Organotin Compounds in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Yangtze River

No abstract available.     

开县三峡库区潜在鼠疫疫源地调查分析

开县位于重庆市东北部,是三峡库区移民大县。为全面了解开县三峡库区鼠疫疫源地分布状况,为开县三峡库区鼠疫防治工作提供科学依据,我们于2009年10月进行了调查,并对调查结果进行分析。     

Estrogenic Compounds and Estrogenicity in Surface Water,Sediments, and Organisms from Yundang Lagoon in Xiamen,China

Seven estrogenic compounds—estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA)—in sediments, surface water, pore water, and organisms were investigated and estrogenic activities were estimated by examining estradiol equivalent (EEQ) concentrations in Yundang Lagoon of Xiamen. The results showed that estrogenic compounds were present in all matrixes of interest: in surface water, ranging from 609.61 to 711.31 ng/l; in pore water, ranging from 562.12 to 1038.15 ng/l; in sediments, ranging from 1433.12 to 2060.41 ng/g; and in biota samples, ranging from 1373.76 to 3199.09 ng/g (lipid weight). NP was the predominant component in all collected samples and the highest concentration was 1964.80 ng/g in sediment. Total EEQ ranged from 4.56 to 13.79 ng/l in surface water, from 2.40 to 17.16 ng/l in pore water, and from 8.66 to 23.95 ng/g in sediments. However, major contributors to total EEQ concentrations were E2, E1, and DES. The EEQ concentrations in surface water samples were at a higher level in comparison to that reported in European countries. To biological sample, the highest level of total estrogenic compounds was found in the short-necked clam. Higher values of the biota–sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) were found in short-necked clam and black seabream, indicating that the living habits of organism and physical–chemical properties of estrogenic compounds might influence the bioavailability of estrogenic compounds in organisms.     

三峡库区水及鱼体中微囊藻毒素污染现状

目的了解三峡库区水及鱼微囊藻毒素（Mc-Lr）污染程度。方法 2010年对涪陵、丰都、万州、巫山长江段面开展了水及鱼Mc-Lr污染调查,并对各段分别采集水、鱼及池塘养鸭样品,用ELISA法对样品的Mc-Lr进行检测。结果各段面水样均检出Mc-Lr,平均含量分别为0.197、0.107、0.157和0.086μg/L;涪陵段面最高,其次是万州和丰都段面,最低是巫山段面,差异有统计学意义（t=8.724,P〈0.01）;4个段面长江鱼（肌肉）样均检出Mc-Lr,仍以涪陵污染较高,平均含量为0.569μg/kg,万州和丰都污染次之,平均含量分别为0.270和0.244μg/kg,巫山鱼样污染最低,平均含量为0.197μg/kg,差异有统计学意义（t=4.845,P〈0.01）;各采样点池塘养鸭（肌肉）均受到不同程度的微囊藻毒素污染,结果分别为0.470、0.209和0.197μg/kg。结论三峡库区水体受到了Mc-Lr污染,但污染程度较轻。     

2010年长江三峡库区消落带蚊虫监测

目的 了解2010年长江三峡水库消落区内退水后、蓄水前的蚊虫种类构成和密度情况,为蚊媒后续监测及蚊媒病的防制提供基础依据。方法 在三峡库区上、中、下游选择4个典型消落区作为监测点,于2010年分别在库区退水后和蓄水前进行蚊媒监测。每个监测点按10 m海拔高程差设置3个梯度,每个梯度每次设3盏诱蚊灯。结果 2010年消落区成蚊监测共布放90灯次,捕获蚊虫101只,其中三带喙库蚊22只,占捕获总数的21.78%;中华按蚊和致倦库蚊各占16.83%;骚扰阿蚊占6.93%,其他蚊种占37.63%。结论 三峡水库消落区提供了蚊类孳生环境,蚊密度处于低水平,表现了低海拔向高海拔的递减趋势;消落区存在流行性乙型脑炎传播媒介三带喙库蚊和疟疾传播媒介中华按蚊。     

Perfluorinated Compounds in Water,Sediment and Soil from Guanting Reservoir,China

Concentrations of 12 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in 21 representive water, sediment and soil samples from Guanting Reservoir and vicinity. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant PFCs with concentrations of 0.55–2.3 ng/L, <LOQ to 0.68 ng/g dw and <LOQ to 2.8 ng/g dw in water, sediment and soil, respectively. Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) was frequently detected in solid matrices, with concentrations of <LOQ to 0.18 ng/g dw in sediment and 0.13–0.26 ng/g dw in soil. PFCs were detected in all environmental matrices sampled, but concentrations found throughout the watershed were less than those reported from other locations.     

A cross-sectional investigation of chronic exposure to microcystin in relationship to childhood liver damage in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China

Background: Microcystin-producing Microcystis bloom is a severe water problem in the world. Some reports indicate that chronic exposure to microcystin may result in liver damage in adults, but information on effects in children is limited.Objective: We investigated the relationship between microcystin exposure and liver damage in children.Methods: We measured microcystin concentrations in drinking water and aquatic food (carp and duck) from two lakes and four wells. Participants were 1,322 children 7–15 years of age who obtained drinking water from one of the tested sources, completed questionnaires, and provided blood samples for serum liver enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT)] and serum microcystin analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with liver damage (two or more abnormal serum enzyme levels in ALT, AST, ALP, or GGT).Results: Microcystin was detected in most samples of water and aquatic food from two lakes. Children who drank water from the lake with the highest microcystin concentrations had a total estimated daily microcystin intake of 2.03 μg, a value much higher than the tolerable daily intake (0.40 μg) proposed by the World Health Organization for children. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, use of hepatotoxic medicines, and microcystin exposure were associated with liver damage. AST and ALP levels were significantly higher in high-microcystin-exposed children than in low-exposed children and unexposed children when participants who were HBV-positive or hepatotoxic medicine users were excluded from the analysis.Conclusion: These results suggest that chronic exposure to microcystin may be associated with liver damage in children in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.     

2008—2009年三峡库区监测点人群健康状况动态分析

目的了解三峡库区疾病监测点人群健康状况动态变化,为进一步评价三峡水库蓄水后对库区人群健康的影响积累本底资料,为及时制定卫生防病措施提供科学依据。方法在重庆市和湖北宜昌市选择5个县区设置疾病监测点,按照统一监测方案,收集出生和死亡、传染病、地方病和生物媒介等资料,对人群健康相关指标进行描述性分析。结果 2008—2009年三峡库区监测点人群年粗死亡率为583/10万,略高于2004—2007年年均值;婴儿死亡率为883/10万,低于2004—2007年年均值;死因顺位前五位为循环系统疾病、肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病、损伤中毒和消化系统疾病,与2004—2007年死因顺位相同;法定报告传染病年均发病率为658.22/10万,低于2004—2007年平均值;地方性甲状腺肿大率为9.11%;重庆奉节县的地氟病阳性率达33.89%;室内鼠密度平均为2.66%,户外鼠密度平均为2.86%,鼠密度均分别高于2004—2007年平均值。人房成蚊总密度平均为31.11只(/间.人工小时),低于2004—2007年平均值,畜圈成蚊总密度平均为131.64只(/间.人工小时),高于2004—2007年平均值,但二者均低于1997—2007年平均值。结论尚未发现三峡库区生态环境的变化对人群健康造成明显影响,但应持续开展疾病监测和危险因素监测。     

三峡库区万州段2016-2017年农村生活饮用水水质现况调查

目的了解三峡库区万州段农村饮用水水质情况,为农村安全饮用水改水工程提供科学依据。方法 2016-2017年,对三峡库区万州段农村饮用水监测点的380份水质样品进行检测,并对结果进行分析。结果 2016年监测点水质样品合格率为71.67%,2017年为40.50%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=10.607,P<0.05)。2016年枯水期合格率为48.89%,丰水期合格率为65.56%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.107,P<0.05);枯水期和丰水期游离余氯指标差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.365,P<0.05)。2017年枯水期合格率为34.00%,丰水期合格率为47.00%;枯水期和丰水期游离余氯、菌落总数差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.735,P<0.05)。2016年出厂水合格率为58.89%,末梢水合格率为55.56%,其差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.204,P>0.05)。2017年出厂水合格率为47.00%,末梢水合格率为34.00%,其差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.507,P>0.05)。结论三峡库区万州段农村饮用水水质2017年较2016年差,主要为微生物和消毒剂指标不合格,农村地区饮用水水质情况不容乐观,需加强对农村饮水工程的投入及监管。     

三峡库区湖北宜昌段蓄水前后媒介生物监测及变化趋势分析

目的掌握三峡库区宜昌段蓄水前后媒介生物的变化趋势,及时采取对策。方法用夹夜法和人工小时法分别调查室内外鼠、人房和畜圈蚊密度以及室内外鼠、蚊种类构成。结果三峡库区宜昌段蓄水前后鼠密度未发生明显变化（t=0.52,P〉0.05）,鼠密度年变化趋势为先下降后上升,在鼠种构成上,蓄水前室内外分别以褐家鼠和鼩鼱类占优势,分别占71.07%和42.11%,蓄水后室内外均以黄胸鼠为主,分别占41.67%和42.86%;蓄水前后人房蚊密度未发生明显变化（t=1.29,P〉0.05）,但畜圈蚊密度明显升高（t=5.01,P〈0.01）。在蚊种构成上,人房和畜圈在蓄水前分别以中华按蚊和淡色库蚊为主,分别占38.50%和34.65%;蓄水后分别以骚扰阿蚊和中华按蚊为主,分别占37.21%和23.18%。结论三峡库区宜昌段蓄水前后随着环境的改变,鼠种构成发生了变化,同时畜圈蚊密度明显升高,蚊种构成也发生了变化,提示要继续加强媒介生物监测,为切实有效地防制媒介疾病的发生与流行提供决策依据。     

三峡库区万州段移民安置区集中式供水水质现状调查

目的 了解三峡库区万州段移民安置区生活饮用水水质现状.方法 分别于2004至2008年枯水期(2月)、平水期(5月)、丰水期(8月)对万州段移民安置区全部27个集中式供水水源水和出厂水水质进行检测.结果 共采集水样810件,合格率为56.54%.城市、乡镇水厂水源水合格率分别为85.00%(51/60)和89.86%(310/345),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).城市水厂出厂水合格率为71.67%(43/60),高于乡镇水厂[15.65%(54/345)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).城市水厂出厂水中感官性状和一般化学指标、细菌学指标的合格率均高于乡镇水厂,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).2004-2008年重庆市万州段移民安置区内水厂水源水合格率间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);出厂水合格率间比较.差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).不同时间水源水中耗氧量合格率间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);总大肠菌群合格率间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).不同时间出厂水中浑浊度、耗氧量、氯仿和总大肠菌群合格率间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);细菌总数、粪大肠菌群和游离余氯合格率间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 三峡库区万州段移民安置区集中式供水水质亟待改善.     

Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Compounds in Danish Streams

Effluents from municipal wastewater-treatment plants and scattered dwellings, as well as runoff from agricultural fields, are sources of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the aquatic environment. The present study investigated the correlation between the occurrence of EDCs in nine Danish streams using passive samplers (polar organic integrative samplers and silicone membranes) and determined their possible biological effects as assessed by mammal cell cultures and the mussel (Unio tumidus). The passive samplers and mussels were exposed simultaneously at the study sites. The extracts from the passive samplers were used to measure the concentrations of EDCs and the biological effects on the estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and aryl hydrocarbon (AhR)-receptor transactivation. Male mussels were investigated for biomarkers of endocrine effects, such as the levels of vitellogenin-like proteins measured as alkali-labile phosphate (ALP). EDC concentrations, hormone-receptor transactivation (ER, AR, AhR), and level of ALP were greater downstream of wastewater-treatment plants compared with upstream sites and sites supposed to be relatively nonimpacted by wastewater. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between in vitro AhR transactivation and frequency of ALP of male mussels. We conclude that wastewater effluent is an important source of endocrine-disrupting effects in the aquatic environment and that the combination of biological effect measurements and chemical analyses based on passive sampling is useful in the assessment of the ecological state of the aquatic environment.     

Metals in the Surface Sediments of Selected Water Reservoirs, Slovakia

Ruzin and Velke Kozmalovce water reservoirs (Slovakia) receive potentially toxic elements through rivers draining catchment areas polluted with the former extensive mining of ore-bearing deposits. In this study, the concentrations and fractionation of metals (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and zinc) have been studied in the surface sediments of the two water reservoirs. Comparison of metal concentrations found in the sediments with the mean shale values revealed a significant anthropogenic enrichment mostly with antimony (22.7), copper (8.5), zinc (5.5), cadmium (4.7), mercury (4.7), arsenic (4.5) and lead (3.9), and antimony (9.8), cadmium (8.8), zinc (4.9), lead (3.3) and arsenic (3.1) in the Ruzin and Velke Kozmalovce reservoirs, respectively. The results of fractionation study showed that the major proportion of cadmium (44.9–52.6%), cobalt (35.7–58.3%) and zinc (27.8–48.7%) was found in labile fractions, i.e., water- and acid-soluble fractions, although copper and nickel exhibited also significant labile fractions. When the risk assessment code was applied to the fractionation study, cadmium and cobalt came under high and very high risk category for the environment, and therefore might cause adverse effect to aquatic life.     

三峡库区重庆段移民安置区饮用水源地水质现状调查

目的了解三峡库区重庆市移民安置区城镇和集镇集中式饮用水源水质现状。方法选择三峡库区重庆段移民安置区内城镇(城市和新县城)和集镇集中供水的97个饮用水水源作为调查对象。于2005—2008年,移民安置区城镇饮用水水源水水质监测每月进行1次,集镇饮用水水源水水质监测分别在枯水期(2月)、平水期(5月)、丰水期(8月)各进行2次。结果共采集水样1882件,合格1278件,合格率为67.9%。城镇饮用水源水水质合格率为70.7%(626/885),高于集镇[65.4%(652/997)],差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.062,P0.05)。以水库水为水源水的水样中,城镇水质合格率为64.4%,高于集镇(52.3%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.130,P0.05)。与枯水期[73.5%(461/627)]比较,丰水期和平水期移民安置区饮用水源水合格率[68.0%(433/637),62.1%(384/618)]均较低,差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.532,P0.01)。铜、锌、砷、镉、汞、氰化物、挥发酚、石油类、阴离子表面活性剂、氯化物、硫化物、铅指标均合格;粪大肠菌群合格率最低,仅为69.3%;其次是生化需氧量和高锰酸盐指数,合格率分别为96.0%和98.5%;pH值、溶解氧、氨氮、总磷、硫酸盐、锰、溶解性铁、硝酸盐、铬(六价)、氟化物合格率在98.9%～99.9%之间。4年间饮用水源水质逐年上升,且城镇和集镇饮用水源水质差距缩小。结论三峡库区重庆段移民安置区饮用水源的微生物污染亟待改善。     

三峡工程湖北段二期蓄水前后库区鼠类种群数量变动调查

目的调查长江三峡工程湖北段二期蓄水前后库区鼠密度变化情况。方法蓄水前后不同时期采用夹夜法调查库区鼠密度，同时在蓄水前开展大面积灭鼠工作。结果蓄水前库区鼠密度室内为4．07％，室外为3．17％；蓄水后库区鼠密度室内为3．17％，室外为2．35％。结论长江三峡工程二期蓄水前后库区鼠密度未发生明显变化。     

三峡库区湖北段2008年血吸虫病监测结果分析

目的分析三峡库区湖北段血吸虫病监测结果,并提出相应防治对策。方法采用流行病学、免疫学和现场调查相结合的方法,调查三峡库区传染源及钉螺情况。间接血凝试验（IHA）筛查库区居民440人（其中外出打工返乡人员36人）及流动人口45人;在监测点调查耕牛并对全部耕牛进行间接血凝检测;在库区长江支流、两岸洲滩、沟渠等适合钉螺孳生的危险环境进行查螺;调查钉螺输入情况。结果监测点未发现血吸虫病病人和病牛;未发现钉螺孳生及输入。结论针对可能引起三峡库区血吸虫病传播的危险,应加强监测和采取相应的干预措施,防止血吸虫病在库区发生和流行。     

三峡水库蓄水前后长江部分江段水质变化

目的 了解三峡工程135m水位蓄水后长江部分江段水质的变化情况。方法 以长江丰都至巫山段的6个城市的8个水质断面作为监测点,按照水质采样方案设计技术规定(GB12997-1991)进行布点,在平水期和丰水期共采集水样96份,分别按照相应的国家标准方法进行pH、溶解氧、生化需氧量、化学耗氧量、挥发酚、总氰化物、砷、汞、六价铬、石油类、铅、镉、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、总氮等16项水质指标的检测,将监测结果与往年同期总体水质和背景浓度进行比较。结果 三峡水库135m蓄水前后总体水质仍属Ⅱ、Ⅲ类,无明显变化。影响库区总体水质的主要污染因子是总磷、总氮。结论 三峡水库135m蓄水未对库区长江水质造成显著的负面影响。     

Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of Several Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in the Douro River Estuary,Portugal

Recent studies in the Douro River estuary show signs of pollution in the area and of fish endocrine disruption. However, the chemical nature of the local contamination has not been fully investigated nor have studies checking for the simultaneous presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), either of animal (estrone, E1; estradiol, E2), pharmaceutical (17α-ethynylestradiol, EE2), vegetal (daidzein, DAID; genistein, GEN; biochanin A, BIO-A), or industrial (bisphenol A, BPA; 4–octylphenol, 4-OP; 4-nonylphenol, 4-NP) origins. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the presence of these EDCs in estuarine water samples collected, in every season of the year, at nine sampling stations along the estuarine gradient. All samples were processed by two-step solid-phase extraction (Oasis HLB followed by silica) prior to high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The current data showed that E1 and EE2, all phytoestrogens, and BPA were identified and measured in this estuary. In contrast, 4-OP was only detected by GC-MS and E2 and 4-NP were not found. Additionally, E1 (up to 112.9 ng/L) and EE2 (up to 101.9 ng/L) were both measured in biologically hazardous amounts in winter. In the year sampled, the phytoestrogens suggested a possible seasonal pattern of fluctuation. Both DAID (up to 888.4 ng/L) and GEN (183.6 ng/L) were maximal in early summer, whereas BIO-A (up to 191.4 ng/L) reached its highest concentrations in winter. BPA (up to 10.7 μg/L) also attained highest levels in winter. In December 2005, it is hypothesized that E1, EE2, and BPA concentrations were atypically high due to current drought conditions. Almost all assayed EDCs existed in all seasons and, therefore, might have contributed to endocrine disruption of aquatic animals, previously documented by the high rate of ovotestis in fish caught in this estuary.