富硒益生菌发酵及生物活性研究进展

硒是维持人体正常生理功能必需的元素之一，适量摄入具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、增强人体免疫等多种功能。很多益生菌能将无机硒转化为有机硒和纳米硒(SeNPs)，可降低硒毒性，并促进人体吸收。富硒益生菌兼具硒和益生菌的双重功效，对人体健康有重要作用，在食品、药品开发方面具有广阔的市场前景。该文综述了近年来富硒益生菌发酵及生物活性的基础研究，并对当前重点研究的一些富硒益生菌进行阐述。     

如何补硒

硒对人体是一种很有益的必需微量元素，它可以抗癌防癌，防治心血管病，治疗克山病和大骨节病，防衰老，防治关节炎、肝病等，体内如果缺硒就会出现相应病症，那么如何补硒呢? 　　许多缺硒地区，光靠每天从食物中摄取硒是不足以保证健康的。美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、西欧国家及我国都是明显的地区性严重缺硒的国家。粗略地估算平均一个美国人每天的硒摄入量是70～100毫克，而我国大体上只有30～70微克，而一些硒专家认为，为了维持人的生理活动的正常健康，每天摄入量应为150～200微克在补硒中还要考虑各种对硒有拮抗效应元素的摄入量。例如，有些地区的砷含量相应高，则相应地应该提高硒的摄入量。 　　补硒的药物有亚硒酸钠，该药在我国克山病地区已得到应用，并收到良好效果。除了口服外，还可把该药掺在食盐中或粮食中作为群众性给药的方式。口服剂量以元素硒计，成人约每天250微克，儿童50～100微克，这样的剂量非常安全。 　　还有一种大家公认经特殊方法培养的含硒酵母，例如面包酵母或啤酒酵母即是理想的硒药剂，硒酵母主要优点是它比无机硒盐更容易消化吸收，且副作用和可能的毒性较小。 　　在提高血硒水平方面，硒酵母比亚硒酸钠有明显的优越性，其效率比后者大20倍以上。 　　目前，我国已开始了合成含硒酵母的工作和用于临床治疗缺硒病人。(孙乃强)     

康强硒在恶性肿瘤治疗中的作用

康强硒在恶性肿瘤治疗中的作用太原康强生化制药厂（０３００１３）王锦山西省肿瘤医院刘清俊山西省预防医学会张肖渺硒不仅是人体的必需微量元素，近年来的研究表明，硒还有治疗肿瘤的作用。康强硒是富含硒多糖、硒蛋白、硒氨基酸、富硒卟啉等多种生物活性硒成分的粉剂。...     

有机硒药物的研究进展及开发应用前景

随着对微量元素硒的生物作用认识的不断深入，有机硒化合物作为药物的研究开发越来越受到重视。硒杂环、二硒醚、硒醚及硒氰等有机硒化合物在抗氧化、抗炎症、抗肿瘤以及免疫调节等方面均取得了进展。其中依布硒啉及硒唑呋喃已应用于临床，并取得了良好疗效。有机硒药物为活怕氧相关疾病的治疗提供了一条很有前途的治疗手段，具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

制备富硒产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)的条件优化

利用富硒酵母菌的新陈代谢和菌体繁殖，通过对发酵培养基组成及发酵条件的优化，如对C源、N源、硒浓度、PH、装液量以及发酵时间等因素进行了探讨。在实验室条件下制备出高硒酵母并得到最优发酵条件，优化后所得到富硒酵母的生物量、细胞硒含量以及总硒含量比优化前都提高了1倍多。     

硒在预防和治疗肿瘤中的作用及应用进展

硒是人体必需的微量元素之一．近年来大量研充表明硒对肝癌、胃癌、大肠癌，前列腺癌、肺癌等多种肿瘤具有显著的预防和洁疗作用。本文就硒在预防和治疗肿瘤中的作用及应用进展，从硒的抗肿瘤作用机制，人群干预实验和硒的抗肿瘤临床应用三个方面作一综述。     

12种海藻硒含量及其分布特点的研究

本文探讨了硒在海藻中的含量及分布特点。绿藻含硒量高，红藻次之、褐藻最低，硒主要与蛋白质结合。     

烟叶硒蛋白对人红细胞的辐射溶血及自由基的作用

本文观察了烟叶硒蛋白对人红细胞６０Ｃｏγ照射溶血的影响，发现硒蛋白对红细胞γ照射溶血有极好的预防效果，同时采用电子自旋共振法（ＥＳＲ）发现硒蛋白对羟自由基有明显的清除作用，并具有明显的剂量－效应关系，在相同浓度下具有优于亚硒酸钠及不含硒的同类蛋白的作用，提示硒蛋白有更好的生物效应。     

部份抗癌中草药微量元素硒的含量测定

用２、３－二氨基萘（ＤＡＮ）荧光法测定了抗癌中草药与普通中草药各１４种的硒含量，其平均值抗癌中草药高于普通中草药，两者硒有含量显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本研究提示中草药的硒含量与其抗肿瘤活性有关，同种药用植物的中草药，由于药用部位不同，其硒含量亦有差异。     

硒酸酯多糖

硒酸酯多糖硒酸酯多糖，又名硒化卡拉胶（Ｋａｐｐａ－Ｓｅｌｅｎｏｃａｒｒａｅｅｎａｎ），上海天赐福生物工程有限公司专利商品名“硒宝康”胶囊，是由微量元素硒与天然产物硫酸酯多糖通过化学合成的方法，形成含硒的生物活性多糖。生理作用１．构成谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶...     

Conformations of platypus venom C-type natriuretic peptide in aqueous solution and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the conformations of the platypus venom C-type natriuretic peptide A (OvCNPa) in aqueous solutions and in solutions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The chemically synthesized OvCNPa showed a substantial decrease in flexibility in aqueous solution at 10 degrees C, allowing the observation of medium- and long-range nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) connectivities. Three-dimensional structures calculated using these data showed flexible and reasonably well-defined regions, the locations of which were similar in the two solvents. In aqueous solution, the linear part that spans residues 3-14 was basically an extended conformation while the cyclic portion, defined by residues 23-39, contained a series of beta-turns. The overall shape of the cyclic portion was similar to that observed for an atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) variant in aqueous solution. OvCNPa adopted a different conformation in SDS micelles wherein the N-terminal region, defined by residues 2-10, was more compact, characterised by turns and a helix, while the cyclic region had turns and an overall shape that was fundamentally different from those structures observed in aqueous solution. The hydrophobic cluster, situated at the centre of the ring of the structure in aqueous solution, was absent in the structure in the presence of SDS micelles. Thus, OvCNPa interacts with SDS micelles and can possibly form ion-channels in cell membranes.     

Preparation and characterization of poly(styrene) microcapsules containing corrosion inhibitors

A technique has been developed to view cross-sections of microcapsules prepared by a multiple emulsion method. Poly(styrene) microcapsules were prepared by emulsifying an aqueous solution containing sodium dichromate, a corrosion inhibitor, into an organic solution containing dissolved poly(styrene). This water-in-oil emulsion was added to an aqueous solution with stirring to form a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. The organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure resulting in polystyrene walled microcapsules containing aqueous sodium dichromate. The microcapsules were embedded in an agarose gel and sliced for examination by transmission electron microscopy. The cross-sections clearly identified a core surrounded by a sponge-like polymeric wall. The microcapsules were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. These photomicrographs showed a smooth, continuous external wall structure.     

Examination of the stability of chloral hydrate and its preparation by capillary electrophoresis]

Stabilities of chloral hydrate in an aqueous solution and its medicated syrup were examined by high performance capillary electrophoresis. Analysis of the concentration of chloral hydrate indicated that there was no obvious change in the concentration of chloral hydrate both in the aqueous solution and in the syrup preparation after keeping them for 3 months at room temperature or at 60 degrees C. The lowering of pH was more obvious in the syrup solution than in the aqueous solution, and this tendency was estimated to be due to the formation of hydrochloric acid. We propose that the stabilities of the preparation of chloral hydrate should be monitored by observing pH changes.     

Horseradish peroxidase-mediated encapsulation of mammalian cells in hydrogel particles by dropping

Abstract

We report a method for preparation of mammalian cell-enclosing hydrogel particles through horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalysed hydrogelation by dropping cell-suspending aqueous solution into an aqueous coagulation solution. An aqueous solution of 10% (w/v) gelatin derivative possessing phenolic hydroxyl (Ph) moieties (Gelatin-Ph), HepG2 cells and 10?U/mL HRP was dropped into an aqueous coagulation solution containing 1?mM H₂O₂. The resultant hydrogel formed through the HRP-catalysed reaction consuming H₂O₂ had a spherical shape. The sphericity decreased with decreasing concentrations of Gelatin-Ph, HRP and H₂O₂. The thickness of the hydrogel membrane layer of the hydrogel particles could be controlled by altering incubation time in the H₂O₂ solution. The cells encapsulated in the particles with a thinner hydrogel membrane grew faster. These results demonstrate that we successfully established the method of cell-encapsulation in hydrogel particles based on dropping aqueous polymer solution into aqueous coagulation solution through HRP-catalysed reaction.     

双水相中制备交联泊洛沙姆亲水凝胶微球

采用双水相系统中的悬浮交联方法制备亲水性聚合物泊洛沙姆 (poloxamer)微球。以甲基丙烯酰氯对泊洛沙姆化学改性 ,得到具有聚合反应活性的双官能团大单体。将大单体水溶液分散在多糖或无机盐水溶液中形成稳定的W /W分散体系 ,用氧化 还原引发剂引发分散相中大单体聚合 ,制备了粒径在 <10 0 μm的交联水凝胶微球 ,双水相的组成能影响微球的粒径和平衡溶胀率。温度也是影响水凝胶溶胀的重要因素。由于制备中避免使用有机溶剂和另外加入表面活性剂 ,微球可望用于稳定性差的药物释放的载体     

Interaction between surface active drug (FK906:rennin inhibitor) and cyclodextrins in aqueous solution

The aggregation behavior of FK906, which is a peptide like hypertensive agent, in aqueous solution was studied by static light scattering, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and surface tension. These experiments showed a clear critical micelle concentration (cmc) at around 6.3 x 10(-3) to 1.3 x 10(-2) M of FK906 aqueous solution. The result of 1H NMR experiments revealed that FK906 aggregates primarily by hydrophobic interactions involving the benzyl moiety. The Debye plots from light-scattering studies showed that the apparent molecular weight of aggregated FK906 molecule is 1670 which corresponds to 2-3 molecules of FK906. The effect of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins on the surface tension of FK906 aqueous solution was investigated. It appeared that the addition of alpha-cyclodextrin showed very small shift of cmc, but that of beta-cyclodextrin shifted the cmc to much higher concentration. The investigation on the surface tension of FK906 aqueous solution in the presence of beta-cyclodextrin indicated that FK906 forms a 1:1 complex with beta-cyclodextrin. On the basis of these experiments, it appears that beta-cyclodextrin has an ability to change the surface active property of FK906 in its aqueous solution. Therefore, it is expected that the addition of beta-cyclodextrin to FK906 aqueous solution may prevent the adsorption onto container walls and/or reduce the local irritancy.     

Quantitative determination of tautomeric FK506 by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

The quantitative determination of FK506, an immunosuppresant for organ transplants, was studied by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. There were three peaks corresponding to FK506 and its tautomeric compounds on the chromatogram obtained from aqueous solution. Interconversion among these compounds due to epimerization occurs and then reaches an equilibrium in aqueous solution. An increase in the water content in water-solvent solutions caused by the peak areas of FK506 and Tautomer I to decrease and that of Tautomer II to increase. For quantitative analyses of aqueous solutions this creates a problem because the composition of the mixture at equilibrium varies with the water content. A simple method, using a solution of polyoxyethylene lauryl alcohol ether (Brij-35) as a diluent, has been developed to provide a constant equilibrium. By diluting the sample with the Brij-35 diluent, it is possible to quantify FK506 in aqueous solutions. The reliability of the proposed method was confirmed with samples extracted from fermentation broth.     

Behavior of itraconazole and benzyl alcohol in aqueous solution containing nonionic surfactants

In order to investigate the behavior of itraconazole and benzyl alcohol in aqueous solution containing surfactants, the distribution of itraconazole and benzyl alcohol between the micellar and aqueous phases was determined and the partition of itraconazole between the hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties in micelles was measured. From these experiments, we can conclude that: (1) in aqueous surfactant solution, itraconazole mainly exists in the micellar phase; (2) the cosolvency effect of benzyl alcohol has a negligible effect on the solubility of itraconazole in aqueous solution; (3) itraconazole tends to align itself in an intermediate position (palisade layer) within the surfactant molecules forming the micelle, which may result in the destruction of the micellar structure; and (4) the precipitation of itraconazole may occur in the process of the exchange of benzyl alcohol between the aqueous and micellar phases. This is the mechanism of destabilization of colloidal drug carriers based on benzyl alcohol.     

Pertechnetate release from a water/oil microemulsion and an aqueous solution after subcutaneous injection in rabbits

Abstract— A water-oil microemulsion and an aqueous solution, both carrying pertechnetate, were injected subcutaneously in rabbits; release was observed by imaging the administration sites with a gamma-camera. Disappearance from the injection site of pertechnetate in aqueous solution was about ten times faster than that of pertechnetate in a microemulsion.     

腺苷钴胺水溶液的光降解动力学研究

目的：考察腺苷钴胺水溶液的光降解动力学特征。方法：运用HPLC法测定水溶液中腺苷钴胺含量及有关物质。考察样品浓度、光强度、温度、pH对腺苷钴胺水溶液光稳定性的影响。结果：经线性拟合对比分析,腺苷钴胺溶液的光降解反应级数为n=1,腺苷钴胺溶液对光极敏感,在pH2．5—3．5的溶液中相对稳定,腺苷钴胺溶液的光降解随样品浓度的降低、光强度的升高而增加,恒温避光加速试验中腺苷钴胺溶液的光降解并不随温度的升高而升高,但恒温光照加速试验中温度的升高明显加速腺苷钴胺溶液的光降解。结论：腺苷钴胺溶液光降解属近似一级动力学过程,光降解速率受溶液pH影响显著,热可加速腺苷钴胺溶液的光降解。