植入型心律转复除颤器适应证患者及主管医生的问卷调查

目的通过对植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）适应证患者及主管医生的问卷调查探讨国内ICD植入率过低的原因。方法选取2007年6月至2008年1月在复旦大学附属中山医院心内科住院病人中符合ICD适应证的患者及其主管医师进行问卷调查。结果（1）共有122例ICD适应证患者参与调查。其中一级预防适应证占73．0％,为二级预防（27．0％）的2．7倍。（2）无论是一级预防还是二级预防,其基础心脏疾病均以非缺血性心脏病占首位。（3）二级预防患者植入ICD／CRT—D的比例为42．4％,而一级预防的比例仅为2．2％（P〈0．001）。（4）年龄与文化程度对于患者是否接受ICD治疗无影响。（5）在对自身病情、心脏性猝死（SCD）的认知以及对于ICD的了解和接受程度等方面,二级预防患者均明显优于一级预防患者（P〈0．001）。（6）决定患者是否接受ICD治疗的最主要影响因素是医生的建议。不接受ICD治疗的首位原因是认为自己的病情不需要而非经济因素。（7）绝大多数一级预防患者的主管医师认为患者并不需要植入ICD（93．3％）,其比例明显高于二级预防21．1％（P〈0．001）。结论目前临床上ICD作为SCD预防的实际应用远远低于其指征范围,尤其是一级预防。医患对心脏性猝死及ICD的认识不够是导致ICD植入率过低的主要原因。     

Serum lipids and lipoproteins in patients with primary gout

Summary Serum lipid and lipoprotein values of 32 male patients suffering from gout were quantitated and compared with corresponding values of a random control group which did not differ significantly with regard to age, body weight index and socio-economic status. All patients were on therapy with allopurinol which lasted on average for 6 years. The most striking differences between patients and controls were the increased triglyceride and apo B values and the decreased HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and HDL-phospholipid (HDL-PL) values in the patient group. The values of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apo A-I and Lp (a) were not significantly different between patients and controls. The great differences in the ratios of apo B/LDL-C, apo A-I/HDL-C and apo A-I/HDL-PL values suggest that gout is connected with changes in the chemical composition of the major lipoprotein classes. In three normolipemic individuals who were treated for 3 weeks with allopurinol no changes in lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were apparent. The results are discussed in view of the atherosclerosis risk of patients suffering from gout.     

Validation of the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index in patients with gout

OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) in patients with gout. METHODS: This study was conducted in a multicenter cohort of patients with gout whose data were collected at baseline (time 0) and 6 months later (time 6). Reliability was assessed by test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient). Construct validity was assessed with convergent validity (HAQ DI correlation with Short Form 36 [SF-36]) and discriminative validity (HAQ DI correlation with clinical features). Sensitivity to change was determined by comparing HAQ DI time 0 versus HAQ DI time 6 (percentage of change, effect size, smallest real difference [SRD], and Guyatt's responsiveness index [GRI]). RESULTS: We included 206 patients (96.6% men, mean +/- SD age and disease duration 56.3 +/- 12.4 years and 9.3 +/- 8.5 years, respectively). Of these, 52.4% had joint pain, 22.8% swelling, 32.5% reduced joint mobility, and 36.9% tophi. The mean HAQ DI score was 0.59 +/- 0.77 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.49-0.70). ICC (n = 36, evaluations at baseline and 5 days later) was 0.76. Cronbach's alphas were 0.91 (95% CI 0.88-0.92, P = 0.000) for the 20 HAQ DI items and 0.93 (95% CI 0.92-0.94, P = 0.000) for the 8 HAQ DI categories. The HAQ DI correlated in predictable ways with SF-36 subscales and clinical variables, and discriminated between subgroups with and without any joint pain, swelling, and tophi. Concerning sensitivity to change (n = 167), the difference between HAQ DI time 0 and HAQ DI time 6 was 0.31 +/- 0.58 (effect size 0.62, SRD 0.59, and GRI 1.91). DeltaHAQ DI correlated with Deltapain (r = 0.349, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The HAQ DI is a valid and reliable measure of functioning in patients with gout.     

中国医生胃食管反流病诊治状况的调查研究

的了解中国不同地区医生胃食管反流病（GERD）的发病和诊治情况。方法中国医师协会消化医师分会采用随机抽样问卷方式，于2006年2月-6月在全国不同地区医院中对患有GERD的医生的发病和诊治情况进行调查。结果1010例患有GERD的医生接受调查，男性567例、女性419例，男女性别比为1．35：1，平均年龄为（41．1±10．3）岁，其中患病年龄以30～40岁最为多见。在胃食管反流症状中烧心502例（49．7％），胸骨后痛325例（32．2％），暖气319例（31．6％），上腹痛313例（31．1％），咽部吞咽异物感88例（8．7％）。在被调查对象中467例（46．2％）曾行胃镜检查，食管黏膜正常者339例，占76．0％；反流性食管炎102例，占21．8％；Barrett食管10例，占2．2％。89．3％的被调查者曾服用质子泵抑制剂（PPI）治疗，平均起效时间为（13．2±36．5）h，服用药物的满意度为91．0％。相关分析显示年龄及性别与胃镜检查结果无相关性，临床症状及其严重程度与胃镜检查结果亦无相关性。回归分析显示症状缓解时间（P=0．0065）及服药方式（P=0．0003）与服用药物满意度存在负相关。结论患有GERD的中国医生临床症状主要表现为烧心、胸骨后痛、暖气和上腹痛，胃镜检查是诊断反流性食管炎的重要依据，多数被调查者胃镜下表现为食管黏膜正常，选择服用PPI治疗疗效的满意度高。     

Establishing outcome domains for evaluating treatment of acute and chronic gout

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Novel therapies for gout have recently been developed which has prompted considerable efforts in defining the relevant outcomes for measurement in intervention trials of gout. This review summarizes the consensus exercises refining domains for measurement and the work of individual groups in assessment of the validity of measurement tools for these domains. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent publications have focused on the consensus exercises and validation studies of measurement tools, particularly in relation to tophus size and imaging. SUMMARY: Consensus on potential outcome domains has been achieved, but measuring these domains requires further validation in observational studies and confirmation of relevance from people with gout. Further work is also required in refining measurements of tophus size and imaging scores. The role of a response criteria measure is also yet to be defined, especially in relation to reduction in flare frequency, or whether composite criteria are necessary.     

STD-related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of Xhosa-speaking patients attending STD primary health-care clinics in South Africa.

The primary aim of this study was to describe patients at sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, in terms of gender, education and age differences relative to their STD knowledge and beliefs, their condom use, as well as their attitudes towards condom use and their condom-use behaviour. The information was collected with a view to developing a health education intervention. Structured interviews were conducted with 2978 randomly sampled Xhosa-speaking STD clinic attenders about their knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding STDs and related behaviours. More males (75%) than females (25%) presented for STD treatment. The majority of patients (92%) were younger than 35 years. Female patients were found to be more aware than male patients of the sexual nature of STD transmission, valued personal autonomy in sexual behaviour and expressed a greater need to use condoms. Males perceived STD symptoms to be more serious, had more misconceptions about the cause of STDs and also more negative beliefs and attitudes towards condom use. Only 34.9% of the patients reported using condoms in the last 6 months while only 24.5% reported regular use. Those who reported condom use were more knowledgeable about the sexual transmission of STDs and the effects of STDs on the neonate. They also had fewer misconceptions about the causes of STDs and perceived STD symptoms to be more serious, attached greater value to personal autonomy in sexual behaviour and condom use and had more positive outcome expectancies of refusing sex than those who never used condoms. The data suggest that targeted interventions directed at males will have to address their inadequate knowledge regarding STDs in terms of transmission, causes, consequences, prevention and cure. Their negative beliefs and attitudes towards condoms will need special attention, especially in view of their multiple partner behaviour. Interventions directed at females will need to improve their knowledge regarding STD consequences, causes, recognition of symptoms as well as improve their knowledge of aspects of prevention and cure. All interventions must facilitate personal autonomy in decision making about sexual behaviour and condom use for both men and women, through skills development programmes that promote self-efficacy in the individual and instil a culture of mutual respect of such in the community.     

Analysis of risk factors for susceptibility of frequent gout attacks:A case-control study of 579 patients with primary gout

正Objective To analyze the risk factors of frequent gout flare,and to evaluate its susceptibility to identify patients with≥2 acute attacks per year.Methods A total of 579 of cases gout patients with no history of taking urate lowering treatment (ULT) in recent 12 months were enrolled.The patients were divided into frequent group (gout episodes≥twice per year) and non-frequent group (gout attacks twice per year).The clinical information was collected and relevant biochemical indices     

Letter to the editor: mobile applications for patients with gout in China

Clinical Rheumatology -     

新疆汉、维吾尔、哈萨克族成年人高尿酸血症及痛风的流行病学调查

应用四阶段整群随机抽样法,在新疆地区调查了13 559名汉、维吾尔、哈萨克族成年人的高尿酸血症及痛风患病率.汉、维吾尔、哈萨克族高尿酸血症标化患病率分别为11.00%、3.27%和3.94%;痛风患病率分别为1.32%、0.65%和0.70%,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).非条件logistic回归分析显示,维吾尔族及哈萨克族患高尿酸血症的风险较汉族低;体重指数、肾功能及血脂为高尿酸血症的危险因素;女性及体力活动为保护因素.食海鲜及动物内脏是汉族患高尿酸血症的独立危险因素,食动物内脏及饮酒是哈萨克族的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Four-stage selected random samples were used to analyze the prevalence and distributing feature of hyperuricemia and gout in 13 559 Han,Uighur,and Hazakh adults in Xinjiang. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 11.00%,3.27%,and 3.94% respectively in Han,Uighur,and Hazakh populations,and 1.32%, 0.65%,and 0.70% for gout,with statistically significant difference among three groups(all P＜0.05). No-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that nationality,body mass index,renal function,and serum lipid were risk factors of hyperuricemia,while female and physical activity were protective factors. Eating seafood and animal visceral organs were independent risk factors of hyperuricemia in Han population. Eating animal visceral organs and drinking alcohol were independent risk factors of hyperuricemia in Hazakh population.     

Renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine in primary gout

PURPOSE: The renal excretion of uric acid is usually diminished in primary gout with respect to increased serum urate levels. To determine whether the renal excretion of uric acid precursors, hypoxanthine and xanthine, is also abnormal in primary gout, the concentrations of these purines were measured in plasma and 24-hour urine samples in normal subjects, in patients with primary gout and uric acid underexcretion, and in patients with enzyme deficiencies that are known to result in over-production of uric acid. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three groups of subjects were studied: Group I consisted of 10 ambulatory healthy normal men; Group II consisted of 15 patients in whom primary gout was diagnosed; and Group III consisted of 10 patients with various enzyme defects known to produce an excessive synthesis of uric acid. In each subject, plasma and 24-hour urinary uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and creatinine concentrations were measured and the mean of three consecutive determinations was used. The fractional excretion of purine compounds was calculated from a formula. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, and hemoglobin were also measured in each subject. RESULTS: Plasma hypoxanthine and xanthine were increased in the two groups of patients compared with the control subjects. Urinary hypoxanthine and xanthine levels were reduced in gouty patients compared with control subjects, whereas levels were increased in patients with uric acid overproduction. A positive correlation was found between the renal clearances of uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine is severely impaired in most patients with primary gout.     

Managing the difficult airway: A survey of doctors with different seniority in China

Although equipment and human resources are vital elements of difficult airway management (DAM). But the approach and practice of DAM are more important. So, we conducted the present survey to address anesthesiologists of different working years in this knowledge gap.This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from October 27, 2016 to November 27, 2016. The survey was completed online in New Youth Anesthesia Forum including DAM assessment, anticipated and unanticipated DAM, difficult airway algorithm, use of the front of neck access (FONA) technique and training, DAM outside the operation room, and difficult extubation management.We received 1935 replies (44%). Mouth opening and Mallampati classification were the most common methods to evaluate difficult airways. When suffering from unanticipated difficult airway 63% less than 10 years anesthesiologists (LA) and 65% more than 10 years anesthesiologists (MA) would ask for help after trying 1 to 2 times (P = .000). More than 70% of LA and MA respondents reported preferring cannula cricothyrotomy to deal with emergency airway, 507 (41.6%) MA respondents reported that they used FONA techniques to save patients’ lives (P = .000). Nearly 70% respondents worried full stomach when intubated outside operation room and more than 80% respondents selected auscultation to identify the placement. More than 80% respondents had not used Bougie to assist extubation. A 73.2% respondents know ABS algorithm and 96.4% know Chinese airway expert consensus among MA respondents, this was significant to LA respondents (P = .000).The respondents in the LA and MA have a training gap in their evaluation of difficult airways, trained and used FONA emergency skills, facilitated of the airway guidelines at home and abroad. Also, we should provide more airway theory and skill training to our young doctors to advanced airway skills.     

The clinical characteristics,diagnosis and treatment of patients with gout in China

正Objective To investigate the demographic characteristics,clinical features,diagnosis and treatment of patients with gout in China.Methods Clinical data of6 814 patients with gout from 100 hospitals in 27 provinces,municipalities or autonomous regions in China were collected and analyzed.Results(1)The ratio of male to female in patients with gout was 14.7∶1.The     

甘肃省国家扶贫县村医艾滋病知识态度行为调查

目的了解甘肃省贫困地区农村基层医务人员艾滋病防治知识水平。方法选择全省40个区国家扶贫县共215名村医做为调查对象,用事先设计好的匿名问卷进行现场调查,收集有关艾滋病知识、行为和态度方面资料。结果艾滋病基本知识的总知晓率为43.7%,一些概念性较强的问题正确率较低,在50%以下;国家“四免一关怀”政策平均得分仅0.84±0.18分(共5分),艾滋病综合防治示范区明显高于非示范区(t=2.31,P<0.05),非少数民族地区明显高于少数民族地区(t=3.33,P<0.05);对职业暴露和职业感染的风险有一定程度认识,但对发生职业暴露后的紧急处理不太清楚。结论当地医务人员对艾滋病的基本知识的知晓率不高,对某些问题存在认识上的偏差,缺乏有关艾滋病知识的系统培训。