Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection with a custom-made, antibiotic-loaded, cement prosthesis as an interim spacer

BACKGROUND: Two-stage reconstruction is a well-recognized treatment for deep infection of hip joint implants. The purpose of the study was to report the results of our treatment using a standardized protocol. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with deep infection of the hip prosthesis were treated according to a prospective, two-stage resection/reimplantation protocol. Between stages, a custom-made, antibiotic-loaded, cement prosthesis was implanted as an interim spacer. RESULTS: Infection was eradicated in 41 patients after the first-stage operation. Thirty-six patients remained with the ability to walk with the interim cement pros-thesis. For 40 patients who underwent reimplantation, recurrence of infection was observed in only 1 patient at an average of 55.2 months' follow-up. CONCLUSION: We have found that our two-stage treatment protocol is a reliable approach for the management of infected hip prostheses. It is effective for eradicating infection and for providing a mobile and functional joint through the treatment course.     

Two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection: comparison between the interim use of antibiotic-loaded cement beads and a spacer prosthesis

BACKGROUND: A two-stage revision is a well-accepted method for the treatment of a deep infection of a hip with a joint implant. In the present study, the results associated with the interim use of antibiotic-loaded cement beads were compared with those associated with the interim use of an antibiotic-loaded cement prosthesis. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive patients who were managed with a two-stage revision hip arthroplasty for the treatment of an infection were followed clinically and radiographically for an average of 4.9 years. Cement beads were implanted following resection arthroplasty in the first seventy hips, and a custom cement prosthesis was implanted in the subsequent fifty-eight hips. RESULTS: There was no evidence of recurrent infection in 122 patients (95.3%); the infection-free rates in both groups were similar. The use of a spacer prosthesis was associated with a higher hip score, a shorter hospital stay, and better walking capacity in the interim period; a decreased operative time, less blood loss, and a lower transfusion requirement at the time of reimplantation; and fewer postoperative dislocations. CONCLUSIONS: The present study supports the safety and efficacy of the routine use of an antibiotic-loaded cement prosthesis in the interim between the stages of a two-stage revision procedure for the treatment of an infection at the site of a hip arthroplasty.     

Distal femoral allograft reconstruction for massive osteolytic bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty

Massive osteolytic bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty has been an uncommon challenge. From 2001 to 2002, 11 knees in 10 patients underwent revision of failed modular PFC (Johnson and Johnson Orthopaedics, Raynham, Mass) total knee arthroplasties with distal femoral allografts and long-stemmed revision implants for massive osteolytic induced femoral bone loss. The mean follow-up was 42 months (range, 36-48 months). Radiographic graft incorporation was demonstrated in all 11 knees with no cases of loosening. The Knee Society Pain Scores improved by an average of 25.4 points, and the function scores improved by an average of 23.3 points. The outcomes of distal femoral allografts in the reconstruction of massive osteolytic bone loss associated with failed modular PFC (Johnson and Johnson Orthopaedics) total knee arthroplasties are favorable.     

未使用占位器的二期翻修治疗髋关节置换术后感染

目的探讨不使用占位器的二期翻修治疗髋关节置换术后假体周围感染的临床效果。 方法从2009年8月至2017年12月期间,对在西安交通大学第二附属医院接受未使用占位器的二期髋关节翻修治疗的21位既往行人工髋关节置换术后感染的患者(其中男性6例,女性15例,年龄28～78岁)进行随访观察。该组患者均采用一期手术取出髋关节假体旷置(未置放占位器),待临床表现及血液中相关炎性指标降至正常时再进行二期翻修,应用配对t检验以及Wilcoxon秩和检验分别评估患者术前术后的髋关节Harris评分及患肢缩短水平。 结果21例患者术后随访(4.0±2.8)年,术后的末次随访时髋关节Harris评分为(86±4)分,与翻修术前的(48±5)相比,有显著性差异(t ＝ 25.509,P< 0.01),术后患肢短缩为0.1 cm(－0.20, 0.35)cm(负值代表患侧肢体较健侧增加的长度),与术前4.3 cm(3.85,4.90) cm相比,有显著性差异(Z＝－4.016, P < 0.01),术后1例出现再次感染。 结论不使用占位器的二期翻修术治疗髋关节假体周围感染具有较高的感染控制率,同时也不会因为髋关节局部软组织挛缩而引起患肢的明显缩短,可以获得良好的术后髋关节功能。     

Treatment of an old infection in a total hip replacement with an interim spacer prosthesis

Summary When treating a septic hip-joint prosthesis with bone loss of the proximal femur secondary to osteomyelitis, we implanted a specially designed prosthesis to act as a local antibiotic and spacer between the acetabulum and femur until the infection abated. Arthroplasty could then be carried out with no trouble and there was no recurrence of infection.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. G. Imhaeuser on his 77th birthday     

二期翻修术治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染的中期疗效

目的探讨二期翻修术治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染的中期疗效。方法 2002年4月-2006年11月,收治12例人工髋关节置换术后感染患者。男5例,女7例;年龄47～72岁,平均59.8岁。人工股骨头置换2例,人工全髋关节置换10例。置换术后1～67个月发生感染。感染根据Segawa分型标准:2型1例,3型2例,4型9例。Harris评分为(36.7±6.1)分。9例C反应蛋白增高,10例红细胞沉降率增高。细菌培养提示阳性8例,阴性4例。一期清创术取出假体、彻底清创,采用抗生素骨水泥自制占位器或感染治疗型临时假体占位,术后抗感染治疗;3～10个月后行二期翻修术。结果 1例一期清创术后感染未控制,再次清创并采用抗生素骨水泥自制占位器治疗后,感染控制。其余患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无下肢深静脉血栓形成和神经损伤等并发症发生。患者术后均获随访,随访时间3～8年,平均5.4年。随访期间患者无感染复发及关节脱位。末次随访时,2例髋关节活动时有隐痛,3例有轻度跛行;Harris评分为(81.6±4.5)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=52.696,P=0.000);X线片示假体无松动及明显下沉,植骨处愈合。结论 二期翻修术治疗人工髋关节置换术后感染控制率高,可获较好中期疗效。     

Femoral reconstruction by massive allografts in revision of hip prostheses with major bone defects

Summary Major bone defects are commonly encountered in revision of total hip arthroplasties. We reconstruct both the acetabular and femoral component with bone allografts to allow successful implantation of a new prosthesis. Frozen femoral heads are used for all kinds of acetabular defects and for small femoral defects, and irradiated massive cortical allografts have been used since 1985 for major deficiencies of the femur. The femoral reconstruction technique differed according to the type of surgery: —After removal of a failed massive femoral prosthesis, a long-stem Charnley prosthesis was cemented in the proximal allograft and the distal host femoral shaft. —When revision of standard arthroplasties was performed, different surgical procedures were used according to the type of bone deficiency encountered, the goal being to preserve as much host bone as possible. We used either segmental allografts covered with the remaining host femoral cortex preserved with its soft tissue attachments, or segmental allografts impacted into an enlarged residual shaft. In other cases, a semi-circular allograft strut was used for replacing or reinforcing a deficient cortex. A cemented longstem Charnley prosthesis was generally used, but whenever possible a standard stem was implanted.From 1985 to the end of 1992, 102 upper femoral reconstructions for major revision arhtroplasties were performed in our department. Onlay struts had excellent results, always united, and complications were rare. Segmental allografts had a higher complication rate. The frequency of trochanteric complications (20%) implies firm initial fixation, apparently better ensured by plates, though screwing through the graft risks damaging it, as occurred once. Graft or prostheses failures were rare, and occurred mainly with large segmental allografts used in custommade massive prosthesis replacement, the conditions then being comparable with malignant tumor reconstruction surgery. When complications occurred, the benefit of initial bone stock repair was preserved in most cases, allowing easy further revision.Massive irradiated allografts appear to be an effective method in major femoral reconstructions. These results rely on safe bone banking procedures, which require predefined and strictly controlled methods. Good results also depend on suitable surgical techniques, particularly efficient graft stability, secure muscle reattachment, and reliable prostheses. The aim of the different surgical technics we used in revision arthroplasties was to obtain good anatomic situation, alignment and length, while preserving as much as possible of the residual host bone.     

Segmental proximal femoral bone loss and revision total hip replacement in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: the role of allograft prosthesis composite

The treatment of substantial proximal femoral bone loss in young patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is challenging. We retrospectively analysed the outcome of 28 patients (30 hips) with DDH who underwent revision total hip replacement (THR) in the presence of a deficient proximal femur, which was reconstructed with an allograft prosthetic composite. The mean follow-up was 15 years (8.5 to 25.5). The mean number of previous THRs was three (1 to 8). The mean age at primary THR and at the index reconstruction was 41 years (18 to 61) and 58.1 years (32 to 72), respectively. The indication for revision included mechanical loosening in 24 hips, infection in three and peri-prosthetic fracture in three. Six patients required removal and replacement of the allograft prosthetic composite, five for mechanical loosening and one for infection. The survivorship at ten, 15 and 20 years was 93% (95% confidence interval (CI) 91 to 100), 75.5% (95% CI 60 to 95) and 75.5% (95% CI 60 to 95), respectively, with 25, eight, and four patients at risk, respectively. Additionally, two junctional nonunions between the allograft and host femur required bone grafting and plating. An allograft prosthetic composite affords a good long-term outcome in the management of proximal femoral bone loss in revision THR in patients with DDH, while preserving distal host bone.     

Application of temporarily functional antibiotic-containing bone cement prosthesis in revision hip arthroplasty

Purpose

To investigate the clinical outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement prosthesis.

Materials and methods

Forty-one patients, who suffered from an infection after hip replacement or internal fixation of femoral neck and trochanteric fractures, were treated with a two-stage revision hip arthroplasty and followed up for an average of 37 months. All the patients were implanted with antibiotic-impregnated cement prosthesis as one-stage treatment and were then managed with two-stage revision hip arthroplasty after 12–24 weeks. During the follow-up, Merle d’Aubigné hip score and Harris score were employed for assessment of hip function, and infection recurrence was observed.

Results

According to Merle d’Aubigné hip score, 16 patients (39.2 %) were excellent, 19 (46.3 %) were good, 6 (14.6 %) were moderate, and no bad result and the average score was 15.42. Mean Harris score of preoperation, interval period, and postoperation was 46.7, 66.5, and 92.3, respectively. There was no infection recurrence.

Conclusion

Two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement prosthesis has a satisfying clinical outcome.     

Cementless reconstruction of massive tibial bone loss in revision total knee arthroplasty

Reconstruction of massive proximal tibial defects caused by failed cemented total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was evaluated using cancellous allograft and a rigidly fixed tibial component. Twenty patients with massive tibial defects requiring revision TKA were operated on using this technique from December 1984 to December 1986. All these had tight mediolateral capsular structures so that satisfactory varus-valgus stability was achieved. Only three had competent posterior cruciate ligaments. The tibial component had a cobalt chromium tray with a six-inch-long smooth stem, porous undersurface, and peripheral smooth pegs. Fixation was augmented with four cancellous screws that passed through the periphery of the tray and penetrated the cortical surface of the tibia. Good fixation of the tibial component was achieved in all cases at the time of surgery. All patients achieved full weight bearing within six months, and all but two were free of walking aids at one year postoperation. None of the patients developed apparent loosening of the femoral or tibial components. Two patients complained of mild pain and one who had revision of a painful but nonloosened cemented TKA complained of severe pain. Range of motion was 93 degrees +/- 7.6 degrees. Roentgenographic evaluation showed progressive increase in radiodensity in the grafted areas one year after surgery in all knees. One knee was revised for recurrent dislocation one year postoperation and had a biopsy of the allografted area. This biopsy showed trabeculae with empty lacunae surrounded by viable new bone. Allograft reconstruction of the proximal tibia for failed cemented TKA was highly successful using morselized allograft and rigid fixation of the tibial component.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer

 Infected hip prosthesis, a serious complication of primary total hip arthroplasty (THA), can have severe consequences. We report the treatment outcome of two-stage revision THA for infected hip arthroplasty, including hemiarthroplasty, using an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer for the interval between the first and second stages. Between 1996 and 2000 we performed this procedure on nine hips in eight patients. Cementless revision THA was performed as the second-stage procedure. Bone defects were restored with frozen allografts. The outcome was evaluated using the hip score of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA hip score). The mean duration of follow-up was 35.7 months (range 10–55 months). The mean JOA hip score at follow-up improved from 30.1 (range 10–74) to 73.2 (24–96). The mean interval between the first and second stages was 10.1 weeks (range 6–19 weeks). Eight of the nine hips achieved a successful outcome. One hip, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, experienced recurrence 4 months after revision THA. This patient was successfully treated 14 months after the first revision THA with a second two-stage procedure using a vancomycin- and arbekacin-impregnated cement spacer and beads. These results suggest that two-stage revision THA using an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer is a useful technique for treating infected hip arthroplasty. Received: January 21, 2002 / Accepted: September 18, 2002 Offprint requests to: N. Takahira     

Radiographic loosening after revision with gentamicin-containing cement for deep infection in total hip arthroplasties

Seventy-two infected total hip arthroplasties were revised with cement containing gentamicin and were followed up with regular radiograms for periods of up to six years. The infection healed in 61 cases and persisted in 11. An analysis of the radiographic changes in regard to the signs of loosening showed that about half of the cases with a healed infection had a minimal demarcation between bone and cement. In about one-third of the patients, a radiolucent zone of up to 2 mm in thickness developed during the first one to two years and then seemed to remain stable. In the other cases, a progressive resorption, indicating true loosening, was observed. All the cases with remaining infection (except one patient who died of heart disease) exhibited progressively increasing resorption zones. Progress, however, was possibly slowed by the effects of the gentamicin cement and the systemic antibiotic treatment.     

Results of hip revision using the Exeter stem, impacted allograft bone, and cement

The Exeter stem and impacted, morselized allograft bone and cement were used in the revisions of 18 consecutive femoral components (17 patients). The primary arthroplasty had been done because of osteoarthritis. All of the femoral components were revised for the first time because of aseptic loosening. The migration pattern of the Exeter stem after revision was studied using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. At 2 years after surgery, all 18 femoral stems had migrated in the distal direction (average, 2.5 mm). In addition, seven of the stems had migrated in the medial direction (average, 1.3 mm), and two stems had migrated in the lateral direction (0.5 mm and 1 mm, respectively). Sixteen of the femoral stems also had migrated in the posterior direction (average, 2.9 mm), but none migrated in the anterior direction. The migration rate decreased gradually with time during the followup. Six femoral stems continued to migrate between 1.5 and 2 years after surgery. In patients with major femoral bone deficiency at the time of hip revision, the use of impacted morselized allograft bone and cement yielded an initial fixation similar to that obtained in conventionally cemented revisions. Pain had improved in all patients at the 2-year followup.     

抗生素骨水泥间置器二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染

目的 探讨应用抗生素骨水泥间置器二期翻修治疗人工髋关节感染的疗效.方法 对14例初次髋关节置换术后感染的患者行二期翻修手术,所有患者一期手术取出假体并彻底清创,使用去甲万古霉素1 g与骨水泥20 g的抗生素骨水泥临时间置器,平均间隔(3.6±1.2)个月后二期置换.手术前后髋关节功能行Harris评分.结果 一期处理后所有伤口均愈合,14例均获随访,时间7～29(16±5.9)个月.术后无感染复发,随访期间无脱位、深静脉血栓形成、异位骨化等并发症.末次随访时Harris评分72～91(81±6.8)分,较术前22～51(39±8.1)分平均提高(42±1.7)分.优2例,良10例,可2例,无差病例.结论 彻底清创,采用抗生素骨水泥间置器为局部提供高浓度抗生素的二期翻修术是控制感染的有效措施.     

Large femoral bone loss after hip revision using the uncemented proximally porous-coated Bi-Metric prosthesis: 22 hips followed for a mean of 6 years

Background and purpose Periprosthetic bone loss after uncemented femoral hip revision is a matter of concern. We have used a proximally porous- and hydroxyapatite-coated prosthesis (Bi-Metric) in revision since 1989 and now we report the bone changes. This prosthesis is intended to distribute the forces more evenly and to avoid proximal femoral unloading.Methods 22 patients were unilaterally reoperated because of aseptic loosening. Only patients with a healthy contralateral hip were included. Mean age at revision was 69 (55–80) years. Bone defects were graded by Gustilo-Pasternak and Endo-Klinik classifications. Clinical assessment was performed with Harris hip score. We used radiographs and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to evaluate migration, femoral remodeling, and bone mineral density after 72 (30–158) months.Results The mean Harris hip score was 74 (30–100) points at follow-up. Mild thigh discomfort was present in 1 patient and moderate thigh pain in 3 patients. There was no loosening or subsidence. Osteolysis seen at revision had diminished in 19 of the 22 hips at follow-up. We noted a large reduction in bone mineral density. It was most pronounced in Gruen regions 1, 2, 6, and 7.Interpretation Revision with this stem is a reliable procedure; however, we noted a large degree of proximal bone loss that could lead to later mechanical complications or fractures.     

关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染

目的探讨全膝关节置换术后深部感染用自制的关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体治疗后二期再翻修的处理方法的临床效果。方法2001年1月～2007年4月间,采用二期再翻修的处理方法治疗6例全膝关节置换术后深部感染患者。女性4例,男性2例;年龄47～73岁,平均65岁。一期手术彻底清创,取出假体并置入自制可以活动的关节型抗生素骨水泥临时假体,术后即可早期活动并可以完全负重。术后选用敏感抗生素静脉滴注6周,感染治愈后再置入翻修假体。结果本组6例Ⅱ期再置换患者中,经二期翻修后随访26个月,膝关节活动度恢复至平均95°,（SS平均评分为73.5分,无出现感染复发。在使用抗生素骨水泥临时替代期间,2例患者不需要任何帮助行走,另外4例需要手仗帮助行走。但关节活动度均满意,平均为80°。结论采用关节型抗生素骨水泥临时替代假体可以成功治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染,在间歇期能够保留关节活动度,为二期再置换假体提供方便彻底治疗膝关节置换术后深部感染的好方法。     

Technique for fabrication of an antibiotic-loaded cement hemiarthroplasty (ANTILOCH) prosthesis for infected total hip arthroplasty

In North America, staged reimplantation is the preferred treatment for infected total hip arthroplasty. A simple technique for implantation of an antibiotic-loaded cement spacer molded in the shape of a hemiarthroplasty prosthesis is described. A Teflon mold was cast in the shape of an Austin Moore hip hemiarthroplasty prosthesis. This mold allows for fabrication of a solid antibiotic-loaded cement spacer that accurately reproduces the shape of a hemiarthroplasty prosthesis. This technique allows for easy insertion, patient comfort, between-stage mobility, and local concentric delivery of antibiotic.     

万古霉素磷钙骨水泥在人工髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修术中作用的实验研究

[目的]建立兔人工髋关节置换术后感染动物模型,探讨万古霉素磷酸钙骨水泥(VCMCPC)在人工全髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修术中的作用。[方法]新西兰大白兔60只,行人工髋关节置换术,术毕将含有1×108CFU耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌株的明胶海绵即刻置入至左侧髋关节内,建立兔人工髋关节置换术后感染模型。术后4周清创,植入药物缓释材料,间隔6周后行二期置换术,观察万古霉素磷酸钙骨水泥在人工全髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修术中的作用。[结果]耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌株接种后4周后所有动物的左侧髋关节均感染。二期再植和处死前各组感染率均下降,VCMCPC、VCMPMMA组感染率控制满意,而与对照组比较差异显著。[结论]载药CPC在人工髋关节置换术后感染二期翻修术中能明显降低感染复发率,可提高翻修成功率。