单磷酸阿糖腺苷 病毒唑 柴胡及其联合应用对呼吸道合胞病毒的抑制作用

目的研究单磷酸阿糖腺苷(Ara-AMP)、病毒唑、柴胡及其联合应用对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的抑制作用。方法将Ara-AMP、病毒唑及柴胡分别稀释成不同的浓度,用细胞培养法观察药物的细胞毒性反应;采用Vero细胞先感染病毒2h后给药法观察细胞病变(CPE)和药物对RSV的抑制作用。结果Ara-AMP、病毒唑及柴胡对Vero细胞的毒性剂量(TD)分别为0.25、0.2、2mg/ml;当Ara-AMP、病毒唑分别与柴胡联用时并未增加对细胞的毒性,而Ara-AMP与病毒唑联用时则对细胞的毒性增加;3种药物各自在Vero细胞上对RSV都有抑制作用,Ara-AMP和病毒唑的有效剂量均为25滋g/ml,柴胡为125滋g/ml。当3种药物配伍联合应用时,均可产生协同作用。结论Ara-AMP、病毒唑及柴胡各自对RSV具有显著的抑制作用,它们的联合应用可产生显著协同作用,既可降低用药量,减少毒副反应,又可有效抑制RSV的感染。     

柴胡注射液抑制呼吸道合胞病毒的研究

研究柴湖注射液在细胞培养中抑制呼吸道合胞病毒的作用。；方法：用细胞培养法，采取Ｖｅｒｏ细胞感染病毒２小时后给药，在显微镜下观察细胞病变情况。结果：柴胡注射液组与病毒对照组相比，病变程度有显著差异，柴胡注射液抑制ＲＳＶ的最大无毒浓度，半数有效浓度，最小有效浓度和治疗指数分别为１０００μｇ／ｍｌ，５００μ／ｍｌ，２５０μｇ／ｍｌ和４。结论柴胡注射液具有明显抑制ＲＳＶ的作用。     

二烯丙基二硫对Raji细胞化疗增敏的研究

目的研究二烯丙基二硫（dimlyldisulfide,DADS）对长春新碱（VCR）作用于人淋巴瘤Raji细胞化疗增敏的作用及机制。方法DADS（0．625μg／ml、1．25μg／ml）及VCR（6．25,12．5,25．0μg／ml）单用及联合应用作用于Raji细胞,采用CCK-8（cellcountingkit）法检测各自的抑制率,应用金氏公式求q值。评价联合用药效果;DADS（0．625μg／ml）、VCR（6．25,12．5,25．0μg／ml）及联合应用作用于Raii细胞,采用流失细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,采用细胞免疫化学法检测细胞Bax及Bcl-2的表达情况。结果无毒剂量的DADSfo．6251Ag／ml、1．25μg／ml）分别与VCR联合应用,可提高VCR对Raji细胞增殖抑制率。DADS（0．625μg／m1）提高VCR（6．25,12．5,25．0μg/ml）诱导Raji细胞凋亡率（P〈0．05）。联合组Raji细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达水平比VCR单药组低（P〈0．05）;Bax蛋白表达水平在联合组Raji细胞VCR单药组高（P〈0．05）。结论DADS能增强VCR对Raji细胞增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用．起化疗增敏作用：可能机制与其下调Bcl-2蛋白表达水平,上调Bax蛋白表达水平有关。     

青蒿琥酯及其与放疗联用对CNE细胞的作用

目的研究青蒿琥酯及其与放疗联用对鼻咽癌CNE细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法采用细胞集落计数法和原位末端标记（TUNEL）法,测定单用青蒿琥酯及其与放疗联用对CNE细胞增殖的抑制作用和对凋亡的诱导。结果青蒿琥酯能够抑制CNE细胞增殖,并呈现明显的剂量效应,药物浓度2．5～50μg／ml的细胞存活率为15．75％～93．64％。青蒿琥酯可诱导CNE细胞凋亡,高浓度组（10μg／ml）作用比低浓度组（5μg／ml）强（P〈0．05）。当青蒿琥酯与放疗联用时作用更为明显,联用组的作用效果均优于单用青蒿琥酯组或单纯放疗组。结论青蒿琥酯对CNE细胞增殖有明显的抑制和诱导凋亡作用,且和放疗联用作用更强。     

环孢菌素A联合干扰素对白血病细胞株的多药耐药逆转的实验研究

目的：观察联合逆转剂对白血病细胞株多药耐药（MDR）的逆转作用，提高化疗的敏感性，方法：用环孢菌素A（CsA)和干扰素－α（INF-α）单独或联合逆转多药耐药细胞株K562／A02对柔红霉素（DNR）的耐药，药敏试验采用MTT法，同时用流式细胞仪检测逆转前后P糖蛋白（PgP)表达的变化及细胞内DNR浓度分布情况。结果：DNR对K562／A02及K562／S细胞的半数细胞抑制剂量（IC50）分别为7．3μg/ml和0．2μg/ml，CsA联合INF－α后明显增强DNR对K562／A02的细胞毒作用，IC60由7．3μg/ml降低到0．7μg/ml，而对K562／S细胞无影响，且逆转后细胞内DNR浓度明显增加，PgP表达无明显变化，结论：CsA和IFN－α联合能使白血病细胞株K562／A02对DNA的敏感性增加，具有逆转多药耐药的作用。     

蛋白激酶C抑制药enzastaurin对吉非替尼耐药的人非小细胞肺癌细胞株生长的影响

目的：观察新型靶向制剂enzastaurin单独或联合吉非替尼对耐药人非小细胞肺癌细胞株的影响,设计合理的治疗药物组合。方法：CCK8法检测细胞增殖,Chou-Talalay联用指数法判定联合用药效果,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化。结果：单药吉非替尼及enzastaurin作用NCI-H460耐药肺癌细胞72 h的半数抑制浓度（IC50）分别为6.99μmol·L-1（95%CI 3.55~13.79μmol·L-1）,7.25μmol·L-1（95%CI 4.77~1.02μmol·L-1）。两药联合应用对肺癌细胞的抑制作用增强（P 〈0.05）,同时给药组抑制效果更显著（P〈0.01）。同时给药组、序贯给药组（先用吉非替尼）和序贯给药组（先用enzastaurin）吉非替尼对H460细胞的IC50值分别为0.006μmol·L-1（95%CI 0.002~0.020μmol·L-1）,0.02μmol·L-1（95%CI 0.011~0.037μmol·L-1）,0.085μmol·L-1（95%CI 0.042~0.170μmol·L-1）。联合指数法显示在吉非替尼浓度0.05μmol·L-1以上时,同时给药组联合指数均〈1。细胞周期分布实验结果显示同时给药组可显著提高G0/G1期细胞比例（P〈0.05）,阻滞细胞于G1期。结论：蛋白激酶C抑制药enzastaurin与EGFR抑制药吉非替尼联用具有较好的协同作用,两药联合应用可能是出现吉非替尼耐药的非小细胞肺癌后续治疗的一个新选择。     

白花蛇舌草醇提物和半枝莲醇提物联用抗胰腺癌作用及机制研究

目的 探讨白花蛇舌草醇提取物（EEHD）、半枝莲醇提取物（EESB）及其联用的体内外抗胰腺癌作用及机制。方法 MTS法检测不同浓度EEHD、EESB（200.0、100.0、50.0、25.0、12.5、0 μg/mL）及不同比例（1：3、1：1、3：1）联合对胰腺癌Panc28、胰腺导管上皮Hped6-C7细胞生长的影响,Chou-Talalay法评价两药联合的作用效果;人胰腺癌裸鼠移植性肿瘤模型评价EEHD、EESB（200 mg/kg）及二者联用（100 mg/kg+100 mg/kg、50 mg/kg+150 mg/kg、150 mg/kg+50 mg/kg）的体内抗肿瘤作用; ELISA法检测EEHD（50 μg/mL）、EESB（50 μg/mL）及EEHD+EESB（25 μg/mL+25 μg/mL）对Panc28、ASPC-1细胞上清葡萄糖及乳酸水平的影响;Western Blotting法检测其对PKM2/PKM1蛋白表达的影响。结果 EEHD、EESB均能有效抑制胰腺癌细胞的增殖,两药联合指数（I）值均小于1,提示二者具有协同作用。体内实验表明,与模型组比较,各给药组均可显著抑制胰腺癌生长（P<0.05）,联用组作用明显优于单药组,且1：1比例效果最好。与对照组比较,两药单用、联用均可显著抑制葡萄糖摄取、乳酸分泌并降低PKM2/PKM1比率,且联用效果更好（P<0.05）。结论 EEHD、EESB联用体内外均可协同抑制胰腺癌的生长,其机制可能与影响肿瘤糖酵解有关。     

痰热清抗呼吸道合胞病毒作用体外实验研究

目的研究中草药注射液痰热清对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV、Long株)的抑制作用。方法以病毒唑为阳性对照药,采用细胞培养技术,观察不同药物浓度及不同给药方式下RSV攻击后各组Hep-2细胞的病变效应(CPE),在此基础上采用MTT比色法,测定各组细胞的病毒抑制率。以CPE法计算药物的半数中毒浓度TC50,分别以CPE法及MTT法计算药物的半数有效浓度EC50及治疗指数TI,比较不同药物浓度及不同给药方式下热毒宁对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的抑制作用效果。结果痰热清注射液半数中毒浓度TC50为3.972g/L,预防给药方式、细胞外直接灭活及治疗给药方式均有抗RSV作用,其抗RSV的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为0.428/1.160/1.189g/L,治疗指数TI分别是9.28、3.42和3.34,痰热清对RSV的抑制作用存在着明显的量效反应关系。结论痰热清对RSV有直接灭活作用,对RSV侵入Hep-2细胞有阻断作用,对RSV在Hep-2细胞内增殖有抑制作用,相同浓度下,以预防作用更显著。     

脉络宁注射液中绿原酸在健康人体内的药动学

目的：研究单剂量和多剂量静脉滴注脉络宁注射液中绿原酸在健康人体内的药动学。方法：10名健康受试者单、多次剂量静脉滴注脉络宁注射液后,采用高效液相色谱．质谱联用法（LC／MS／MS）测定血浆中绿原酸浓度,DAS（1．0）软件对其药．时曲线进行拟合,并计算药动学参数。结果：绿原酸药．时曲线符合二房室模型,单、多次剂量主要药动学参数分别为Cmax：（252±66）、（262±87）μg／L;t1/2β：（1．35±0．53）、（1．37±0．27）h;V：（0．70±0．24）、（0．68±0．24）L／kg;CL：（0．37±0．10）、（0．34±0．11）L·kg^-1·h^-1;AUG0-tn：（404±110）、（455±151）μg·L^-1·h。结论：单剂量和多次静脉滴注脉络宁注射液后绿原酸主要药动学参数经统计学处理差异无统计学意义;连续多次给药后,绿原酸体内无蓄积现象,绿原酸的体内过程不受性别差异的影响。     

二异丁香酚抑制血小板血栓素形成和磷酸肌醇分解

血小板激活或血栓形成与血栓素入有关。血小板激活的首要环节是使磷酸肌醇（phosphoinositides）分解。抑制血小板功能可望预防血栓形成。作者研究了二异丁香酚（diisoeugenol）的抗血小板作用。研究结果发现，当二异丁香酚浓度为20μg／ml时，ADP（20μM）、花生四烯酸（100μM）或胶原（10μg／ml）等诱发的兔血小板聚集被明显抑制（P＜0．05～0．01）2浓度更高时（50μg／ml）则被完全抑制，并显著抑制血小板激活困于（Platelet－activatingfactor，PAF，2ng／ml）和凝血酶（0．1U／ml）诱导的血小板聚集（P＜0．01）。环氧合酶抑制…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.