慢性肾脏病伴高血压患者快速进展的危险因素分析

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病（CKD）伴高血压患者快速进展的危险因素,以及营养管理与CKD快速进展的相关性。方法 溯源2019年6月至2022年6月在厦门大学附属第一医院肾内科连续随诊1年以上的非透析CKD伴高血压患者,收集患者的临床病历资料、是否接受营养管理等信息进行回顾性分析。依据全球肾脏病预后组织关于CKD快速进展的定义,分成CKD非快速进展组（n=152）和CKD快速进展组（n=86）,采用Logistic回归分析CKD快速进展的危险因素。结果 两组CKD病因比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;CKD快速进展组收缩压高于非快速进展组,血压达标比例和营养管理比例低于非快速进展组（P<0.05）;两组尿蛋白比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;CKD快速进展组估算肾小球滤过率（e GFR）、血红蛋白、白蛋白低于非快速进展组,年eGFR下降值、血钾、血磷、肌酐高于非快速进展组,合并贫血、低蛋白血症、高钾血症、高磷血症的比例高于非快速进展组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Logistic回归分析显示,CKD病因、尿蛋白、血磷以及是否接受营养管理是CKD伴高血压患...     

贝那普利和氯沙坦联合用药对慢性肾脏病高血压和肾功能的影响

高血压是慢性肾脏病的常见并发症之一,也是加重肾脏疾病发展和终末肾衰竭的重要因素之一[1].控制血压,延缓肾衰竭的进展,减少心脑血管并发症的发生是治疗该病的关键环节.贝那普利和氯沙坦均有减少蛋白尿、降血压、改善肾功能及延缓肾脏病进展的作用[2],但目前关于两药联合应用治疗慢性肾脏疾病高血压的报道较少.本研究对我院收治的慢性肾脏病高血压患者应用贝那普利联合氯沙坦进行治疗,旨在探讨其降压效果及对肾功能的影响.     

老年人肾功能评估的有关问题

近年美国提出的慢性肾脏病定义和诊断标准有很重要意义，该定义的提出，明确了慢性肾脏病范围，加深了对慢性肾脏病的认识，有利于推动该病的防治，也为如何认识老年人慢性肾脏病问题提出新的课题。     

血压评估参数与老年男性慢性肾脏病合并高血压病人肾功能下降的关系

目的 研究不同血压评估参数与老年男性慢性肾脏病(CKD)3～4期合并高血压病人肾功能下降的关系.方法 对2015年1月至2019年12月北京同仁医院老年医学科/干部医疗科112例CKD 3～4期合并高血压的老年男性病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析,记录病人连续2年临床检验数据及此2年间动态血压监测数据.以2年间eGFR减低...     

顽固性高血压与慢性肾脏病

<正>慢性肾脏病可引起顽固性高血压,同时长时间控制欠佳的高血压也可引起慢性肾脏病。慢性肾脏病的患病率在全世界迅速上升,约占目前成人人口的10%〔1〕。当肾小球滤过率由85 ml/min下降至15 ml/min时,65%⁹5%的慢性肾脏病患者出现高血压。对肾脏和心血管等靶器官而言,顽固性高血压是其独立危险因素,故控制血压在目标水平,已成为慢性肾脏病患者治疗的一个重要问题,本文就顽固性高血压的定义、发病机制、治疗措施及预后等进行综述。     

老年非透析慢性肾脏病合并高血压患者难治性高血压的影响因素

目的探讨非透析慢性肾脏病(CKD)合并高血压的高龄患者难治性高血压(RH)的影响因素。方法选择2012年9月至2013年8月在该院肾内科门诊就诊的非透析CKD合并高血压的高龄患者642例,其中RH患者156例,非RH患者486例。收集患者的年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、血糖、血脂、血压等资料,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析RH的影响因素。结果 RH的患病率为24.30%,RH组糖尿病肾病%、BMI、血肌酐(Scr)、空腹葡萄糖(FPG)、血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、血钠、24 h尿蛋白定量、降压药使用种类、超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)显著高于非RH组(P<0.001),RH组肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血清白蛋白显著低于非RH组(P<0.001)。经多因素Logistic回归分析糖尿病肾病、BMI、eGFR、Hcy、24 h尿蛋白定量、CRP为RH的独立危险因素。结论老年RH患者发病率较高,可引起RH的影响因素较多,应针对其中独立高危影响因素进行有针对性的防治以改善患者预后。     

IgA肾病患者清晨高血压与肾功能关系的研究

目的:分析IgA肾病患者不同肾功能水平的动态血压及清晨血压情况。方法:纳入经肾组织活检确诊的189例IgA肾病非透析患者,根据估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)进行慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)分期,利用携带式动态血压检测仪收集患者动态血压,包括24 h收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)和舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、日间SBP(daytime SBP,dSBP)和日间DBP(daytime DBP,dDBP)、夜间SBP(nighttime SBP,nSBP)和夜间DBP(nighttime DBP,nDBP),分析不同CKD分期的IgA肾病患者清晨高血压的发生率。结果:IgA肾病患者24 h动态血压监测结果显示,与CKD1、2期患者相比,CKD4、5期患者24 hSBP、dSBP、nSBP均升高(均P<0.05),而24 hDBP、dDBP、nDBP无明显差异(均P>0.05)。CKD1~5期IgA肾病患者清晨高血压的发生率分别为23.5%、25.7%、30.0%、52.8%和63.6%。与CKD1~3期的IgA肾病患者相比,CKD4、5期患者的清晨高血压发生率均升高(均P<0.05)。CKD4、5期患者的清晨平均SBP分别为(142.4±24.6)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和(146.3±22.6)mmHg,显著高于CKD1、2期[(123.8±18.2)mmHg和(129.4±22.4)mmHg](均P<0.05),而清晨平均DBP均无明显差异(均P>0.05)。结论:CKD4~5期的IgA肾病患者清晨高血压的发生率明显升高,应重视患者24 h血压监测,加强清晨高血压的控制,尤其是对中晚期CKD患者。     

慢性肾功能不全患者血栓调节蛋白与心脑血管并发症关系的探讨

目的探讨慢性肾功能不全患者血栓调节蛋白（Tm）与心脑血管并发症的关系。方法北京朝阳医院肾内科2005-2006年期间住院的86例慢性肾脏病患者，按照CKD分期标准划分为肾功能正常组（GFR≥90ml／min）42例和肾功能不全组（GFR〈89ml／min）44例。合并心、脑血管疾病的诊断均根据其临床表现、生化指标和冠脉造影或CT、MRI等影像学改变。清晨空腹采静脉血分别测定血肌酐、胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白及血栓调节蛋白。结果慢性肾脏病肾功能不全组Tm水平明显高于肾功能正常组和对照组（P〈0．05），伴心脑血管并发症患者Tm水平较不伴并发症患者明显升高（P〈0．05）。将86例患者作为一个整体，进行多元逐步回归分析，结果显示：血栓调节蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、收缩压和血肌酐分别与慢性肾脏病合并心脑血管并发症密切相关。结论慢性肾脏病功能不全患者血栓调节蛋白升高，血栓调节蛋白与慢性肾脏病合并心脑血管并发症密切相关。     

高血压与肾脏病

高血压是全世界主要的公众健康问题之一,是心力衰竭及终末期肾病的独立危险因素.慢性肾脏病同样是全球性的健康问题,具有较高的发病率和病死率,因此给社会带来了沉重的经济负担.大量研究表明,高血压是导致肾脏病的原因,也是肾脏病的结果.微量白蛋白尿是高血压肾损害的早期指标,严格的血压控制可减少蛋白尿,延缓肾脏病的进展.本文对这两种疾病的发病率、危险因素、相互关系、治疗等方面进行了综述.     

慢性肾脏病的降血压治疗:目前的一些困惑

高血压既是导致慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的主要病因,也是CKD最常见的并发症和重要危险因素。持续性高血压不仅加重肾脏损害,也是CKD患者心、脑血管疾病并发症的主要危险因素     

Hypertension and chronic kidney diseases

Chronic kidney diseases – arising from inborn or acquired renal disorders – are one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension. Renal parenchymatous hypertension accompanying bilateral or unilateral kidney diseases is more prevalent than renovascular hypertension. The prevalence and severity of hypertension are influenced by age, weight, type of renal affliction, and depth of renal dysfunction. In multifactorial pathogenesis, sodium retention plays the crucial role together with dysbalance concerning effects of different vasoactive substances; however, unequivocal distinction between volume- and renin-type hypertension is difficult. The treatment of renal hypertension includes appropriate lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, hemoelimination methods and radiological or urological invasive procedures. In chronic kidney diseases with increased albuminuria or proteinuria, ACE inhibitors and AT1-blockers are preferred. Combination of several antihypertensives is often required to achieve the target blood pressure. Increased blood pressure represents not only the manifestation of chronic kidney diseases but also an important factor concerning the renal and cardiovascular risk.     

Hypertension and the kidney

Hypertension and kidney function are intimately related, with each having significant influences on the other. Given the major role played by the kidney in maintenance of extracellular fluid volume and peripheral vascular resistance, the kidney is justifiably a target of investigation to determine its potential role in essential hypertension. Conversely, hypertension is associated with progressive renal failure, and hypertension-associated end-stage renal disease is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. It is therefore important that we continue to investigate the hypertension/renal relationship in an effort to better understand the determinants of essential hypertension and to prevent a major cause of end-stage renal disease.     

Hypertension and kidney damage

Substantial evidence indicates that hypertension is a major contributor to the development of end-stage renal disease in most patients. However, such risk ranges from being fairly low in essential hypertension to a marked increase in susceptibility to hypertensive injury in patients with chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy. Studies in experimental animal models using blood pressure radiotelemetry have provided significant insights into the quantitative relationships between blood pressure and renal damage and the importance of protective renal autoregulatory capacity as a determinant of such differences in susceptibility to hypertensive injury. Moreover, such investigations have also emphasized the predominant importance of achieving normotension per se over the selection of particular antihypertensive regimens, including renin-angiotensin system blockade, in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease.     

Hypertension and the kidney

The kidney could be the cause of essential hypertension which can also cause renal disease. High blood pressure is also very common in chronic kidney disease, and is moreover a well-known risk factor for a faster progression of kidney failure. Hypertension and kidneys are thus closely linked. Hypertension must be aggressively treated in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease, with a blood pressure goal of less than 130/80 mmHg, even lower than 125/75 mmHg when proteinuria is over 1g/day, using optimal and effective antihypertensive drugs. Among them, the blockers of the renin-angiotensin axis offer nephroprotective but also cardioprotective properties beyond their effect on blood pressure.     

Hypertension after kidney transplantation

Hypertension is the most frequent non-rejection complication after transplantation of the kidney. It is encountered in 60 to more than 80% of recipients, depending on the investigated population and the definition of hypertension. It develops also in recipients who were normotensive before transplantation. While in dialyzed uraemic patients in the pathogenesis the most important part is played by hypervolaemia, after transplantation most frequently immunosuppressive treatment plays a part. The objective of our study was to assess the incidence of hypertension in the 1st and 2nd year after transplantation resp., the achieved blood pressure level (BP) the method of hypertension therapy in the group of recipients having immunosuppression treatment with corticoids, cyclosporin A (CyA) and mycophenolate mofetil (MFM). The group comprises 58 recipients of cadaverous renal grafts, 35 men (mean age 44.4 +/- 10.7 years and 23 women (mean age 44.8 +/- 12.6 years). 53 recipients (91.4%) had a graft for the first time, 5 recipients (8.6%) had already a second renal transplantation. Thirteen men (37%) and 8 women (35%) had a functioning graft for at least two years. The blood pressure was assessed by the auscultation method during every ambulatory control examination, with the patient sitting, on the upper extremity on the contralateral extremity with an arteriovenous fistula. The rate of ambulatory check-up examinations depended on the time after discharge from hospital following transplantation: in the first month 1x a week, in the second to third month 1x in two weeks, from the 4th month usually once a month. The BP reading at the end of the first and second year resp. after transplantation was obtained by calculating the mean value of three consecutive readings: from the ambulatory check-up at the end of the 1st and 2nd year resp. after transplantation and the preceding and subsequent check-up examination. Hypertension was defined as a BP exceeding 130/85 mm Hg or a median arterial pressure (MAP) higher than 100 mm Hg. MAP was calculated from the mean value of the SBP and DBP according to the formula: MAP = DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP).     

外质体(Exosomes)与肾脏疾病

外质体( Exosomes)足起源于多泡体的微小囊泡,由细胞内吞途径中的多泡体外膜和细胞膜融合后释放到胞外环境或体液中.Exosomes含有多种蛋白、mRNAs、microRNAs、信号分子等,能够反映来源细胞的生物学状态,因而可能成为潜在的生物学标志物.目前,exosomes的研究大多集中在免疫学和肿瘤学,并已经成为一种免疫治疗的新手段,应用于肿瘤治疗和免疫耐受等方面.近年人们才关注exosomes与肾脏疾病的关系,研究表明几乎所有肾脏上皮细胞包括肾小球足细胞、肾小管上皮细胞、尿道上皮细胞均可分泌exosomes,因此尿液来源的exosomes可能成为寻找肾脏疾病早期诊断的标志物.本文着重从exosomes的生物学特性及其在肾脏疾病诊断和治疗的研究进行综述.