骨盆骨折后尿道损伤和阳萎

目的：探讨骨盆骨折后尿道并发阳萎的机制及如何避免阳萎的发生。方法：随访骨盆的后尿道损伤１８例与狭窄２５例的治疗效果。结果：后尿道损伤１８例,采用会师牵引复位术治疗,２例发生阳萎（１１．１％）;陈旧性后尿道狭窄２５例,经各种手术修复尿道后,５例发生阳萎（２０．０％）。结论：阳萎主要由骨盆骨折损伤勃起神经与血管及阴茎海绵体引起,伤后的手术操作及多次尿道复位或成形术,亦增加阳萎的发生率。     

骨盆骨折后尿道损伤的处理与预后(附84例报告)

目的探索骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的安全、有效治疗方法。方法对８４例骨盆骨折伴后尿道损伤患者采用食指引导下，直接放置带有铁芯的双腔导尿管行简化的尿道会师加牵引术，术后适时尿扩。结果全组随访８１例，其中６９例可正常排尿，治愈率为８５．２％；阳萎３例。结论在多脏器伤合并后尿道损伤中，正确应用尿道会师加牵引术，拔管后及时尿道扩张可作为首选方法。     

骨盆骨折后阳萎

阳萎是一种复杂的生理、激素和神经血管症候,其病因很难确定,骨盆骨折使阳萎的病理生理变化更为复杂,文献报道骨盆骨折或尿道断裂后阳萎发生率在10～30％。为研究骨盆骨折与阳萎的关系,作者进行前瞻性研究。作者研究42例由车祸引起的骨盆骨折患者,作复苏及多系统损伤评估,用多普勒仪测踝、阴茎、肱动脉压,计算踝肱(AB)和阴茎肱(PB)动脉压比例,31例患者作了血清睾丸酮浓度测定,42例患者测定了球海绵体肌反射(BCR)。研究结果发现,42例患者中,有16例有多系统损伤,9例有截瘫。一根或两根阴茎背动脉PB<0.75者有21例,平均年龄25.2岁,其中13例BCR异常,9例有尿道损伤,这9例患者BCR均异常。另外21例患者PB>0.75,平均年龄27.3岁,均无尿道损     

后尿道狭窄切除器治疗后尿道狭窄112例体会

尿道损伤是泌尿外科常见病，分为前、后尿道损伤。前尿道损伤多为骑跨伤所致，后尿道损伤多继发于骨盆骨折，多需手术治疗，以恢复尿道的连续性。远期效果差，易形成瘢痕狭窄。我院自86年至今应用宋汝田发明的获得专利的尿道狭窄切除器治疗后尿道狭窄112例，效果良好，报告如下：     

骨盆骨折引起后尿道损伤的早期处理

目的：探讨骨盆骨折引起后尿道损伤早期合理的处理方法。方法：回顾性分析36例男性骨盆骨折并发后尿道损伤患者的临床资料，其中8例尿道黏膜裂伤或尿道部分断裂患者行留置导尿，另28例尿道完全断裂患者均在伤后24h内行手术治疗，其中18例行尿道会师加牵引，其余10例单纯膀胱造瘘。结果：随访6个月～5年，8例留置尿管患者，拔管后排尿通畅6例，尿线变细2例，经定期尿道扩张，排尿正常。18例尿道会师加牵引患者，拔管后适时扩张尿道，排尿通畅15例，尿线较细3例，经定期尿道扩张后，1例排尿通畅，2例失败。10例单纯膀胱造瘘患者，术后均不能排尿，分别于伤后6～12个月行开放手术及尿道内切开治疗。结论：尿道会师加牵引术是治疗骨盆骨折所致后尿道断裂的有效方法。     

76例后尿道损伤诊治分析

目的 探讨骨盆骨折致后尿道损伤的早期诊治及处置.方法 总结76例后尿道损伤的处置过程及诊治经验.结果 采用单纯膀胱造瘘术10例,尿道会师术(气囊尿管牵引法)35例,早期尿道断端吻合术31例,都取得了较为满意的治疗效果.结论 在骨盆骨折所致后尿道损伤治疗中,在首保抢救生命的前提下,根据患者后尿道损伤的不同程度,患者合并伤的严重程度以及医院的诊疗条件和医师对尿道损伤手术的熟练程度,选用合适的术式,是保证患者生命,提高疗效,减少并发症的关键.     

后尿道损伤的早期治疗

后尿道损伤多为骨盆骨折所致,我院大综病例统计显示骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤者占94%。常合并骨折、出血、休克及其它脏器伤,病情复杂,早期处理方法不一。兹将我院1974～1998年收治的早期后尿道损伤164例报道如下。1　临床资料本组164例,其中男性162例,女性2例(不在讨论之列)。年龄6～75岁,平均364岁,20～40岁者占50%。机动车撞伤63例,马车挤压伤51例,重物压伤48例。受伤距手术时间3～26ｈ。后尿道不完全断裂103例,完全断裂59例。均伴有骨盆骨折,其中耻骨上、下支骨折67例,双侧耻骨下支骨折56例,单侧耻骨下支骨折39例。本组病人均不能自行排尿…     

早期尿道吻合治疗后尿道断裂26例报告

我院对26例骨盆骨折所致后尿道断裂患者作了早期尿道吻合,取得满意效果。 26例中男24例,女2例,年龄19～68岁,青壮年居多,均由骨盆骨折所致,按熊氏分类属第四类。14例合并休克,其它复合伤10例。伤后8～12小时手术22例,21～30小时手术3例,42小时手术1例。均一次手术成功。3例术后短期作1～3次尿道扩张。随访时     

骨盆骨折后尿道断裂的早期处理

目的 总结骨盆骨折后尿道断裂的诊治经验。方法 对15例骨盆骨折后尿道断裂患者的临床资料、早期处理、治疗结果进行回顾性分析。结果 15例骨盆骨折后尿道断裂患者13例在6周左右痊愈，2例仅需短期尿道扩张痊愈。一次治愈率86．7％。无阳萎及尿失禁。结论 尿道会师加膀胱颈口会阴牵引复位术是治疗骨盆骨折后尿道断裂的一种行之有效的方法，且能减少术后并发症的发生。     

后尿道损伤的急症处理

后尿道损伤是泌尿外科常见疾病，多继发于骨盆骨折，其次是骑跨伤。骨盆骨折后尿道损伤的发生率为4～25％。兹将我院1989～1995年首诊处理的尿道损伤病例总结如下。     

Urethral injury in the multiple-injured patient

A total of 74 patients with urethral injury due to external trauma consisted of 48 posterior urethral injuries (25 complete rupture, 23 partial rupture) and 26 anterior urethral injuries (two complete rupture, 16 partial rupture, and eight contusion). The diagnosis was made by retrograde urethrography. All 48 patients with posterior urethral injury had associated injuries, including a fractured pelvis in 46, and a mortality rate of 33%. Only seven of the 26 patients with anterior urethral injury had associated injuries and a mortality rate of 14%. The management of posterior urethral injury is changing from primary realignment of the ruptured urethra to suprapubic cystostomy alone and followed later by urethral surgery for the resulting stricture. The impotence rate is significantly lower with management with suprapubic cystostomy alone. However, the type of pelvic fracture, the urethral injury itself disrupting neurovascular structures, and the surgical dissection (initial primary realignment or delayed urethroplasty) must be investigated before it can be determined whether the impotence associated with pelvic trauma is caused by the injury itself or by the surgical dissection undertaken to reconstruct the urethra.     

骨盆骨折致后尿道损伤的手术方式选择与疗效评价

目的:探讨骨盆骨折致后尿道损伤的外科术式选择及手术治疗的临床效果。方法:自2000年6月至2010年8月,回顾性分析72例骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤患者的临床资料,其中男46例,女26例;年龄26～62岁,平均35.2岁;受伤至入院时间1～3h。按Tile骨盆骨折分类:A型8例,B型45例,C型19例。35例尿道部分断裂患者中,30例行导尿术,5例行Ⅰ期尿道断端吻合术联合膀胱造瘘术;37例尿道完全断裂患者中,25例行早期尿道会师术,12例行单纯膀胱造瘘术。对所有患者进行尿失禁、阳痿及尿道狭窄的评估和比较。结果:72例患者均获得随访,时间5～10年,平均7.7年。膀胱造瘘术患者尿道狭窄、阳痿和尿失禁的发生率显著高于Ⅰ期尿道断端吻合术者和早期行尿道会师术者(P<0.05);导尿术患者尿道狭窄、阳痿、尿失禁的发生率均远低于其余3组(P<0.05)。结论:对于后尿道部分断裂患者,导尿术或Ⅰ期尿道断端吻合术应首先考虑;而对于后尿道完全断裂患者,早期尿道会师术操作简单、并发症少,可作为首选治疗方法。     

Impotence following delayed repair of prostatomembranous urethral disruption

A group of 26 patients with pelvic fracture and disruption of the prostatomembranous urethra were evaluated for impotence. Impotence was defined as inability to achieve an erection firm enough for vaginal penetration. Of the patients 25 were potent before the injury, whereas 1 was only 7 years old at injury. Seven patients admitted to being potent after the injury but before the final urethral anastomosis. Four patients became potent after urethroplasty. The definitive operation to the urethra was done approximately 6 months after the injury. Only 11 of the 26 patients (46%) reported erections adequate for vaginal penetration. No patient who had adequate erections before urethroplasty became impotent postoperatively. We believe that the impotence was caused by damage to the neurovascular supply to the penis at injury.     

Pelvic fracture from major blunt trauma. Outcome is determined by associated injuries.

Pelvic hemorrhage has been implicated as the cause of death in 50% of patients who die following pelvic fractures. To establish correlates of morbidity and mortality from pelvic fractures due to blunt trauma, we reviewed 236 patients treated during 4 years. The average age of the 144 men and 92 women was 31.5 years, the average Injury Severity Score was 21.3, the average blood requirement was 5 units, and the average hospital stay was 16.8 days. One hundred fifty-two patients (64.4%) were injured in motor vehicle accidents, 33 (14%) had motor vehicle-pedestrian accidents, 16 (6.8%) had crush injuries, 12 (5.1%) each had either motorcycle accidents or falls, and 11 (4.6%) had miscellaneous accidents. Eighteen patients (7.6%) died, with seven (38.9%) deaths due to hemorrhage. Only one death was caused by pelvic hemorrhage. Other deaths were due to hemorrhage from other sites (6), head injury (5), sepsis or multiple-organ failure (4), pulmonary injury (1), and pulmonary embolus (1). None of the septic deaths was related to a pelvic hematoma. Multivariate multiple regression analysis showed that the severity of injury was correlated with indices of severity of pelvic fractures such as fracture site (p less than 0.0001), fracture displacement (p less than 0.005), pelvic stability (p less than 0.0001), and vector of injury (p less than 0.01). However death could not be predicted on the basis of these indices of severity (p greater than 0.28). Of the nine patients who underwent pelvic arteriography, three required embolization of actively bleeding pelvic vessels, but seven had intra-abdominal hemorrhage that required laparotomy, and eight developed a coagulopathy. Massive bleeding from pelvic fractures was uncommon, and the major threat of hemorrhage was from nonpelvic sites. Furthermore, although injury severity was correlated with the severity of the pelvic fracture, hospital outcome was determined by associated injuries and not by the pelvic fracture.     

臀部坐骨神经损伤及修复

目的　报告 190例臀部坐骨神经损伤的临床资料并探讨其处理方法。方法　药物注射伤 16 4例(占 86 .32 % ) ,锐器伤 14例 ,骨盆骨折、髋关节脱位合并伤 11例 ,臀部挫伤 1例。非手术治疗 15例 ,手术 175例。术中见损伤平面在臀大肌段 146例 ,梨状肌段 2 6例 ,盆腔段 3例。采用神经松解术 16 0例 ,神经外膜对端吻合 12例 ,神经移植术 2例 ,神经探查未修复神经 1例 ;2 3例做了后期足踝部功能重建术。结果　 15 1例获得 6个月～ 2 1年随访 (平均 8.5年 ) ,神经恢复的优良率为 5 6 .95 % ,后期功能重建的优良率为 78.2 6 %。结论　臀部坐骨神经损伤是周围神经损伤中最难处理和疗效最差的部位之一。其各段损伤与局部解剖关系密切。治疗应持积极态度 ,药物注射伤应争取尽早行神经松解术 ;神经断裂伤行外膜对端吻合术 ;骨盆骨折、髋脱位引起者 ,早期复位减压 ,后期须探查修复神经。晚期足踝部功能重建可改善肢体功能。     

骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤的诊治

目的探讨提高骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤的救治水平。方法回顾性总结１９６６～１９９６年骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤１６例,采用转流性结肠造瘘与骶前引流;对合并大出血休克的病人８例在抗休克治疗的同时,早期开腹手术,结扎髂内动脉,填塞止血。结果本组治愈１３例;死亡３例,其中死于多器官衰竭（ＭＳＯＦ）２例,死于败血症１例。结论正确的早期诊断和有效的早期治疗是提高骨盆骨折合并直肠肛管损伤疗效的关键     

Treatment of organic impotence by implantation of Jonas prosthesis

We carried out operative insertion of Jonas penile prosthesis in 10 cases with organic impotence. Erection had been incomplete due to radical surgery for bladder or rectal cancer in 5, pelvic fracture in 1, diabetes in 1, Peyronie's disease in 1 and unknown in 2 of the operated cases. Nine of the 10 cases were able to have sexual intercourse at 5-16 weeks after the operation, but the prosthesis was taken off in the remaining one due to long-lasting pain in the penile and perineal region. We have confirmed that the implantation of Jonas prosthesis is a safe and useful procedure for organic impotence.     

骨盆骨折后尿道损伤及后尿道狭窄

骨盆骨折合并后尿道损伤的发病率近年来呈上升趋势 ,对后尿道损伤的诊断与处理日益重要 ,处理不当日后需再次手术 ,引起尿失禁、阳瘘则留下终身残废。作者就骨盆骨折后尿道损伤及后尿道狭窄的发病率、尿道损伤机制、后尿道损伤分类、诊断和处理作综述。