两种不同矫形器对早期内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎步态的影响

摘要 目的: 比较早期内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎（OA）患者在佩戴膝关节外翻矫形器与外侧楔形角矫形鞋垫后所产生的下肢生物力学变化及差异,探讨不同矫形器在早期内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎患者康复中的应用价值。 方法: 采用Vicon三维步态分析系统及Kislter测力台分别测评32例早期内侧间室型膝关节骨性关节炎患者在佩戴定制外侧楔形角矫形鞋垫（倾斜角5°）、膝关节外翻矫形器及无佩戴任何矫形器（测试期间均穿标准鞋）三种条件下的下肢关节运动学、动力学及时间空间参数。 结果: 相较于未佩戴任何矫形器情况,佩戴2种矫形器后膝关节内侧间室压力（膝关节内翻力矩,膝关节内翻角冲量）均明显降低（P<0.05）,此外佩戴外侧楔形角矫形鞋垫后患者踝关节外翻角度明显增加,足底压力中心明显向外侧偏移（P<0.05）。 结论: 两种不同的矫形器均有助于降低早期内侧间室型膝关节骨性关节炎患者在步行过程中膝内侧间室所产生的压力,两者治疗效果未见明显差异。     

Effects of footwear on medial compartment knee osteoarthritis

This pilot study investigated whether lateral-wedge insoles inserted into shock-absorbing walking shoes altered joint pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with symptomatic medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty-eight subjects wore full-length lateral-wedge insoles with an incline of 4 degrees in their walking shoes for 4 weeks. Pain, stiffness, and functional status were measured with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index at baseline and 4 weeks postintervention. Significant improvements were observed in all three WOMAC subscales (pain, stiffness, and function). Pain scores were significantly reduced for the most challenging activity-stair climbing. Subjects wore insoles daily and tolerated them well. The results of this study indicated that lateral-wedge insoles inserted into shock-absorbing walking shoes are an effective treatment for medial compartment knee OA.     

Effects of unloading bracing on knee and hip joints for patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis

Background

Osteoarthritis affects the whole body, thus biomechanical effects on other joints should be considered. Unloading knee braces could be effective for knee osteoarthritis, but their effects on the contralateral knee and bilateral hip joints remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of bracing on the kinematics and kinetics of involved and contralateral joints during gait.

Methods

Nineteen patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis were analysed. Kinematics and kinetics of the knee and hip joints in frontal and sagittal planes were measured during walking without and with bracing on the more symptomatic knee.

Findings

The ipsilateral hip in the braced condition showed a lower adduction angle by an average of 2.58° (range, 1.05°–4.16°) during 1%–49% of the stance phase, and a lower abduction moment at the second peak during the stance phase than the hip in the unbraced condition (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively). With bracing, the contralateral hip showed a more marked peak extension moment and lower abduction moment at the first peak (P < 0.05), and the contralateral knee adduction angle increased by an average of 0.32° (range, 0.21°–0.45°) during 46%–55% of the stance phase (P < 0.05), compared to no bracing.

Interpretation

Unloading bracing modified the contralateral knee adduction angle pattern at a specific time point during gait. It also affected the frontal plane on the ipsilateral hip and the frontal and sagittal planes on the contralateral hip joint. Consideration should be provided to other joints when treating knee osteoarthritis.     

佩带膝外翻支具膝骨关节炎患者膝关节的生物力学变化

背景:佩带膝关节外翻矫形器已被证明是一种可以有效减轻内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者疼痛的方法,但是佩带矫形器后的膝关节所产生的运动学以及动力学变化至今尚不明确。目的:观察内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者佩带膝关节矫形器前后的膝关节运动学以及动力学参数变化,便于为将来设计新型膝关节矫形器提供依据。方法:纳入20例内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者,分别通过三维步态分析系统和测力板对其在佩带膝外翻矫形器及不佩带膝外翻矫形器两种情况步行中的运动学及动力学参数进行采集,并进行对比。结果与结论:相比未佩带膝关节外翻支具,佩带膝关节外翻支具后患者在步行过程中膝关节内收力矩明显减小,与此同时膝关节内翻角度明显减小,外翻角度明显增加(P均<0.05),膝关节在步行过程中的最大屈曲角度以及时间空间参数差异无显著性意义。提示膝关节外翻矫形器可有效地通过增加内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者膝关节在步行过程中的外翻角度减小内翻角度从而降低膝内侧间室所承受的压力,与此同时纠正膝关节非正常对线。     

佩带膝外翻支具膝骨关节炎患者膝关节的生物力学变化

背景：佩带膝关节外翻矫形器已被证明是一种可以有效减轻内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者疼痛的方法,但是佩带矫形器后的膝关节所产生的运动学以及动力学变化至今尚不明确。目的：观察内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者佩带膝关节矫形器前后的膝关节运动学以及动力学参数变化,便于为将来设计新型膝关节矫形器提供依据。方法：纳入20例内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者,分别通过三维步态分析系统和测力板对其在佩带膝外翻矫形器及不佩带膝外翻矫形器两种情况步行中的运动学及动力学参数进行采集,并进行对比。结果与结论：相比未佩带膝关节外翻支具,佩带膝关节外翻支具后患者在步行过程中膝关节内收力矩明显减小,与此同时膝关节内翻角度明显减小,外翻角度明显增加（P均〈0.05）,膝关节在步行过程中的最大屈曲角度以及时间空间参数差异无显著性意义。提示膝关节外翻矫形器可有效地通过增加内侧间室膝骨关节炎患者膝关节在步行过程中的外翻角度减小内翻角度从而降低膝内侧间室所承受的压力,与此同时纠正膝关节非正常对线。     

Efficacy of knee braces and foot orthoses in conservative management of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review

A systematic analysis was conducted on the effectiveness of knee braces and foot orthoses in conservative management of knee osteoarthritis. The methodologic quality of the randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, and observational studies were systematically reviewed using the Structured Effectiveness Quality Evaluation Scale. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. The orthoses used in the studies included Generation II osteoarthritis knee brace, valgus knee braces, functional off-loading knee braces, knee sleeves, lateral-wedged insoles with subtalar strapping, medial-wedged insoles, and specialized footwear. Results suggest that knee braces and foot orthoses are effective in decreasing pain, joint stiffness, and drug dosage. They also improve proprioception, balance, Kellgren/Lawrence grading, and physical function scores in subjects with varus and valgus knee osteoarthritis. Knee braces and foot orthoses could be cautiously considered as conservative management for relief of pain and stiffness and improving physical function for persons with knee osteoarthritis. The conclusions of this review are limited by methodologic considerations like poor quality of trials and heterogeneity of interventions.     

Effects of a customized biomechanical therapy on patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that a customized biomechanical therapy can improve symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. These studies were small and did not compare the improvements across gender, age, BMI or initial severity of knee osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of new biomechanical therapy on the pain, function and quality of life of patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.MethodsSix hundred and fifty-four patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis were examined before and after 12 weeks of a personalized biomechanical therapy (AposTherapy). Patients were evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index and SF-36 Health Survey.ResultsAfter 12 weeks of treatment, the WOMAC-pain and WOMAC-function subscales were significantly lower compared to baseline (both P ≤ 0.001). All eight categories of the SF-36 health survey significantly improved after treatment (all P ≤ 0.001). Females and younger patients showed greater improvements with therapy.ConclusionsTwelve weeks of a customized biomechanical therapy (AposTherapy) improved symptoms of patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. We recommend that this therapy will be integrated in the management of knee osteoarthritis.     

Hip abductor function in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis: Implications for medial compartment loading during gait

Background

Hip abductor muscles generate moments of force that control lower extremity frontal plane motion. Strengthening these muscles has been a recent trend in therapeutic intervention studies for knee osteoarthritis. The current study investigated the relationship between hip abductor muscle function (strength and activation) and the net external knee adduction moment during gait in those with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

54 individuals with moderate knee osteoarthritis walked at their self-selected velocity while gluteus medius electromyograms, segment motions and ground reaction forces were recorded. Net external knee adduction moment (KAM) and linear enveloped electromyographic profiles were calculated. Peak KAM was determined and then principal component analyses (PCA) were applied to KAM and electromyographic profiles. Isometric hip abductor strength, anthropometrics and gait velocity were measured. Multiple regression models evaluated the relationship between walking velocity, hip abductor strength, electromyographic variables recorded during gait and KAM waveform characteristics.

Findings

Minimal peak KAM variance was explained by abductor strength (R² = 9%, P = 0.027). PCA-based KAM waveform characteristics were not explained by abductor strength. Overall gluteus medius amplitude (PP1-scores) was related to a reduction in the bi-modal KAM (PP3-scores) pattern (R² = 16%, P = 0.003).

Interpretation

There was no clear relationship between hip abductor muscle strength and specific amplitude and temporal KAM characteristics. Higher overall gluteus medius activation amplitude was related to a sustained KAM during mid-stance. 84 to 90% of the variance in KAM waveform characteristics was not explained by hip abductor muscle function showing hip abductor muscle function has minimal association to KAM characteristics.     

不同外侧楔形矫形鞋垫对内侧间室膝骨性关节炎患者步态的影响

目的:通过比较早期内侧间室膝骨性关节炎患者在佩戴传统与新型外侧楔形角矫形鞋垫(LW)后步行过程中所产生的下肢生物力学变化及差异,探讨新型设计的LW在早期内侧间室骨关节炎康复治疗中的应用价值。方法:采用英国Vicon三维步态分析系统配合Kislter测力台分别测评30例早期内侧间室型膝骨性关节炎患者在佩戴传统LW(楔形角5°)、新型带足弓支撑的LW(楔形角5°)及无佩戴任何矫形器(测试过程中均穿标准鞋)3种不同条件下的下肢关节运动学、动力学及时间空间参数变化。结果:相较于未佩戴任何矫形鞋垫情况,佩戴2种LW后膝关节载荷(膝关节内翻力矩,膝关节内翻角冲量)均显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,佩戴传统的LW后患者步行过程中踝关节外翻角度、外翻力矩及地面反作用力内侧方向较其他2种方式明显增加(P<0.05),而佩戴新型LW后下肢前进角度较其他2种方式显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:两种不同设计的LW均有助于缓解早期内侧间室型膝骨性关节炎患者运动过程中的膝关节载荷,且未见明显差异。但相较于传统外侧楔形矫形鞋垫,带有足弓支撑设计的矫形鞋垫佩戴后更为舒适,且不会引起踝关节内侧应力的增加。     

微创截骨手术方案对内侧间室膝关节骨关节炎患者的疗效及满意度的影响

目的探讨微创截骨手术方案对内侧间室膝关节骨关节炎(KOA)患者疗效及满意度的影响。方法研究对象选取该院2016年1月-2017年6月收治的内侧间室KOA患者共140例,以随机数字表法分为对照组(70例)和试验组(70例),分别采用常规截骨手术和关节镜下截骨手术治疗;比较两组术后满意度、手术前后内侧间隙、外翻角、WOMAC评分、Lysholm评分、血清基质金属蛋白酶-1(MMP-1)、基质金属蛋白酶-3(MMP-3)水平及术后并发症发生率。结果两组术后满意度比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后内侧间隙和外翻角比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);试验组术后WOMAC和Lysholm评分均明显优于对照组和术前(P 0.05);试验组术后血清MMP-1和MMP-3水平均明显低于对照组和术前(P 0.05);同时两组早期膝关节无力发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创截骨手术方案治疗内侧间室KOA能够有效缓解相关症状,改善肢体活动功能,且有助于降低血清MMPs水平,价值优于常规截骨手术方案。     

不同时期膝关节镜检+单髁关节置换对前内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎患者膝关节功能的影响

目的 研究不同时期膝关节镜检+单髁关节置换对前内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎患者膝关节功能的影响。方法 回顾性分析2015年10月－2019年10月该院收治的100例前内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎患者的临床资料,所有患者均行膝关节镜检+单髁关节置换。其中,56例行同期手术治疗的患者作为观察组（Outerbridge分级为Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级）,44例行分期手术治疗的患者作为对照组（Outerbridge分级为Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级）。比较两组患者的临床疗效、手术相关指标、治疗前及治疗后3、6和12个月的膝关节活动度、治疗前后膝关节功能评分［疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、牛津大学膝关节评分（OKS）和美国西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨性关节炎指数（WOMAC）评分］,以及术后并发症发生情况。结果 观察组总有效率为94.64%,与对照组的88.64%比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。观察组手术时间和住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。两组患者治疗后3、6和12个月膝关节活动度较治疗前增大,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,但不同时期组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组患者治疗后VAS、OKS和WOMAC评分较治疗前降低（P < 0.05）;观察组治疗后WOMAC和OKS评分较对照组低（P < 0.05）;两组患者VAS比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。患者均未发生严重并发症,两组患者并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 同期与分期行膝关节镜检+单髁关节置换治疗前内侧间室膝关节骨性关节炎,临床疗效相当,但同期膝关节镜检 + 单踝关节置换可促进膝关节功能恢复,值得临床推广。     

The influence of sex and obesity on gait biomechanics in people with severe knee osteoarthritis scheduled for arthroplasty

BackgroundSex and body mass may influence knee biomechanics associated with poor total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes for knee osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to determine if gait differed between men and women, and overweight and class I obese patients with severe knee OA awaiting TKA.Methods34 patients with severe knee OA (average age 70.0 (SD 7.2) years, body mass index 30.3 (4.1 kg/m²)) were recruited from a TKA waiting list. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed at self-selected walking speed. Comparisons were made between men and women, and overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25.0–29.9 kg/m²) and class I obese (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m²) participants. Biomechanical outcomes included absolute and body size-adjusted peak knee adduction moment (KAM), KAM impulse, peak knee flexion moment, as well as peak knee flexion and varus-valgus angles, peak varus-valgus thrust, and peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF).FindingsMen had a higher absolute peak KAM, KAM impulse and peak GRF compared to women, and this sex-difference in frontal plane moments remained after adjusting for body size. However, when additionally adjusting for static knee alignment, differences disappeared. Knee biomechanics were similar between obesity groups after adjusting for the greater body weight of those with class I obesity.InterpretationMen had greater KAM and KAM impulse even after adjustment for body size; however adjustment for their more varus knees removed this difference. Obesity group did not influence knee joint kinematics or moments. This suggests sex- and obesity-differences in these variables may not be associated with TKA outcomes.     

Effects of foot orthoses and valgus bracing on the knee adduction moment and medial joint load during gait

BACKGROUND: Lateral shoe wedges and valgus knee braces are designed to decrease the force acting in the medial knee compartment by reducing the external adduction moment applied at the knee. The biomechanical changes introduced by these orthoses can be relatively small. Computer modeling and simulation offers an alternative approach for assessing the biomechanical performance of these devices. METHODS: A three-dimensional model of the lower-limb was used to calculate muscle, ligament, and joint loading at the knee during gait. A lateral shoe wedge was simulated by moving the center of pressure of the ground reaction force up to 5mm laterally. A valgus knee brace was simulated by applying abduction moments of up to 12 Nm at the knee. FINDINGS: Knee adduction moment and medial compartment load decreased linearly with lateral displacement of the center of pressure of the ground reaction force. A 1 mm displacement of the center of pressure decreased the peak knee adduction moment by 2%, while the peak medial compartment load was reduced by 1%. Knee adduction moment and medial compartment force also decreased linearly with valgus moments applied about the knee. A 1 Nm increase in brace moment decreased the peak knee adduction moment by 3%, while the peak medial compartment load was reduced by 1%. INTERPRETATION: Changes in knee joint loading due to lateral shoe wedges and valgus bracing are small and may be difficult to measure by conventional gait analysis methods. The relationships between lateral shift in the center of pressure of the ground force, valgus brace moment, knee adduction moment, and medial joint load can be quantified and explained using computer modeling and simulation. These relationships may serve as a useful guide for evaluating the biomechanical efficacy of a generic wedge insole or knee brace.     

Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on ankle and foot kinematics in patient with ankle osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine if different foot orthoses have a similar effect on foot kinematics in subjects with ankle osteoarthritis (OA) when walking on various ground conditions. DESIGN: Within-subject comparisons study. SETTING: Biomechanics research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen subjects with unilateral ankle OA. INTERVENTIONS: Custom-made ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), rigid hindfoot orthosis (HFO-R), and articulated hindfoot orthosis (HFO-A) were used by subjects when walking on level, ascending and descending ramp, and side-slope conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The range of motion of the hindfoot (calcaneus relative to tibia) and forefoot (metatarsal relative to calcaneus) was measured using an 8-camera motion analysis system. RESULTS: The AFO and HFO-R provided the best sagittal plane hindfoot motion restriction over all ground conditions (P<.001). The HFO-R allowed the greatest sagittal plane forefoot motion when walking over level (P=.01) and side-slope (P<.02) conditions, the greatest frontal plane forefoot motion walking down the ramp (P=.003), and the greatest transverse plane forefoot motion when walking over level (P=.011) and ramp-ascending conditions (P=.005). The HFO-A restricted motion of the unaffected joint and did not effectively restrict hindfoot motion. CONCLUSIONS: The HFO-R not only provides selective restriction to the ankle-hindfoot motion, but also allows sufficient forefoot motion compared with the AFO. We consider the HFO-R to be the best option of all tested orthoses for treating patients with ankle OA pain arising from ankle motion.     

Effects of ankle-foot orthoses on ankle and foot kinematics in patients with subtalar osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether different foot orthoses have a similar effect on foot kinematics in subjects with subtalar osteoarthritis (OA) when walking on various ground conditions. DESIGN: Within-subject comparison study. SETTING: Biomechanics research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Ten subjects with unilateral subtalar OA. INTERVENTIONS: Custom-made ankle foot orthosis (AFO), rigid hindfoot orthosis (HFO-R), and articulated hindfoot orthosis (HFO-A) were used by subjects walking on level, ascending, and descending ramp, and side slope conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The triplanar range of motion of the calcaneus relative to tibia (hindfoot) and metatarsal relative to calcaneus (forefoot) was measured using an 8-camera motion analysis system when subjects with subtalar OA wore different foot orthoses. RESULTS: Braces tended to perform similarly in reducing motion of the forefoot and hindfoot for all ground conditions when compared with unbraced but wearing shoes. The AFO significantly restricted frontal plane hindfoot motion during ramp descent (P<.01) and on a side slope when the arthritic subtalar joint was higher than the unaffected side (P=.02). The HFO-A provided significant frontal plane hindfoot motion restriction during ramp descent (P<.01) and on a side slope when the arthritic subtalar joint was lower than the unaffected side (P=.03). The HFO-R significantly restricted frontal plane hindfoot motion in all ground conditions except ramp ascent (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The HFO-R provides significant subtalar joint motion restriction while walking. The HFO-R may be considered an optimal orthosis for patients with subtalar OA pain arising from subtalar motion.     

Lateral wedge insoles for medial knee osteoarthritis: effects on lower limb frontal plane biomechanics

Background

Lateral wedges reduce the peak knee adduction moment and are advocated for knee osteoarthritis. However some patients demonstrate adverse biomechanical effects with treatment. Clinical management is hampered by lack of knowledge about their mechanism of effect. We evaluated effects of lateral wedges on frontal plane biomechanics, in order to elucidate mechanisms of effect.

Methods

Seventy three participants with knee osteoarthritis underwent gait analysis with and without 5° lateral wedges. Frontal plane parameters at the foot, knee and hip were evaluated, including peak knee adduction moment, knee adduction angular impulse, center of pressure displacement, ground reaction force, and knee-ground reaction force lever arm.

Findings

Lateral wedges reduced peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction angular impulse (− 5.8% and − 6.3% respectively, both P < 0.001). Although reductions in peak moment were correlated with more lateral center of pressure (r = 0.25, P < 0.05), less varus malalignment (r values 0.25-0.38, P < 0.05), reduced knee-ground reaction force lever arm (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), less hip adduction (r = 0.24, P < 0.05) and a more vertical frontal plane ground reaction force vector (r = 0.67, P < 0.001), only reduction in knee-ground reaction force lever arm was significantly predictive in regression analyses (B = 0.056, adjusted R² = 0.461, P < 0.001).

Interpretation

Lateral wedges significantly reduce peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction angular impulse. It seems a reduced knee-ground reaction force lever arm with lateral wedges is the central mechanism explaining their load-reducing effects. In order to understand why some patients do not respond to treatment, future evaluation of patient characteristics that mediate wedge effects on this lever arm is required.     

新型动力式踝足矫形器在脑性瘫痪患儿中的应用

目的研究动力式踝足矫形器对痉挛性脑性瘫痪患者步态和稳定性的影响。方法10例曾配戴标准式踝足矫形器患者使用动力式踝足矫形器,用目测法观察动力式踝足矫形器对患者行走时步态周期的影响。结果动力式踝足矫形器可在矢状面允许踝足有背屈和跖屈活动,患儿的步态更接近正常。结论使用动力式踝足矫形器能更好地改善步态,增加稳定性。