人工合成生物降解材料聚乳酸在眼科的应用

人工合成高分子生物降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)及其共聚物的研究和应用是近年来生物医学材料领域的一大进展，为生物医学的发展提供了新的手段，利用聚乳酸及其共聚物良好的生物相容性、可吸收性和可塑性等生物学特性，可用于制作眼内药物缓释系统，治疗包括白内障、青光眼、角膜移植、眼内容炎等眼科各种疾病。主要介绍了PLA的生物学特性、眼内缓释药物系统的制作及在眼科各种疾病应用的进展。     

生物力学及其在眼科的研究与应用

生物力学是了解生命系统的力学 ,与临床医学紧密相关 ,涉及循环内科、创伤外科、矫形外科、口腔正畸、康复医学等临床各学科。生物力学在眼科也有多方面的研究应用。通过眼的生物力学的基础研究 ,能够增强眼科手术的预测性以提高临床效果。深入了解角膜材料本身生物力学的特性 ,对正确评估现代屈光手术后的效果有重要意义。虹膜、脉络膜、晶状体及角膜等生物软组织具有粘弹性特性。通过对虹膜生物力学特性的研究将有助于进一步的瞳孔阻滞定量研究。用人眼调节力学模型分析老视原因 ,认为脉络膜随着年龄增长的变化在理论上是调节力下降的根本原因。房水流体动力学的研究从眼球前部组织结构力学特性阐述了青光眼引起的房水流动与排除障碍。总之 ,随着生物力学研究的深入 ,将加深对眼科疾病的认识 ,提高眼科手术的技巧和预测性 ,推动眼科的更快发展     

Notch信号通路在眼科疾病发生发展中的调控作用

Notch信号通路是一种进化上高度保守的信号通路,广泛存在于各类组织细胞中,在胚胎发育、细胞增殖、分化和凋亡,维持多细胞生物稳态、血管生成以及多种癌症的发生发展过程中起重要作用。近年来研究发现Notch信号通路在白内障、葡萄膜炎、视网膜病变等多种眼科疾病中会表现为异常活化,调控着相关眼科疾病的发生和发展过程。本文就Notch信号通路在眼科疾病发生发展过程中的调控作用做简要综述。     

眼底激光光凝的生物效应

由于激光具有的独特光学特性和眼球特有的光学结构，使激光较早地应用于眼科疾病的诊治。二十多年来激光在眼科的应用越来越广泛，兹就激光光凝治疗眼底病变对眼底各组织结构的生物效应加以综述。     

智能生物传感器在眼科学领域的应用研究进展

智能生物传感器是全球柔性电子科学的前沿和研究热点,以集成硅基微电路芯片为生物传感器的研发核心,因在医疗和临床环境中可以实现稳定而持续的数据采集、处理和无线传输,从而参与多种器官和组织疾病的监测、诊断、治疗以及随访等而具有特定优势及潜在应用价值.本文针对眼科领域的相关研究、设计用于眼科疾病的智能生物传感器的种类,包括构成...     

羊膜在眼科临床应用中的研究新进展

随着羊膜移植在眼科临床,特别是在治疗眼表疾病中应用的成功报道,羊膜在眼科领域应用的基础研究也进一步受到关注。本文就羊膜的组织学、免疫学、生物学特性及其在眼科领域的临床应用进行综述。     

叶黄素对眼科疾病防治作用的研究进展

叶黄素是一种含氧类胡萝卜素,在自然界中广泛存在于蔬菜、花卉、水果、鸡蛋与某些藻类生物中.研究表明,叶黄素可以预防治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性和老年性白内障等眼科疾病.此文对叶黄素与眼科疾病的关系进行了综述.     

生物力学及其在眼科的研究与应用

生物力学是了解生命系统的力学，与临床医学紧密相关，涉及循环内科、创伤外科、矫形外科、口腔正畸、康复医学等临床各学科。生物力学在眼科也有多方面的研究应用。通过眼的生物力学的基础研究，能够增强眼科手术的预测性以提高临床效果。深入了解角膜材料本身生物力学的特性，对正确评估现代屈光手术后的效果有重要意义。虹膜、脉络膜、晶状体及角膜等生物软组织具有粘弹性特性。通过对虹膜生物力学特性的研究将有助于进一步的瞳孔阻滞定量研究。用人眼调节力学模型分析老视原因，认为脉络膜随着年龄增长的变化在理论上是调节力下降的根本原因。房水流体动力学的研究从眼球前部组织结构力学特性阐述了青光眼引起的房水流动与排除障碍。总之，随着生物力学研究的深入，将加深以眼科疾病的认识，提高眼科手术的技巧和预测性，推动眼科的更快发展。     

SIRT1与眼科疾病的研究进展

沉默信息调节因子相关酶1(sirtuin type1,SIRT1)是一种细胞代谢辅酶NAD⁺依赖的Ⅲ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶,通过转录调控,参与基因转录、能量代谢以及细胞衰老过程的调节,具有延长生物寿命和延缓多种年龄相关性疾病发展的作用,在抗衰老研究领域备受关注。近年的研究显示SIRT1在眼科多种疾病的发病机制中占有重要的地位,尤其是眼表疾病、青光眼、白内障、葡萄膜炎以及眼底病等,针对SIRT1活性的促进可能成为眼科新型药物的治疗靶点。本文将对SIRT1与眼科疾病的研究报道进行综述。     

胚胎干细胞体外培养及在眼科的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（ESC）具有体外无限增生和自我更新并能够分化为体内各种细胞的潜能。ESC独特的生物学特性被广泛应用于生物和医学研究领域,因此,成功地培养ESCs对于更深入地探讨ESCs的作用机制是非常有帮助的。目前,培养和分化的ESCs已用于一些眼科疾病的治疗,如视网膜变性性疾病和严重的角膜疾病等。ESC在动物和人的胚胎发育、致畸实验、组织工程和移植治疗等研究领域具有重要的科学意义和巨大的应用前景。对胚胎干细胞的发展、体外培养体系及在眼科研究进展进行综述。     

Quantification of Ocular Biomechanics In Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Purpose: To quantify biomechanical change associated with autoimmune diseases using Corvis ST deformation data.

Methods: Cross-sectional, observational, case control study of 76 patients with systemic autoimmune disease and 21 control subjects. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination with Corvis-ST (Oculus Optikgerate Gmbh, Germany) measurements for biomechanical properties of the eye.

Corneal deformation and also deformation caused by the extracorneal tissue were recorded. Using a mathematical formula, the three parameters, namely, corneal stiffness (kc), extracorneal tissue stiffness (kg), and extracorneal tissue viscosity (μg), were defined.

Results: The biomechanical analysis showed that kc and μg were significantly lower in patients with systemic autoimmune disease with eye manifestations than control group. However statistically, it was significant in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients only.

Conclusion: The new parameters, namely, kc, kg, and μg, can provide a sensitive marker of the ocular activity of the collagen vascular diseases.     

玻璃体液化生物力学特性及临床研究进展

玻璃体液化是一种与年龄相关的退行性改变,随后会进一步影响玻璃体及其周围组织的理化性质,导致多种相关眼部疾病.玻璃体液化最主要的病理改变是透明质酸逐渐耗竭和胶原网状结构塌陷,其中伴随着一系列玻璃体生物力学特性的改变.因此,本文对正常眼玻璃体的生物力学特性、玻璃体生物力学特性的测量方法、玻璃体液化形成机制和生物力学特性的改变以及玻璃体液化与眼病的关系等进行综述,以期为将来有效地减缓和治疗玻璃体液化提供思路.     

Comparison of clinical efficacy of trental various routes administration in hypoxic states of eye posterior segment

Ninety-four patients with acute and chronic diseases of the posterior segment of the eye (optic nerve atrophy, central chorioretinal dystrophy, ischemic neuropathy, circulatory disorders in the central retinal artery and its branches) were examined. Clinical efficacy of various routes of administration of trental (intravenous, parabulbar, and by subtenon implantation of a collagen infusion system--SICIS) was evaluated in patients with ischemic states of the posterior segment of the eye. The most pronounced improvement of visual acuity was observed after administration through collagen infusion system. In acute and chronic hypoxic diseases of the posterior segment of the eye the time course of the rheographic coefficient was virtually the same after intravenous and parabulbar administration, while after SICIS the rheographic coefficient was significantly higher. Therefore, SICIS is the most effective method for trental administration in patients with acute and chronic diseases of the posterior segment of the eye; parabulbar administration ranks second in efficiency. This recommends SICIS as the most effective method for trental administration.     

Perceptions and Understanding of Genetics and Genetic Eye Disease and Attitudes to Genetic Testing and Gene Therapy in a Primary Eye Care Setting

Background: Genetic eye pathology represents a significant percentage of the causes of blindness in industrialized countries. This study explores the level of understanding and perceptions of genetics and inherited eye diseases and the attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy.

Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. Participant groups included were: undergraduate students of optometry, primary eye care professionals and members of the general public. A preliminary study aimed to understand perceptions and to explore the level of knowledge about genetics in general, eye genetics and gene therapy. A second survey was designed to explore attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy.

Results: The majority of participants (82%) perceived genetics as an important science. However, none of them showed a high level of understanding of genetics and inherited eye diseases. Undergraduate students and primary eye care professionals were better informed about inherited eye diseases than the general public (p?=?0.001). The majority (80%) across all three groups had a positive attitude to genetic testing and gene therapy. There was a lack of knowledge about the genetic services available among all groups of participants.

Conclusion: This calls for serious thinking about the level of dissemination of information about genetics and inherited eye diseases. It shows a broadly supportive attitude to genomic medicine among the public. Improving public awareness and education in inherited eye diseases can improve the utility of genetic testing and therapy.     

Age-dependent changes in the expression of matrix components in the mouse eye

Although the presence of 'cartilage-specific' collagens in the eye has been documented earlier, very little is known about their synthesis rates during ocular development, growth and aging. The purpose of the present study was to follow changes in the mRNA levels and distribution of key components of the extracellular matrix in the eyes of normal and transgenic Del1 mice, harboring a short deletion mutation in the type II collagen gene, during ocular growth and aging. Total RNAs extracted from mouse eyes were studied by Northern analysis for mRNA levels of type I, II, III, VI, IX and XI collagens, biglycan, fibromodulin and decorin. A predominant finding of the present study was the marked reduction in the mRNA levels of type I and II collagens in the eye upon aging. The changes in the mRNA levels of type III and VI collagen and proteoglycans were smaller. Localization of type II and IX collagen in the eye was performed by immunohistochemistry. Despite the reduction in the type II collagen mRNA levels, immunohistochemistry confirmed widespread distribution of the protein also in aging mouse eyes, suggesting its slow turnover. Although the Del1 mutation caused gradual degenerative lesions in the eyes, the distribution of the protein remained essentially unchanged. The widespread distribution and marked downregulation of type II collagen production in the mouse eye upon aging probably explain the gradual development of degenerative lesions, particularly in the eyes of transgenic Del1 mice, where production of mutant type II collagen chains also contributes to the process.     

角膜生物力学特性的测量方法研究现状

角膜是人眼的主要屈光介质。作为一种黏弹性生物组织,角膜具有非线弹性、黏弹性和各向异性的复杂生物力学特性。角膜的生物力学特性对维持角膜的正常形态及功能具有重要作用。在许多眼部疾病中,角膜生物力学的改变常常早于临床症状的出现。因此对角膜生物力学特性的定量测量有利于疾病的早期诊断和治疗。目前测量角膜生物力学有多种方法,包括经典的体外实验,已应用于临床的在体测量法和其他的一些具有临床应用潜力的在体测量法。各种方法测量原理不同并有其相应的优缺点。     

A Comprehensive Review of Sex Disparities in Symptoms,Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology of Dry Eye Syndrome

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The etiology, frequency, manifestation, and treatment of dry eye syndrome are commonly influenced by sex and gender. Materials and Methods: This study aims to review the differences in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and associated diseases between the sexes. The terms men and male and women and female are used interchangeably throughout the review to refer to biological sex. Results: There are numerous objective and subjective markers of dry eye syndrome but not one diagnostic criterion. There are numerous associated conditions with dry eye syndrome varying from autoimmune to allergic. Large epidemiologic studies reviewed suggest that there does indeed exist a difference between dry eye symptoms between men and women, with women having dry eye signs and reporting dry eye symptoms more often than men. The increased prevalence in women could be correlated to an increased association with certain systemic diseases, specifically autoimmune diseases, and to hormonal variations. Several studies found equivocal data about prevalence of dry eye symptoms between men and women. Discussion: Interpreting studies that investigate epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of dry-eye conditions is complicated by the lack of universally adapted diagnostic criteria and standardized, specific diagnostic tests, and inter-study variability in the definition of dry eye syndrome.     

Danish Ophthalmology – from start to 1865

This short paper mentioned the medical treatment using the ‘holy’ springs, the first ‘eye doctor’ in Denmark, the first picture of spectacles which was found in Viborg Cathedral of the high priest before he performs circumcisio præputii on Jesus Christ, further cataract reclination in Denmark from around year zero and cataract extraction in 1667 in Denmark on a goose by Francisco Borri and on humans by the Danish Georg Heuermann in 1755. Epidemic military eye diseases in 1807, 1856 and 1865 are also described in this study. From 1856, a new ophthalmological period started in Denmark with the first eye hospital (lazaret only for eye diseases), and in 1864, patients with eye diseases were transported from the few beds in the surgical departments in the municipal hospital to the first civil eye department in Denmark, the eye hospital Sct. Annae in Copenhagen. The new scientific period started with Jacob Christian Bentz (ophthalmia granulosa, joint editor of the Danish Medical Journal) and Heinrich Lehmann.     

Collagen vascular diseases: cutaneous manifestations in ophthalmology

PURPOSE: To describe the effects of collagen vascular diseases on the eyelids and periorbital tissues. METHODS: Retrospective review of dermatologic pathology slides at Massachusetts General Hospital and eye pathology slides at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts. RESULTS: A spectrum of dermatologic manifestations of collagen vascular diseases was observed, affecting the eyelids and periorbital region. CONCLUSIONS: Collagen vascular diseases may present complicated diagnostic and clinical challenges for the practicing ophthalmologist. Familiarity with the cutaneous periocular manifestations of these diseases may facilitate early recognition, diagnosis, and ophthalmologic intervention where necessary.