初诊漏诊肛门、直肠梅毒12例临床病理分析

目的 分析肛门、直肠梅毒的临床病理学表现,探讨其具有诊断提示性意义的组织病理学改变,避免漏诊或误诊.方法 回顾性分析12例肛门、直肠梅毒的临床资料和组织学表现,与实验室血清学检查相结合对其进行诊断和鉴别诊断.结果 全部病例初诊时临床、病理均误诊.组织学表现为皮肤、黏膜糜烂或溃疡,大量中性粒细胞浸润伴上皮内微脓肿及隐窝微脓肿.溃疡周围或鳞状上皮呈假上皮瘤样增生或直肠黏膜固有腺体减少,溃疡底部及周围大量浆细胞及淋巴细胞弥漫性浸润.7例出现以淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润为主的慢性炎性肉芽组织并初期纤维化,淋巴滤泡旺炽性反应性增生,小血管增生并大量浆细胞围管性浸润,5例出现明显闭塞性小动脉内膜炎.其中6例散在朗罕巨细胞及上皮样细胞肉芽肿,5例呈现浆细胞围神经浸润.实验室检查均呈现TP-Ab阳性,RPR效价均＞1:32,提示为梅毒感染活动期,最终诊断Ⅰ期梅毒硬下疳10例,Ⅱ期梅毒扁平湿疣2例.结论 肛门、直肠梅毒临床极易误诊,病理学表现具有诊断提示性意义,临床及病理医师提高对梅毒病变的认识,将其列入常规诊断及鉴别诊断思路,同时借助实验室血清学检查,可减少或避免漏诊和误诊.     

梅毒性淋巴结炎临床病理学诊断

目的分析梅毒性淋巴结炎的临床病理学表现,探讨该病相对特征性的组织病理改变。方法对4例梅毒性淋巴结炎的临床资料和组织学形态进行回顾性分析,采用与临床实验室检查相结合的方法对其进行诊断和鉴别诊断。结果4例均表现为腹股沟淋巴结无痛性肿大,淋巴结直径2~3·5cm,平均2·8cm。组织病理主要基本病变是:①淋巴滤泡增生,滤泡间和副皮质区血管周围有大量淋巴细胞与浆细胞浸润;②血管闭塞性内膜炎,内皮细胞增生肿胀,管壁增厚并浆细胞浸润,管腔狭窄;③血管周围炎;④上皮样组织细胞增生伴有肉芽肿改变,可见多核巨细胞;⑤被膜及淋巴结周围组织以浆细胞为主的慢性炎细胞浸润和纤维化,导致被膜显著增厚;⑥散在小灶性坏死。结论梅毒性淋巴结炎的组织病理表现仅具有相对特征性,非特异性改变多种多样,极易误诊为非特异性慢性淋巴结炎或淋巴结反应性增生,其最终诊断仍需结合梅毒血清实验室检查。病理医师应提高对梅毒性淋巴结炎的认识,减少漏诊。     

鼻、咽喉黏膜早期梅毒的病理诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨鼻咽部梅毒病变及病原特点,总结诊断上的经验。方法回顾性总结北京同仁医院1996年6月-2005年9月耳鼻咽喉科门诊25例患者的病理资料,用HE染色观察黏膜梅毒组织损伤的病理形态学特点,用改良的W-S染色和免疫组织化学ABC法以梅毒螺旋体（treponema pallidum,TP）多克隆抗体标记,观察侵袭到组织内TP的形态特点及侵袭规律;快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验和TP血凝试验佐证早期梅毒的病理诊断。结果25例血清学检查均为快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验阳性（1：8～128）、TP血凝试验阳性。20例黏膜被覆鳞状上皮内有中性粒细胞浸润、微小脓肿形成,25例固有膜内均有大量浆细胞浸润,小血管内皮细胞肿胀及梅毒性小血管炎。14例扁桃体黏膜表面溃疡,大量浆细胞、淋巴细胞、组织细胞浸润,其中1例扁桃体见各种转化淋巴细胞增殖。1例喉黏膜伴鳞状上皮假瘤样增生。改良的W-S染色发现20例黏膜微脓肿中及鳞状上皮间TP,5例小血管周围见TP,14例扁桃体溃疡面见大量TP,6例渗出物涂片内均见大量TP。4例用免疫组织化学方法在鳞状上皮内见TP。结论鼻、咽喉部早期梅毒有一定的病理形态学特点,改良的W-S染色显示TP是诊断黏膜梅毒的关键性方法。     

肛门直肠梅毒临床病理分析

目的 探讨肛门直肠梅毒的临床病理学特点,总结经验,避免漏诊或误诊.方法 收集4例肛门直肠梅毒患者的临床及病理形态学资料,用HE染色观察直肠黏膜组织损伤的病理形态学特点,实验室梅毒螺旋体血凝测定及快速血浆反应素试验,佐证梅毒的病理诊断.结果 临床4例均误诊,实验室检查均呈梅毒螺旋体血凝测定阳性,快速血浆反应素试验阳性.1例肛周黏膜鳞状上皮呈假上皮瘤性增生,上皮内有中性粒细胞浸润、微小脓肿形成,真皮层大量浆细胞浸润伴小血管周围围管性浸润;3例直肠壁黏膜固有层内均有大量浆细胞浸润,小血管内皮细胞肿胀及梅毒性小血管炎,直肠黏膜表面溃疡,大量浆细胞、淋巴细胞、组织细胞浸润;其中1例直肠黏膜下显著慢性炎症,淋巴滤泡呈旺炙性反应性增生;1例于直肠黏膜下见多个肉芽肿性结节,偶见朗汉斯巨细胞.4例确诊后均给予青霉素静脉输注,患者痊愈出院;其中1例于半月后复发,再次给予青霉素静脉输注,痊愈出院.结论肛门直肠梅毒的组织病理学表现仅具有相对特征性,非特异性改变,临床极易误诊为肛门直肠肿物及脓肿,其最终诊断仍需结合实验室梅毒血清学检查.临床及病理医师均应提高对肛门直肠梅毒的认识,减少漏诊、误诊和误治.     

鼻浆细胞性黏膜炎与浆细胞瘤临床病理分析

目的：探讨鼻浆细胞性黏膜炎（NPCM）与鼻浆细胞瘤（NP）的临床病理特点及鉴别诊断。方法：对5例NPCM与6例NP进行临床病理观察，用S－P法做免疫表型分析（Igκ、Igλ和Pc）。结果：（1）NPCM与NP均以鼻阻和鼻衄为主要症状，以病变局部结节状或息肉样新生物为主要体征。（2）NPCM的浸润细胞均为成熟浆细胞，常伴有淋巴细胞和组织细胞浸润；NP的肿瘤细胞分化程度不一，3例以成熟浆细胞为主，余3例有数量不等的分化较差的浆细胞。瘤细胞向深部组织呈浸润性生长。（3）有型：11例病变组织中的浆细胞均表达浆细胞标记Pc。4／6例NP的瘤细胞仅表达λ轻链，2例κ轻链呈阳性；NPCM浸润的浆细胞呈多克隆性增生。结论：NPCM与NP有相似的临床表现，病理诊断时须将形态学与免疫表型分析结合考虑。     

神经梅毒的临床病理观察

目的探讨神经梅毒的临床病理特征、诊断、治疗及预后。方法应用光镜、免疫组化染色、特殊染色等方法对神经梅毒进行观察。结果患者男性,56岁,头痛半年伴右侧肢体无力半个月,收住神经外科。MRI示左顶叶可见环状强化的结节样异常信号影,大小1.3 cm×1.5 cm,脑膜瘤或转移瘤可能。术中见肿块位于左顶叶脑内,边界清,质硬。镜下见以浆细胞为主的炎细胞弥漫或围血管浸润,小血管内皮细胞增生肿胀,多处可见凝固性坏死、炎性肉芽组织及脓肿形成。特殊染色(包括两次Warthin-Starry染色)均阴性。初步病理诊断:"左顶叶"脑组织重度急慢性炎,伴淋巴、浆细胞高度增生(以浆细胞增生为主)。患者10天后门诊检查,血清梅毒快速血浆反应素试验及血清梅毒螺旋体抗体凝集试验阳性,收住皮肤科。脑脊液梅毒血清确认试验(凝集法)阳性。对左顶叶手术标本再次行Warthin-Starry染色,经反复寻找找到梅毒螺旋体。最终病理诊断:"左顶叶"神经梅毒(树胶肿型)。结论梅毒感染早期的神经梅毒罕见,神经梅毒临床表现复杂多样,极易误诊、误治(误诊率高达72%)。神经梅毒的基本病理改变是以浆细胞浸润为主的病变及小动脉的血管内膜炎,诊断需结合病史(输血史、性伴侣感染史及吸毒史等)、临床表现、影像学及血清学检查,并应用Warthin-Starry特殊染色找到梅毒螺旋体,为确诊提供可靠依据。     

宫颈淋巴瘤样病变与宫颈淋巴瘤的鉴别

目的探讨宫颈淋巴瘤样病变和宫颈淋巴瘤的临床病理特点及免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因重排在两者鉴别诊断上的价值。方法对10例宫颈淋巴瘤样病变和16例宫颈淋巴瘤进行临床资料分析和组织病理学观察,以免疫组织化学（EnVision法）检测B、T淋巴细胞标记物和免疫球蛋白轻链（κ,λ）的表达,并应用半套式聚合酶链反应方法检测了4例淋巴瘤样病变和4例淋巴瘤中IgH基因重排的情况。结果宫颈淋巴瘤样病变患者年龄24—54岁（中位年龄43岁）,临床多表现为宫颈糜烂或息肉,镜下观察可见表浅分布的、局灶或弥漫性免疫母细胞样大细胞浸润,伴淋巴细胞转化成熟现象和多型性炎性细胞浸润（多量成熟浆细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞）。宫颈淋巴瘤患者年龄28—78岁（中位年龄58岁）,临床表现为宫颈肿块或弥漫性宫颈肥大,镜下观察示12例弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤和4例滤泡性淋巴瘤,二者组织学形态分别以弥漫分布、形态单一的肿瘤性大淋巴细胞浸润和肿瘤性滤泡形成为特点,病灶中少有多型性炎性细胞浸润,也不出现淋巴细胞转化成熟现象。宫颈淋巴瘤样病变中,免疫母细胞样大细胞κ和λ染色结果欠满意。4例宫颈淋巴瘤病例和2例宫颈淋巴瘤样病变中检出单克隆性IgH基因重排。结论宫颈淋巴瘤样病变和淋巴瘤主要依据不同的临床和病理形态特点相互区分。IgH基因重排检测对于二者鉴别有帮助,但需注意部分良性病变也有单克隆性淋巴细胞增生。     

儿童肠道软斑病临床病理学分析

目的探讨儿童肠道软斑病的临床病理学特征。方法收集4例儿童肠道软斑病的临床病理资料, 总结分析其临床及内镜特点、组织学、免疫组织化学及特殊染色的结果, 并进行随访。结果 4例患儿年龄5～12岁, 均有原发性免疫缺陷病基础, 临床表现为腹痛、腹泻、血便等症状;部分伴反复发热、呼吸道感染、关节肿痛等症状;内镜下结直肠见多发隆起性、息肉样改变。肠镜活检标本组织学显示:隐窝扭曲、隐窝萎缩明显, 间质慢性炎性细胞浸润, 类似炎症性肠病改变, 而隐窝脓肿少见, 浆细胞数量没有增多;可见组织细胞聚集, 其胞质丰富、淡红染, 胞内外可见同心圆、靶环样的软斑小体。免疫组织化学示组织细胞CD68和CD163阳性, 过碘酸雪夫染色软斑小体呈紫红色。4例行抗感染及原发病治疗, 随访2～30个月, 肠道症状均明显改善。结论儿童肠道软斑病多有免疫缺陷或免疫低下的病史, 内镜下以及活检病理特点容易与炎症性肠病等混淆, 了解其临床病理特征有助于鉴别诊断。     

钙化性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理学研究及其组织学发生的再评价

目的探讨钙化性纤维性肿瘤(CFT)的临床病理学特征及其组织学发生机制。方法对11例CFT的临床表现、组织学形态及免疫组织化学表型进行分析。结果11例CFT中男性5例,女性6例,年龄从25至52岁,平均38岁,位于盆腹腔6例、皮下软组织4例、阴囊内1例。临床上表现为缓慢增大的无痛性肿块,5例伴随其他病症或既往有炎性改变、外伤或手术史,4例病变为偶然发现,肿瘤多为单发,切除后未见复发。影像学显示病变为孤立性或多发性实性软组织肿块,境界清楚无包膜,实质内散在大小不等、数量不一的高密度钙化灶。大体上,肿瘤呈灰黄色,质硬,边清,圆形、卵圆形、分叶状或不规则形,最大径为0.5 ～20.0 cm,切面散在浅黄色斑点状钙化灶,切开时具有沙砾感。显微镜下显示肿瘤实质主要由玻璃样变的胶原纤维及厚壁血管构成,其中散在少量梭形细胞、单核炎性细胞、沙砾体及营养不良性钙化。此外,少数肿瘤边缘区局灶性中性粒细胞呈带状浸润,另见少量神经束及脂肪组织内陷。不同病例肿瘤实质外周区局灶性具有类似于孤立性纤维瘤、纤维瘤病、瘢痕疙瘩及炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤样形态学改变。沙砾体及营养不良性钙化分别形成于透明变性的血管及玻璃样变的胶原纤维。肿瘤组织内浸润的单核炎性细胞主要为淋巴浆细胞,局部区域可形成淋巴滤泡样结构。免疫组织化学染色显示所有受检的肿瘤组织内梭形细胞弥漫性表达波形蛋白,少数局灶性表达CD34、第八因子相关抗原及β-caltenin,其他标记为阴性。具有特征性的是,与炎性病变相比,CFT组织中浸润的浆细胞显著表达IgG及IgG4,且IgG4+/IgG+＞50％,IgG1及IgG3表达的细胞较少。结论CFT具有较为特征性的组织病理学表现,但其发病机制尚未明确。由于CFT与IgG4相关的硬化性疾病具有相似的组织学及免疫组织化学表型,因此,推测CFT可能为IgG4相关的硬化性疾病家族谱系中一种新的独立实体。该病变的发展呈良性经过,炎性改变及创伤可能为该病变的重要诱因,手术切除后罕见复发。     

弥漫性泛细支气管炎临床病理分析

目的 探讨弥漫性泛细支气炎（DPB）的临床病理学特征。方法 分析6例弥漫性泛细支气管炎患者的临床资料和组织形态特点。结果 弥漫性泛细支气管炎具有独特的临床病理过程,它的特点是慢性复发性鼻窦炎、肺部感染和呼吸性细支气管炎。病理形态特点是呼吸性细支气管全层受累。细支气管壁有多量的淋巴细胞、浆细胞和组织细胞等慢性炎细胞浸润,细支气管腔内可有中性白细胞或者粘液。在小的细支气管壁和肺间质内可见慢性炎细胞浸润,其中有成团泡沫状吞噬细胞。观察6例中有2例同时伴有胸腺瘤。结论 DPB具有一定的临床和病理特征。临床表现不典型的DPB患者,开胸肺活检或胸腔镜下肺活检进行病理检查对确定诊断是有必要的。     

Primary actinomycosis of the bladder

A case of vesicular actinomycosis recognized on histopathologic examination of biopsy material from a 48-year-old male is reported. Clinical and paraclinical findings and the nature of histopathologic changes indicated that the lesions in the bladder were primary and contained actinomycotic granulomas of a destructive type. The drusen showed central lysis and were disintegrating into granules.     

Urticarial vasculitis and hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome

Urticarial vasculitis is a clinicopathologic entity in which episodes of urticaria are accompanied by histopathologic features of cutaneous vasculitis. The histopathologic definition of vasculitis varies from report to report. In this article, vasculitis is defined as histopathologic features of blood vessel damage: There should be evidence of leukocytoclasis and vessel wall destruction, which may or may not be accompanied by fibrinoid deposits. Red blood cell extravasation and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrate also may be present. The extent to which each of these elements must be present has been debated.     

Case of secondary syphilis presenting with unusual complications: syphilitic proctitis, gastritis, and hepatitis

We report the first known case of syphilis with simultaneous manifestations of proctitis, gastritis, and hepatitis. The diagnosis of syphilitic proctitis and gastritis was established by the demonstration of spirochetes with anti-Treponema pallidum antibody staining in biopsy specimens. Unusual manifestations of secondary syphilis completely resolved after 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy.     

Cell and Tissue Interactions of Treponema pallidum in Primary and Secondary Syphilitic Skin Lesions: An Ultrastructural Study of Serial Sections

There are limited reports on the ultrastructure of syphilis skin lesions. The aim of this study has been to perform an electron microscopic investigation of the morphology and the tissue distribution of treponemes in primary and secondary cutaneous lesions. Three cases of primary syphilitic chancre and one case of secondary syphilis were included. Prominent epidermal abnormalities in the primary chancre and a perivascular inflammatory infiltrate in the secondary lesion were found by light microscopy. Ultrastructurally, spirochetes were located mainly in the blood vessel walls and dermal tissue of the chancre lesions. In the secondary syphilis case, spirochetes were more abundant between epidermal keratinocytes. Most of them adjusted to the intercellular spaces. Occasionally, the electron microscopy images were highly suggestive of an intracellular location. Both the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination of the primary and secondary syphilis lesions showed a paradoxical distribution of the causative microorganisms compared to the light microscopic changes. In addition, the ultrastructural findings strongly suggest that Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum invades tissues, not only through an intercellular, but also through a transcellular pathway.     

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with primary manifestation in the skeletal muscular system

Summary Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) has been recognized as a peculiar disease which primarily affects the lungs and occasionally the upper respiratory tract. Typical histopathologic lesions present features of a nonneoplastic lymphoproliferative disorder associated with necroses of the infiltrated tissues and with angiodestructive processes. The authors observed a peculiar case in which lesions typical for LYG first developed in the striated muscles. In this case multiple tumorous muscular infiltrates and affections of the pharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses, and orbita preceded the infiltration of the lung, which was first recognized 6 months after the first muscular infiltrate and 2 months before death.Because primary muscular manifestation of LYG has never been reported, this case is remarkable both for its unusual manifestation and for its striking irresponseveness towards therapy. Clinical and experimental data suggest impairment of T-cell functions.We acknowledge the financial support provided by the Fonds Kampf dem Krebs     

Soft tissue malignant lymphoma at sites of previous surgery.

Three diffuse centroblastic lymphomas developed at the site of previous surgery. Two were preceded by atypical lymphoid infiltrates. Clinical data, microscopic features, and immunophenotypic studies were reviewed. All three patients presented with soft tissue masses at the site of previous surgery and metallic implants, with no evidence of lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, or bone marrow involvement. There was no history of immunosuppression or risk factors. In two cases the initial diagnosis was of atypical lymphoid infiltrate progressing to lymphoma. Pathological examination showed a diffuse centroblastic lymphoma with an angiocentric pattern in one case. Phenotypic studies confirmed B cell origin. Soft tissue malignant lymphoma, though uncommon, can occur at the site of previous orthopaedic surgery, in particular joint replacement. Atypical lymphoid infiltrate may signal such an event.     

Incidental anorectal pathologic findings in prostatic needle core biopsies: a 13-year experience from a genitourinary pathology consult service

Fragments of anorectal mucosa are frequently present in transrectal prostate core biopsy specimens. Pathologic findings within the anorectal mucosa are easily overlooked, in part because of their rarity and because anorectal mucosa is not the focus of examination. We reviewed pathologic reports of 96 656 prostate biopsies diagnosed in our consultation service from 1997 to 2010. Anorectal lesions were detected in 30 cases, which were summarized as follows: (1) Neoplasia and polyps (n = 10). A flat rectal adenoma with high-grade dysplasia was identified, for which the patient received hemicolectomy. One patient was found to have a rectal carcinoid tumor. Other neoplastic findings included 1 with low-grade B-cell lymphoma, 3 with hyperplastic polyps, 3 with tubular adenomas, and 1 with anal mucosa with high-grade dysplasia that was found to be a contaminant from another case. (2) Inflammatory changes (n = 20). Acute proctitis was found in 12 patients, including 1 with acute radiation proctitis, 2 with inflammatory bowel disease, and 9 with nonspecific proctitis probably due to bowel preparation. Pulse granulomas and nonnecrotizing granulomas were seen in 5 patients, including 3 with diverticular disease, 1 with history of perirectal fistula, and 1 with unknown etiology. Three patients had miscellaneous findings including muciphage reaction, increased eosinophils, and features of collagenous colitis. In conclusion, it is exceedingly rare to find significant pathology in the rectal fragments associated with prostate needle biopsies. Nevertheless, pathologists should evaluate the rectal mucosa for both neoplastic and inflammatory changes to avoid missing clinically significant anorectal diseases.     

Atypical forms of microscopic colitis: morphological features and review of the literature

Microscopic colitis is defined as a syndrome of chronic watery diarrhea with a chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate in the colonic mucosa but without significant abnormalities at colonoscopy. It encompasses at least two histopathologic entities (ie, collagenous and lymphocytic colitis). The recognition and characterization of microscopic colitis has markedly changed the approach to the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. The histologic features of collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are well known to most pathologists. By considering the clinical history and symptoms, the pathologist should be able to reach the correct diagnosis in most cases. However, the spectrum of morphologic changes associated with watery diarrhea syndrome appears to be broader than originally thought. Morphologic changes more often associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease or even chronic ischemic or infectious colitis have been noted in patients with clinically established microscopic colitis. The data presented in this article suggest that microscopic colitis is a heterogeneous entity, which includes both classic and "atypical" forms. Problems arise when cases do not fit the usual pattern or lack some of the findings that are expected. Pathologists should be aware of the presence of atypical forms of microscopic colitis.     

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma with hemophagocytic syndrome (Asian variant) in a Caucasian patient

Intravascular lymphoma is an aggressive and extremely rare extranodal lymphoma with neoplastic lymphoid cells confined exclusively within intravascular spaces. The histopathologic findings are subtle due to the rarity of the neoplastic cells in blood vessels. Clinical presentations are non-specific and focal space-occupying lesions or lymphoadenopathy are always lacking. It is a diagnostic challenge. Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome is uncommon and is typically associated with infection, malignancy, and suppressed immune states. Intravascular lymphoma has a strong association with hemophagocytic syndrome in Asian patients, the so-called "Asian variant", but not in Western patients. We report a case of intravascular B-cell lymphoma in a Caucasian patient associated with secondary hemophagocytic syndrome. The patient was diagnosed by core liver biopsy and successfully treated. This case demonstrates the importance of high index of suspicion and astute histopathologic examination in recognition of this unusual clinical and pathologic combination.     

Immunohistological studies of lymphoproliferative lesions in a fatal case of Epstein-Barr virus infection.

A fatal case of infectious mononucleosis occurred in a young adult. Abnormal serological features were noted in his mother, although there was no other family history suggesting an inherited defect of immune response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The cellular infiltrate observed in tissues obtained at necropsy was analysed with a range of specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Polyclonal plasmacytoid B cell proliferation had occurred in many tissues. These cells were positive for EBV nuclear antigen, but viral particles were not seen on ultrastructural examination, and the virus was not isolated, suggesting a non-permissive infection.