Anatomic pathway of fluid leakage in fluid-overload pulmonary edema in mice.

Mice were given an intravenous injection of isotonic saline containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as an ultrastructural marker in an attempt to determine the site of fluid leakage from the vascular space to the air space in the lung. The localization of HRP was studied by ultrastructural histochemistry. When injected in a small volume of saline (0.1 ml), HRP was confined in the vascular space. When the volume of saline was increased to 1.0 ml, the reaction product of HRP was found first in the intercellular junctions of the arterial endothelium and then through the arterial wall. The reaction product was traced from the arterial wall to the peribronchiolar tissue, bronchiolar wall, and the intercellular space of the bronchiolar epithelium. HRP was seen in direct contact with the air space in the bronchiole. It is suggested that in fluid-overload pulmonary edema, fluid leaks through the arterial wall to the peribronchiolar tissue and then into the intercellular space of the bronchiolar epithelium. Alveolar is probably a result of the backflow of fluid from the bronchiole.     

The red blood cell glutathione reductase activity in anaemic rats

The enzyme activity of glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) was measured in rat red blood cells separated centrifugally in a density gradient of Percoll. The animals were divided into three groups: Groups IPHH, anaemia was induced by administration of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride; Group IITr, anaemia was induced by intense physical training; and Group C, control group. The activity of active and inactive forms of GR were higher in erythrocytes of animals from groups IPHH and IITr, both in young and old forms of cells, than in red cells of control rats, the degree of decrease in activity of both forms of GR in senescent red cells is similar in different kinds of anaemia.     

抗SRBC杂交瘤细胞株的建立及其在细胞毒T细胞功能测定中的应用

本文报告用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术建立抗SRBC的杂交瘤细胞株MX-87的方法及其应用情况。MX-87具有H-2~d表型并分泌IgM类抗SRBC单克隆抗体。用微量溶血空斑试验检查,每个MX-87杂交瘤细胞都可以形成一个清晰、透明的空斑。以这个杂交瘤细胞作为靶细胞,用空斑减少试验可以敏感地检测细胞毒T细胞(CTL)的功能。本文探讨了用溶血空斑减少试验进行CTL功能测定的最适条件。     

暴发性肝功能衰竭大鼠肺血管壁通透性、血气的变化及其与内毒素血症的关系

本实验对硫代乙酰胺所致暴发性肝损伤大鼠肺血管壁通透性及血气的变化进行了观察。结果表明,肝损伤大鼠出现暴发性肝功能衰竭症状时,其肺血管对伊文思蓝的通透性增加(P<0.05),血浆内毒素水平亦较正常动物为高(P<0.05)。血气分析表现为动脉血CO_2分压增高(P<0.05);pH降低,且其水平与血浆内毒素浓度呈负相关(r=-0.730,P<0.05),70%大鼠出现混合性酸中毒,但动脉血氧分压及血氧饱和度无变化。     

L-精氨酸对大鼠高肺血流所致肺血管结构重建及内源性硫化氢的影响

探讨L 精氨酸 (L Arg)对高肺血流量所致大鼠肺血管结构重建和内源性硫化氢的影响及其机制。 2 1只SD大鼠随机分为对照组 (n =7) ,分流组 (n =7) ,分流 +L 精氨酸组 (n =7)。对后两组大鼠行腹主动脉、下腔静脉分流术。对分流 +L 精氨酸组大鼠每天灌胃L Arg 1g kg。 1 1周后观察肺动脉平均压 (mPAP)和右心室肥厚的改变。并且在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下观测肺血管结构的变化。测定血浆硫化氢含量和肺组织硫化氢产出率。结果表明 ,分流组大鼠mPAP、右心室 /体重 (RV BW)及右心室 /左心室 +室间隔 [RV (LV +S) ]比值明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,光镜下肺小血管肌化程度明显增强 ,电镜下 ,肺中、小肌型动脉内皮细胞增生、肥厚 ,平滑肌细胞由收缩表型向合成表型转化。分流组大鼠的血浆H2 S含量及肺组织CSE活性 (肺组织H2 S产出率 )明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,肺动脉平均压与血浆H2 S浓度呈负相关。同时L Arg缓解了肺动脉结构重建的形成 ,同时提高了内源性硫化氢水平 ,这可能是L Arg缓解高肺血流量所致肺动脉高压形成的机制之一。     

肌肉浆嵌塞法治疗脑脊液漏的临床应用

目的 观察自体肌肉浆嵌塞于脑脊液漏口治疗脑脊液漏的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2006年10月—2015年6月江苏省苏北人民医院神经外科15例脑脊液漏患者的临床资料,其中男10例,女5例;年龄24～67岁,平均48.6岁。外伤性脑脊液鼻漏5例,手术后脑脊液鼻漏8例,颅鼻沟通性肿瘤术中颅底修补2例。均采用自体肌肉浆嵌塞于漏口的方法修补脑脊液漏,其中内镜下经鼻漏口修补9例,开颅颅底修补6例。结果 15例患者均一次修补成功,手术时间2.5～4.5 h,平均3.5 h;术中出血量50～300 mL,平均150 mL。15例患者均获随访3～36个月,平均12个月。随访期间复查头颅CT、MRI,无脑脊液漏复发。结论 肌肉浆柔韧性和顺应性良好,结构致密,利用肌肉浆嵌塞于漏口可有效封堵脑脊液漏,临床疗效好,值得推广使用。     

Simultaneous detection of two cell surface antigens by a red blood cell rosette-microsphere binding method,and its application to the study of multiple myeloma

A sensitive method for the simultaneous detection of 2 cell surface antigens is described. One antigen is defined by a monoclonal antibody which is subsequently detected by binding bovine red blood cells coated with a suitable antibody. The second antigen is detected by antibody coated, small, highly fluorescent microspheres. The cells can be counted under visible light, or under low intensity visible light together with UV light and no switching of the illumination or filter systems is required to distinguish positive and negative cells. The application of the procedure to finding myeloma idiotype positive B cells in the blood of patients with multiple myeloma is described.     

The evolution of red blood cell and lymphocyte Ro/SSA.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the Ro/SSA autoantigen is heterogeneous as is the corresponding autoimmune response. In addition the autoimmune responses is highly species specific and preferentially reactive with the human antigen. Quantitative ELISA study shows that red blood cell Ro/SSA evolves much more rapidly than lymphocyte Ro/SSA and Western Blot analysis shows that the quantitative ELISA results are mirrored by changes in the 60 kD Ro/SSA molecules but not the 52 kD and 54 kD Ro/SSA molecules. The 52 kD and 54 kD Ro/SSA molecules seem to be relatively conserved as indicated by the Western immunoblotting experiments. These studies add weight to the concept that the antigenic epitopes of these related proteins are under the control of separate genes which have undergone different rates of evolution.     

高肺血流量所致肺动脉高压大鼠肺血管结构和气体信使分子的变化

目的:探讨高肺血流量所致肺动脉高压大鼠肺血管结构和两种气体信使分子的变化。方法:对大鼠行腹主动脉-下腔静脉分流术。11周后,以右心导管法测定肺动脉平均压(PAMP)。检测右心室/体重(RV/BW)和右心室/左心室+室间隔(RV/LV+S)比值。观测肺血管显微及超微结构的变化。并且以分光光度计测定血浆一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化碳(CO)含量,以免疫组织化学方法检测肺动脉内皮细胞内皮型NO合酶(eNOS)和平滑肌细胞血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的表达。结果:分流组大鼠PAMP、RV/BW及RV/(LV+S)比值明显高于对照组(P均<001)。光镜下,肺小血管肌化程度明显增强,肺中、小型肌型动脉相对中膜面积及厚度明显增加。电镜下,肺腺泡内动脉内皮细胞增生、变性,内弹力层粗细不均,平滑肌细胞肥厚、向合成表型转化。并且分流组大鼠血浆NO含量明显高于对照组(P<001),肺动脉内皮细胞eNOS表达明显增强。而分流组大鼠血浆CO含量和肺动脉平滑肌细胞HO-1表达与对照组相比无明显变化。结论:肺血管结构重建是左向右分流所致肺动脉高压的重要病理基础,NO体系可能在其形成中起重要的调节作用。     

内毒素血症时大鼠肝细胞线粒体损伤及其机制的研究

目的:观察急性感染性内毒素血症大鼠肝细胞线粒体呼吸链的损伤及其机制。方法:将体重在250-280g健康SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、内毒素组。提取内毒素血症大鼠肝细胞线粒体,测定其超氧阴离子O₂生成量,同时测定线粒体呼吸链功能:复合体Ⅱ+Ⅲ的电子传递与质子转移定量关系(H⁺/2e^-)、ADP/O、呼吸控制率(RCR)。结果:内毒素血症大鼠肝细胞线粒体电子漏显著增加;大鼠肝细胞线粒体以琥珀酸为底物的态4和态3呼吸速率增加,ADP/O、RCR及复合体Ⅱ+Ⅲ的H⁺/2e^-显著降低。结论:在内毒素血症的发病机制中存在由于肝细胞线粒体内源性氧自由基生成增加对线粒体呼吸功能所造成的氧化损伤。     

Detection of bacteria in red blood cell concentrates by the Scansystem method

Bacterial contamination remains one of the major risks associated with blood product transfusion. The kinetics of bacterial growth in red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) is different than otherwise due to storage at 4 degrees C, conditions in which most bacteria do not survive. Psychrophilic bacteria such as Yersinia enterocolitica, however, can proliferate from a very low level of contamination to clinically significant levels at 4 degrees C and are known to cause severe transfusion-related infections. A screening method allowing the early detection of very low levels of bacteria in RBCC would improve transfusion safety. The Scansystem method has been previously described for detection of bacteria in platelet concentrates. We present here a modification of the system for detection of low levels of bacteria in RBCC. The Scansystem RBC kit protocol requires three steps, i.e., the agglutination and selective removal of RBCs, a labeling stage during which bacteria are labeled with a DNA-specific fluorophore, and finally recovery of bacteria on the surface of a black membrane for analysis using the Scansystem. The entire procedure from sampling to result can be completed in 90 min. Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in RBCC are detected with a higher sensitivity than with currently available culture-based methods. The Scansystem RBC kit is shown to be sensitive enough to identify low-level bacterial contamination in a single unit tested in a pool of up to 20 RBCC samples (detection limit of between 1 and 10 CFU/ml depending on the bacterial strain). The method therefore lends itself to incorporation into high-sample-throughput screening programs.     

Stability of spiculated red blood cells induced by intercalation of amphiphiles in cell membrane

The stability of speculated red blood cells, induced by intercalation of amphiphilic molecules into the cell membrane, is studied. It is assumed that the stable red blood cell shape corresponds to the minimum of its membrane elastic energy, which consists of the local and non-local bilayer bending energies and of the skeleton shear elastic energy. The cell volume and the membrane area are kept constant. It is calculated that the number of spicules of the stable echinocytic shape is larger when the amphiphile concentration is higher, which is in agreement with experimental observations. Also, it is established that, in explaining the stability of the echinocytic shape of the red blood cell, it is necessary to include the membrane skeleton shear elasticity.     

Pseudo-leptospires in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and blood cell cultures.

Two types of microscopic filaments were observed in mucous and fluid obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL). Filaments in mucous smears were probably cilia from desquamated ciliated epithelial cells. Those in BAL fluid, resembling leptospira, may originate from platelets as similar filaments were produced in vitro by exposing platelets to thrombin.     

The red blood cell and vascular function in health and disease

Nitric oxide (NO) is widely accepted as a central regulator of vascular tone and a vast array of other cardiovascular signaling mechanisms. An emerging player in these mechanisms is hemoglobin (Hb), an erythrocytic protein that serves as the archetypical model for an allosteric protein. Specifically, red blood cells (RBC) are suggested to be integral in matching blood flow to tissue oxygen demands. The mechanisms proposed involve the ability of Hb to sense changes in oxygen concentrations and coupling this process to modulating vascular NO levels. The molecular basis of these mechanisms remains under investigation, but is clearly diverse and discussed in this article from the basis of the blood flow responses to hypoxia. Another emerging theme in RBC biology is the role of these cells during inflammatory disease in which disease processes promote the interaction of vascular NO and the RBC. This is exemplified in hemolytic diseases, in which released Hb has drastic affects on vascular homeostasis mechanisms. Additionally, it is becoming evident that RBC express numerous molecules that mediate interactions with the extracellular matrix and cellular mediators of inflammation. The functional implications for such interactions remain unclear but highlight potential roles of the RBC in modulating inflammatory disease.     

Organ distribution of sheep red blood cells in ALS-treated rats.

The inter-organ distribution of radioactivity in rats injected with 51Cr-labelled SRBC is altered after treatment with ALS absorbed with this antigen. The alteration is due to the presence of soluble SRBC antigens in the serum and subsequent immunization of the tested animals. The 51Cr distribution does not correspond to the uptake of antigenic material in immunized rats.