心脏纤维化的干预治疗

心脏纤维化主要是由血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ）、醛固酮（ALD）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）等循环激素、细胞因子平衡失调而引起的。其干预治疗主要有血管紧张素Ⅱ转化酶抑制剂（ACEI）、醛固酮拮抗剂（螺内脂）、血管紧张素Ⅱ Ⅰ型受体（AT1）阻断剂等。     

醛固酮对肝星状细胞Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原合成及组织金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1 mRNA表达的作用

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)可能在肝纤维化形成中发挥重要作用，利用醛固酮受体拮抗剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ1型(AT1)受体拮抗剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)等药物阻断RAAS可以显著抑制实验性大鼠肝纤维化的形成。现在体外现察了醛固酮对肝星状细胞株HSC-T6 Ⅰ，Ⅲ型胺原合成和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制因于-1(TIMP-1)mRNA表达的作用。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因可调控体外培养的血管平滑肌细胞基质金属蛋白酶2的表达

目的利用强力霉素—开放可调控哺乳动物表达系统,对体外培养血管平滑肌细胞的血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体表达进行有效调控,在此基础上对基质金属蛋白酶2的表达受血管紧张素Ⅱ及其受体拮抗剂的影响进行研究。方法建立强力霉素可调控表达血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因的双重稳定大鼠血管平滑肌细胞。观察该血管平滑肌细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体受调控表达情况,以及血管紧张素Ⅱ及其1型、2型其受体拮抗剂干预上述细胞后基质金属蛋白酶2的表达情况变化。结果强力霉素—开放可调控哺乳动物表达系统可成功介导血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因在原代培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞的表达,该表达受到强力霉素给予/去除的紧密调控;强力霉素干预可在48h内迅速诱导该血管平滑肌细胞表达血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体,该表达在强力霉素干预后72h进一步增强(P<0.01)。血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因的可调控表达抑制由于血管紧张素Ⅱ干预后引起的基质金属蛋白酶2表达的增强(P<0.01)。这一作用被血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体拮抗剂进一步增强(P<0.01);而被加入2型受体拮抗剂干预取消;同时给予上述两种拮抗剂时基质金属蛋白酶2的表达与基础状态时的情况一致。结论血管紧张素Ⅱ干预增强基质金属蛋白酶2的表达,该作用是通过血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体介导的;经强力霉素诱导表达血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因可以明显抑制这一生物学作用,说明血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因经诱导后表达可以有效调控血管平滑肌细胞细胞外基质合成和降解。     

充血性心力衰竭的药物治疗进展

综述强心剂、利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂、β受体阻滞剂、钙拮抗剂、镁、胺碘酮、醛固酮拮抗剂、增加心肌纤维对钙敏感性的药物、中性肽内切酶抑制剂、内皮素拮抗剂、一氧化氮等药物治疗充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）的现状及进展。其中强心药物不能降低ＣＨＦ病人死亡率,ＡＣＥＩ能提高生存率,血管紧张素受体拮抗剂治疗ＣＨＦ效果可能与ＡＣＥＩ相近而不良反应较少。随着大规模临床试验结果的     

心肌纤维化的调控因素

心肌间质胶原网络在维持心肌正常结构和功能完整性方面起着重要的作用 ,胶原过多蓄积将引起心肌纤维化。心肌胶原代谢受多种因素调控 ,这些因素涉及肾素 血管紧张素 醛固酮系统、内皮素、儿茶酚胺、缓激肽、生长因子、一氧化氮、基质金属蛋白酶 金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂及细胞内钙等。     

心脏再同步化起搏治疗心力衰竭

几十年来,随着血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂或血管紧张素拮抗剂、醛固酮拮抗剂、β受体阻滞剂的推广应用,心力衰竭(CHF)的治疗取得了巨大的进展。     

ACEI、ARB及醛固酮受体拮抗剂在心力衰竭患者中的应用

采用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)或醛固酮受体拮抗剂,阻断或削弱肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的活性,是治疗慢性心力衰竭的主要策略之一。经过10多年的临床试验和实践,这3类药物的适应证和应用要点都已基本明确。ACEI是治疗慢性收缩性心力衰竭的基石和首选药物,ARB主要适用于不能耐受ACEI的患者。醛固酮受体拮抗剂的适应证为严重心力衰竭患者和心肌梗死后心力衰竭,使用时必须密切监测血钾和肌酐水平。     

抗神经内分泌治疗慢性心力衰竭进展

根据循证医学对近年来血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂、醛固酮拮抗剂和利钠肽等神经内分泌拮抗剂的临床应用作一综述。     

醛固酮受体拮抗剂的降压治疗进展

醛固酮是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的终末环节,在原发性高血压、顽固性高血压中起重要作用.醛固酮受体拮抗剂在高血压治疗方面的作用越来越受到重视.现综述醛固酮在高血压中的病理生理作用,醛固酮受体拮抗剂的分类、降压机制及临床应用进展等.     

慢性心力衰竭的心脏再同步化治疗

随着血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂)、β受体阻滞剂、醛固酮拮抗剂在临床上广泛应用,慢性心力衰竭(CHF)治疗取得了很大的进展,然而有相当数量的患者药物治疗仍不能阻止心力衰竭的进行性加重.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.