盈后可产生自控性排尿,尿流动力学显示排尿完全是由膀胱逼尿肌的收缩引发。结论：利用截瘫平面以上正常的体反射建立人工反射弧通路是成功和有效的,可恢复脊髓损伤后弛缓性膀胱自控性排尿。     

神经移植术治疗截瘫神经性膀胱的尿动力学观察

目的　评价神经转位移植术治疗陈旧性截瘫神经性膀胱病人的手术效果。　方法　回顾性分析40例胸腰段骨折致截瘫神经性膀胱病人肋间血管神经转位桥接骶神经根35例、尺神经转位吻合阴部神经5例手术前后尿动力学检测结果。　结果　骶根组35例术前最大尿流率(Qmax)均低于正常,术后20例恢复正常（57%）,10例明显改善(28.6%),术前后逼尿肌最大收缩力分别为（60±15cmH     

合并神经原性膀胱活动低下非瘫痪脊髓功能障碍患者生命质量评估和尿动力学研究

目的 探讨合并神经原性膀胱活动低下(NUB)非瘫痪脊髓功能障碍(NPSCD)患者肠道膀胱扩大术(ECP术)后生命质量评估和尿动力学参数改善情况.方法 采用SF-36问卷表对72例合并NUB的NPSCD患者进行生命质量评分,并依据尿动力学膀胱功能障碍类型行ECP术联合自我清洁间歇导尿(CISC)或单一CISC治疗,最终对完成1年生命质量评分和尿动力学检查的58例(81%)患者[男30例(平均27±5岁),女28例(平均26±4岁)]进行随访.选取40例无明显排尿异常症状正常志愿者[男20例(平均28±4岁)和女20例(平均29±4岁)]为对照组.结果 随访时,男女患者生理职能、生命力和社会功能得分分别为55±14和45±15、76±19和74±15、52±19和59±13,均显著高于治疗前35±10和32±11、27±18和33±17、40±12和34±15;最大膀胱压测定容量和膀胱顺应性分别为(320±44)和(338±50)ml、(55±15)和(60±17)cm H2O,显著高于治疗前的(131±30)和(140±35)ml、(5±3)和(6±4)cm H2O;逼尿肌漏尿点压分别为(6±2)和(6±3)cm H2O,显著低于治疗前的(28±9)和(25±6)cm H2O,治疗前后差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但男女生理职能、总体健康、生命力、社会功能、情感职能和精神健康评分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);男女分别仅有17%和7%认为健康状况"比1年前稍好".合并反流性上尿路损害患者随访时男女上尿路情况分别有89%和76%出现不同程度改善. 结论合并NUB的NPSCD患者应用ECP术和CISC治疗尿动力学参数显著改善,但生命质量仍较低,迫切需要更有效地治疗方法.     

Management of bladder dysfunction and satisfaction of life after spinal cord injury in Norway

Background

There is limited knowledge about bladder dysfunction and bladder management in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) after discharge from the hospital in Norway. The impact of bladder dysfunction on satisfaction of life has been rarely explored.

Setting

Community-based survey from Norway.

Methods

An anonymous cross-sectional postal survey. A questionnaire was sent to the registered members of the Norwegian Spinal Cord Injuries Association. A total of 400 participants, with traumatic or non-traumatic SCI, received the questionnaire.

Results

A total of 248 subjects (62%), 180 men and 68 women, answered the questionnaire. Mean age was 54 years and mean time since injury 13.4 years. A total of 164 participants (66.1%) used intermittent catheterization for bladder emptying (48.5% women versus 72.8% men); more paraplegics than tetraplegics (77.2% versus 55.7%). Recommendations given at the Spinal Cord Units were thoroughly followed by persons who had used catheters more than 5 years. Use of incontinence pads were associated with reduced satisfaction of life.

Conclusions

The most common method of management of bladder dysfunction is clean intermittent catheterization in Norway. Recommendations were followed more thoroughly by persons who have used intermittent catheterization for more than 5 years. Spinal Cord Units are important source for information and guidance.     

Management of bladder dysfunction and satisfaction of life after spinal cord injury in Norway

Abstract

Background

There is limited knowledge about bladder dysfunction and bladder management in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) after discharge from the hospital in Norway. The impact of bladder dysfunction on satisfaction of life has been rarely explored.

Setting

Community-based survey from Norway.

Methods

An anonymous cross-sectional postal survey. A questionnaire was sent to the registered members of the Norwegian Spinal Cord Injuries Association. A total of 400 participants, with traumatic or non-traumatic SCI, received the questionnaire.

Results

A total of 248 subjects (62%), 180 men and 68 women, answered the questionnaire. Mean age was 54 years and mean time since injury 13.4 years. A total of 164 participants (66.1%) used intermittent catheterization for bladder emptying (48.5% women versus 72.8% men); more paraplegics than tetraplegics (77.2% versus 55.7%). Recommendations given at the Spinal Cord Units were thoroughly followed by persons who had used catheters more than 5 years. Use of incontinence pads were associated with reduced satisfaction of life.

Conclusions

The most common method of management of bladder dysfunction is clean intermittent catheterization in Norway. Recommendations were followed more thoroughly by persons who have used intermittent catheterization for more than 5 years. Spinal Cord Units are important source for information and guidance.     

Lower urinary tract dysfunction in ambulatory patients with incomplete spinal cord injury

PURPOSE: We evaluated urinary tract dysfunction in individuals with spinal injury who remained able to ambulate. We observed changes with time in urological management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients attending outpatient clinics with traumatic, incomplete (American Spinal Injury Association grades D and E) spinal cord injury during a 2-year period were identified. All patients had their hospital notes reviewed retrospectively and salient urological data extracted. RESULTS: A total of 43 men and 21 women were identified during this period. Mean age was 46 years (range 18 to 70). Mean followup was 7 years (range 1 to 18). At the time of inpatient discharge 40 of the 64 patients (62.5%) could void spontaneously, 20 required CSIC and 4 had a suprapubic catheter. In 19 of these 40 patients (47.5%) who had been initially assessed as having a bladder that was safe to void spontaneously the condition deteriorated, such that CSIC was required. Conversely 5 of 20 patients (25%) who initially required CSIC improved, such that it became redundant. At last followup 68.7% of the patients had abnormal urodynamics and 24 of the 64 (37.5%) required a change in urological management despite no appreciably detectable neurological change. CONCLUSIONS: Despite relatively near total neurological recovery patients with incomplete SCI have neuropathic bladder unless proved otherwise. Salient deterioration in bladder dysfunction is not uncommon. Regular urological monitoring and appropriate treatment changes are required in the long term.     

Epidural spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neurogenic bladder

Summary The effect of percutaneous epidural spinal cord stimulation on neurogenic bladder has been evaluated on the basis of objective clinical and urodynamic criteria. Seven patients suffering from stable bladder and sphincter dysfunction due to spinal cord diseases of different causes of non-evolutive nature were examined. In some of them chronic pain or spasticity, or both, were also present.Spinal cord stimulation substantially improved micturition in six out of seven patients. Complete or almost complete relief of bladder spasticity, marked increase of bladder capacity, and reduction or abolition of residual urine were recorded. The beneficial effect on bladder and sphincter function is strictly dependent on the stimulation, though it can outlast it. It requires some weeks to reach its maximum. It is still obtained after 22 months of treatment (longest present follow-up).No changes of striatal activity and detrusor reflex were produced by spinal cord stimulation in two additional patients, treated for chronic pain but having intact bladder function.Partially supported by Ministry of Public Instruction.     

创伤性上升性脊髓缺血损伤

脊椎损伤后,脊髓损伤平面上升较为少见。作者报告了５例,其中Ｔ１０－１１骨折脱位２例：１例于伤后２周内,截竣平面上升至Ｃ２,呼吸麻痹死亡,１例上升至颈部脊髓,双上肢无力;另３例为Ｔ１２骨折２例,Ｌ３骨折１例：其中截竣平面上升至Ｔ９至１例,Ｔ８者２例。５例患者双下肢皆呈软竣,１例死亡患者尸检见脊髓完整,Ｔ９－１０段脊髓前后动静脉血栓,其向上至Ｃ３,向下至Ｓ１,脊髓前血管、中央血管、髓内小血管多处 栓,     

Neurogenic motor evoked potential changes after acute experimental spinal cord injury

ＴＣｈａｎｇｚｈｅｎｇＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ,ＴｈｅＳｅｃｏｎｄＭｉｌｉｔａｒｙＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ 2 0 0 0 0 3,Ｃｈｉｎａ (ＳｈｅｎＱ ,ＪｉａＬＳａｎｄＺｈｏｕＸＨ)ｈｅｅｖｏｋｅｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｆｏｒａｎｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｐｉｎａｌｃｏｒｄｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｔｙｉｓａｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｏｏｌｉｎｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｏｒａｔｒｉｓｋｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｓｐｉｎａ…     

Urodynamic patterns after traumatic spinal cord injury

Objectives

To study the correlation between neurological level of spinal injury and bladder functions as detected by urodynamic study.

Study design

Analytical study.

Setting and participants

Seventy individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) admitted to the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, S.M.S. Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur. Detailed clinical, neurological evaluation as per American Spinal Injury Association Classification and radiological assessment were done along with clinical examination of bladder and urodynamic study.

Results

Out of 65 patients with suprasacral injuries, 53 (81.5%) demonstrated hyperreflexia with or without detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, 6 (9.2%) detrusor areflexia, and 6 (9.2%) had normal bladders, 41 (59.4%) low compliance (<20 ml/cmH₂O), and 47 (72.30%) had high detrusor leak pint pressures (>40 cmH₂O). Of the five patients with sacral injuries, one (20%) showed detrusor hyperreflexia, four (80%) detrusor areflexia, and one (20%) had low bladder compliance; all five (100%) had high detrusor leak point pressures.

Conclusions

The correlation between somatic neurologic findings, spinal imaging studies, and urodynamic findings in patients with SCI is not exact. Therefore, bladder management should not completely rely only on clinical bladder evaluation or neurological examination alone, but should always include urodynamic studies.