急性下肢缺血的治疗策略（附88例报告）

目的：探讨急性下肢缺血的治疗方法。方法：回顾分析2007年1月-2008年6月因急性下肢缺血行手术治疗的88例患者的临床资料。结果：59例术前诊断急性动脉栓塞的患者急诊行单纯Fogarty导管取栓术,50例术中证实为栓塞,取栓后预后良好（总有效率94．0％）;另有9例术中考虑动脉狭窄伴急性血栓形成,围手术期截肢率高达67．7％。29例术前诊断下肢动脉狭窄伴急性血栓形成的患者,经溶栓或PTA治疗后,有效率89．7％。结论：单纯动脉取栓仅适用于急性动脉栓塞的患者,治疗下肢动脉狭窄伴急性血栓形成需联合溶栓或PTA治疗。     

肝移植术后管腔重建相关并发症的介入治疗

目的：探讨介入技术治疗肝移植术后血管和胆管管腔重建相关性并发症的可行性。方法：肝移植术后共有16例相关并发症患者接受介入治疗,其中肝动脉狭窄4例,肝动脉血栓形成2例,门静脉狭窄并血栓形成1例,胆管吻合口狭窄9例。肝动脉狭窄行球囊扩张（PTA）或内支架治疗,肝动脉血栓形成行导管接触性溶栓治疗,门静脉狭窄并血栓形成行溶栓、支架置入及分流道栓塞治疗,胆管吻合口狭窄行PTA或支架置入治疗。结果：16例患者均获技术成功,治疗均有效,有效率为100%。4例肝动脉狭窄1例单纯PTA有效,3例行支架置入术后有效,血流恢复。2例肝动脉血栓形成术后血栓消失,血流恢复通畅。1例门静脉并发症治疗后血流恢复,灌注增加。9例胆管吻合口狭窄2例行PTA有效,7例置入支架后有效。随访0.5～17个月无复发,5例死于原发病进展或系统并发症,与该并发症或介入治疗无关。结论：介入技术成功率高、并发症少,是治疗肝移植管腔重建相关并发症的有效方法。     

介入治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病的中长期疗效分析

【目的】探讨介入治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病的中长期疗效。【方法】选择下肢动脉缺血性疾病的患者106例,其中42例患者经数字减影血管造影（DSA）证实为髂动脉和／或股动脉闭塞,64例髂动脉和／或股动脉、胭动脉不同程度管腔狭窄,术中采用经导管动脉内溶栓治疗64例,机械开通31例,经皮血管腔内成形术（PTA）101例,支架置入69例（116枚支架）,术后随访12～60个月,分析介入治疗后的中长期疗效。【结果】术中未出现血管破裂、穿孔等严重并发症;术后所有患者下肢缺血症状明显减轻或消失。随访期间1例患者于术后15个月死于急性心肌梗死,21例患者再次出现下肢缺血症状,经DSA检查6例内膜增生引起支架阻塞,6例非治疗部位血管病变进展所致下肢缺血,9例溶栓及PTA治疗部位血管再狭窄,均经PTA或支架置入治疗后症状好转出院;其余84例症状无复发,血管超声复查提示管腔通畅、血流良好。【结论】介入治疗下肢动脉缺血性疾病操作创伤小、中长期疗效好,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

应用溶栓导管治疗急性下肢动脉血栓形成的效果观察与护理

目的 探讨应用溶栓导管溶栓治疗急性下肢动脉血栓形成的效果及护理方法.方法 对26例急性下肢动脉血栓患者介入下股动脉穿刺血栓内置入溶栓导管,通过术中脉冲推注尿激酶及协同术后经溶栓导管微量泵持续泵入尿激酶溶栓,术后加强溶栓导管的护理及患肢血运的观察.结果 11例术中完全开通,9例48 h内复通,6例部分溶通,但血栓平面均有所下降,症状明显改善.结论 介入置入溶栓导管治疗急性下肢动脉血栓是有效的.     

血管内支架置入治疗周围血管疾病的应用研究

目的：探讨血管内支架置入治疗周围血管疾病的应用价值。材料与方法：16例周围血管狭窄或闭塞的患者及2例外伤性周围血管损伤的患者。15例为髂动脉或股动脉动脉硬化所致的血管狭窄或闭塞，1例为左锁骨下动脉开口处动脉硬化所致的血管狭窄，1例为右肱动脉上段外伤性动脉瘤，1例为外伤性右锁骨下动－静脉瘘。16例周围血管狭窄或闭塞的患者，采用经皮穿刺溶栓治疗，球囊导管血管内成形（PTA）及血管内支架置入进行治疗，2例外伤性血管损伤的患者，采用经皮穿刺带膜血管内支架置入进行治疗。结果：18例患者经溶栓治疗，血管内成形（PTA）及血管内支架置入术治疗后，闭塞血管重新开通，损伤血管修复，血液动力学恢复正常。未发生并发症。结论：血管内支架置入治疗周围血管疾病具有较高的临床应用价值。     

多种腔内技术在急慢性下肢动脉血栓治疗中的应用

目的：评价动脉接触性溶栓(intraarterial catheter directed thrombolysis,ICDT)联合球囊扩张(PTA)、导管取栓等综合腔内技术在急慢性下肢动脉血栓栓塞治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析2011年4月至2015年4月我院收治的下肢动脉急慢性血栓、栓塞患者共26例,采取 ICDT 为基础,联合 PTA、导管取栓等多种腔内技术治疗,评价技术成功率及近中期疗效。结果26例共28条肢体,3例急性血栓患者血栓完全溶解,5例6条下肢急性栓塞患者联合 PTA 和(或)导管取栓再通成功,18例19条下肢二期行腔内血管重建,17例成功,共植入21枚支架,1例失败,治疗总有效率96.4%(27/28)。结论以 ICDT 为基础,联合 PTA、导管取栓等综合腔内技术对于下肢急慢性血栓治疗安全有效,对动脉闭塞症伴血栓形成的复杂病变可以降低手术难度,提高腔内治疗成功率。     

超选择动脉溶栓及经皮腔内血管成型术治疗脑梗死

目的 评价超选择动脉溶栓及经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）治疗急性治脑梗死的临床疗效。方法 对30例急性脑梗死病人,经股动脉或颈动脉插管,用微导丝将微导管送至血管闭塞部位,注入尿激酶（UK）行溶栓治疗,对6例颅外段血管狭窄者,采用PTA消除,并注入罂粟碱扩张颅内血管。结果 颈内动脉闭塞10例、大脑中动脉16例、椎基动脉系统4例,血管完全再通15例,部分再通12例,治疗3月后日常生活能力指数（BI）评分：100分20例,75-95分6例,占86.7%。结论：早期超选择动脉溶栓配合PTA和罂粟碱可明显提高闭塞血管再通率,是目前治疗急性脑梗死有效的方法。     

心房纤颤并发下肢动脉栓塞的急诊介入治疗

目的 探讨急诊介入治疗心房纤颤并发急性下肢动脉栓塞的方法与疗效.方法 心房纤颤并发的急性下肢动脉栓塞患者82例,其中右股动脉栓塞20例,右腘动脉栓塞及腘以下动脉栓塞14例,左髂动脉栓塞4例,左股动脉栓塞27例,左腘及腘以下动脉栓塞17例.急诊采用留置溶栓导管局部溶栓的介入方法治疗.结果 82例患者中44例(53.7%)患者经急诊介入溶栓后栓塞血管完全再通,临床症状消失;29例(35.4%)栓塞血管部分再通,临床症状明显缓解,肢体得以保存,但病程后期及随访有肢体慢性缺血的症状;7例(8.3%)因肢体缺血时间过长发生不可逆性坏死而行截肢术;2例(2.4%)患者因坏死肢体毒素的吸收,终因并发急性肾衰竭及多脏器功能衰竭而死亡.急诊介入治疗总有效率为89.1%,而截肢率和死亡率较低.结论 急诊介入留置溶栓导管方法治疗心房纤颤并发的下肢动脉栓塞,临床效果良好,截肢率低.     

急性股浅动脉支架内血栓形成的介入治疗

目的 探讨DSA引导下采用导引导管取栓和局部溶栓的方法,治疗下肢股浅动脉支架放置术后急性血栓的临床疗效.方法 2008年3月～2012年4月,8例下肢股浅动脉支架放置术后急性血栓形成患者,接受介入引导管取栓及局部溶栓治疗.结果 全组介入治疗成功率100％,无严重并发症.结论 DSA下导引导管取栓和局部溶栓治疗下肢动脉支架急性血栓形成,疗程短、成功率高、疗效显著、并发症少.     

下肢动脉损伤急性期的DSA诊断与介入治疗探讨

目的评价下肢动脉损伤采用数字减影血管造影（DSA）的必要性以及观察在急性期行介入治疗后的疗效。方法采用Sddmger＇s技术经健侧股动脉插管，在透视下引入5-FCobra导管或单弯导管至患侧股动脉作DSA检查，对血栓形成患者，引入5-F溶栓导管至病变部位外接微量泵行床旁溶栓治疗，严密监测凝血酶原时间（PT），定期造影复查以观察疗效；对伤口大出血患者，直接用栓塞材料经造影导管行血管腔内栓塞治疗。结果12例患者通过DSA检查均得到明确诊断，接受腔内溶栓治疗的9例患者，有8例血管再通并成功保肢，有1例治疗效果不著，经两天溶栓治疗后转外科行血管切开取栓治疗，另1例为外伤致截肢治疗后残端渗血不止，行DSA检查后经导管栓塞治疗获止血。结论DSA检查应视为下肢动脉损伤诊断的金标准，血管腔内介入治疗创伤小、临床疗效满意。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.