脊髓髓内肿瘤并脊髓空洞症的外科治疗及临床评价

随着MRI临床应用,脊髓髓内肿瘤并脊髓空洞症的病人越来越多地被早期诊断,肿瘤与空洞的关系有了一定的认识,国内文献报道较少。本文对13例病人临床资料进行了分析。     

脊髓髓内脂肪瘤

目的;仍髓髓内脂肪瘤的诊断和治疗。方法：对２例脊髓髓内脂肪瘤ＭＲＩ的表现及手术中所见进行比较。结果：两例脊髓髓内脂肪瘤ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ为硬脊膜下的脂肪瘤。手术证实为脊髓内脂肪瘤,在手术显微镜下作脂肪瘤大部分切除。结论：脊髓髓内脂肪瘤的诊断依赖于临床表现及ＭＲＩ影像学检查,由于脊髓髓内脂肪瘤与正常脊髓无明显分界,故只能作大部分切除。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤显微手术疗效的长期随访

目的：总结脊髓髓内肿瘤的手术经验，对手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤的价值及疗效进行评价。方法：对两个神经外科中心手术治疗的123例脊髓髓内肿瘤进行回顾性分析，对肿瘤部位、病理类型、手术切除程度、手术 前后临床症状与体征的变化，进行长期随访，以评估手术疗效。结果：本组室管膜瘤占脊髓髓内肿瘤的34．1％，手术全切除率为90．5％，次全切除率为7．1％，部分切除及活检率为2．4％；星形细胞瘤占26．8％，全切除率为30．3％，次全切除率为39．4％，部分切除及活检率为30．3％；脂肪瘤占14．6％，全切除率为11．1％，次全切除率为38．9％，部分切除或活检率为50．0％；血管网状细胞瘤占10．6％，全切除率为76．9％，次全切除率为23．1％；其它肿瘤占13．9％，全切除率为82．4％，次全切除率为11．7％，部分切除及活检占5．9％。94例经平均38．6个月长期随访，89例存活，5例死亡。结论：脊髓髓内肿瘤以良性及低恶性度肿瘤多见，早期手术预后较好，应力争在脊髓功能未出现严重损害前手术，以争取得到较好的手术疗效。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤显微外科治疗

目的 总结并探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤显微外科手术的治疗经验。方法 统计近3年来显微外科手术治疗18例髓内肿瘤的临床资料、手术方式及术后转归。结果 手术全切17例,大部分切除1例;病理学诊断室管膜瘤8例,星形细胞瘤6例,血管母细胞瘤3例,血管畸形1例;术后运动及感觉障碍改善14例,不明显3例,加重1例;随访共16例,未见1例复发。结论 髓内肿瘤一旦诊断应早期手术治疗。脊髓髓内肿瘤应强调显微手术镜下操作,这不仅使病变与正常脊髓更易辨清,同时使操作更为细致轻柔。仔细辨认肿瘤与脊髓界限,对全切肿瘤和保护脊髓是有帮助的。对于肿瘤与脊髓有较清楚界限时应争取显微镜下全切,但当肿瘤侵蚀已至软膜下区时,此时不能盲目追求全切,以避免永久性功能障碍。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤综合治疗进展

脊髓髓内肿瘤种类多样，其治疗方法及疗效也不尽相同。本文主要就脊髓髓内肿瘤综合治疗进展作一综述。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的手术治疗

目的：探讨各种病理类型的脊髓髓内肿瘤临床和影像学的鉴别诊断，肿瘤囊腔及其空洞的形成机理，脊髓前动脉在病理状态下的作用及各种肿瘤的手术切除技巧。方法：系统分析了经显微手术切除的１０４例（１１６个）髓内肿瘤，包括室管膜瘤，星形细胞瘤，血管网状细胞瘤等十余种病理类型的临床资料，并进行了动物脊髓血管闭塞模型的研究。结果：全组无手术死亡率，亦无手术致残者。绝大多数病人得到满意疗效，并保证了患者良好的术后存活质量。结论：对于绝大多数髓内肿瘤，显微外科手术治疗是目前最根本的治疗方法。强调早期治疗及对不同肿瘤采取相应的微创性手术技巧。对于那些疯狂侵润性生长的恶性肿瘤，要考虑一定剂量的常规放射治疗。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤及显微外科治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤的诊断和显微手术切除方法。方法 对16例脊髓髓内肿瘤手术患者进行回顾性研究。结果 肿瘤全切除10例,近全切除4例,大部切除2例,术后12例均有不同程度的改善和好转,1例肌力较术前减退,3例未见明显好转。随访3个月～4年,室管膜瘤复发1例,星形细胞瘤复发3例,其余未见复发。结论 脊髓髓内肿瘤应作显微手术切除,避免或减少脊髓损伤,尽量做到全切除,减少术后的复发。     

脊髓髓内肿瘤显微外科治疗

目的总结脊髓髓内肿瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析11例脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料,位于颈段2例,胸段6例,腰段3例。行MRI平扫和增强扫描明确诊断,均采用显微外科手术治疗,结合术中所见对诊断及治疗进行分析。结果肿瘤全切除7例,次全切除4例。术后症状明显改善8例,无改善2例,加重1例,无手术死亡。按McCormick脊髓功能状态分级标准:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅴ级1例。随访7例,时间6～24个月,复发2例。结论 MRI是诊断脊髓髓内肿瘤的首选方法,手术切除肿瘤能改善症状。     

积极开展脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微外科治疗

8脊髓髓内肿瘤并不少见,根据国内外文献报告占椎管内肿瘤的１５％～２０％。脊髓髓内肿瘤位于颈段者占４５％,位于胸段者占３９４％。由于切除肿瘤的操作过程中常并发脊髓损伤、缺血和水肿,可加重患者原有症状和体征,特别是高颈段髓内肿瘤术后可发生呼吸功能障碍,排痰困难,高热,上消化道出血等严重并发症,故以往认为脊髓髓内肿瘤特别是高颈段髓内肿瘤切除术是十分危险的,多数人对本病的手术治疗持悲观态度。７０年代以前,对髓内肿瘤多倾向于采取活检、椎板切除减压术及放疗等姑息治疗方法,患者的预后大多极差。其原因主要有两…     

脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 总结脊髓髓内肿瘤的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析36例经显微手术治疗的脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料,术中超声辅助定位5例.结果 室管膜瘤17例,低级别星形细胞瘤(WHO I ～II级)8例,高级别星形细胞瘤(WHO Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)3例,血管母细胞瘤3例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脂肪瘤、转移瘤、畸胎瘤各1例.室管膜瘤全切率82.4%,低级别星形细胞瘤为50.0%,高级别星形细胞瘤为33.3%,血管母细胞瘤、海绵状血管瘤和转移瘤均全切,脂肪瘤和畸胎瘤次全切.术后随访3个月,根据McCormick脊髓功能状态分级:I级23例,II级7例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级3例.结论 显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤是目前最有效的治疗措施.术中超声有助于术中肿瘤定位,减少手术创伤.     

Surgical management of long intramedullary spinal cord tumors

Object Spinal cord tumors represent approximately 10–20% of primary central nervous system tumors. Only 20–30% of primary intradural tumors are intramedullary. The incidence of longitudinally extensive tumors involving the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine is very low (<1% of intramedullary lesions); hence, little literature exists on the management of this entity. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing surgical resection of longitudinally extensive intramedullary spinal cord tumors involving the majority of the spinal cord between 1990 and 2002. Clinical, radiographic, operative, and outcome variables were retrospectively recorded and reported. Results Thirteen patients (eight male, five female) were included in the study. Mean age was 15 years (range, 3–45) at the time of the initial resection. Gross total resection was achieved in eight cases and subtotal resection in five cases. Pathology revealed astrocytoma in six cases (two pilocytic, four grade II), gangliogliomas in four cases, oligodendroglioma in two cases (one anaplastic), and lipoma in one case. One (8%) patient died from progression of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and two (15%) underwent reoperation for recurrent tumor (ganglioglioma, grade II astrocytoma). With a mean of 3.4 years (range, 1–12) after surgery, the modified McCormick score (MMS) had worsened in only two (15%) patients, improved in three (23%) patients, and remained stable in seven (54%) patients compared to preoperative MMS. Five (38%) patients required fusion for progressive spinal deformity. Conclusion Gross total resection of holocord and longitudinally extensive intramedullary spinal cord tumors can be achieved with preservation of long-term neurological function in many cases. Serial imaging is recommended to guide subsequent resection for tumor recurrence and stabilization of progressive spinal deformity.     

Pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors Critical review of the literature

The objective of this review was to analyze the literature on the management of intramedullary spinal cord tumors to determine whether enough information was available for treatment guidelines to be established. Using standard computerized search techniques, databases containing medical literature were queried for keywords related to intramedullary spinal cord tumors, beginning in 1966. Of the 445 articles published in English and with potential relevance, only 75 articles were included in the final analyses. Based on the strength of their recommendations for the treatment of this controversial condition, articles were divided into class I, class II and class III data. There were no class I studies related to any aspect of the treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Based on this critical review of literature, gross total removal of an ependymoma confirmed by immediate postoperative magnetic resonance imaging and adjunctive treatment for high-grade tumors using radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, can be recommended as standards of therapy. With the strength of a guideline, radiotherapy should be withheld after gross total removal of intramedullary ependymomas and radical resection of low-grade intramedullary astrocytomas. The use of intraoperative ultrasonography and evoked potentials, important surgical adjuncts, can also be considered guidelines. The radical resection of intramedullary low-grade astrocytomas is an option. Received: 15 October 1998     

Outcome of children with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors

The influence of clinical and treatment factors on the outcome of children with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors (PST) was evaluated by reviewing the records of 26 children diagnosed during the 15-year period 1970–1984. Five-year survival was 39%, but 5-year event-free survival (EFS) was only 14%. Eighteen-month EFS was 53% (9/17) among children with low-grade astrocytoma, 100% (2/2) with ependymoma, and 0 of 7 with anaplastic astrocytoma or ganglioglioma. There was no significant difference in the 18-month EFS by location of tumor, duration of symptoms, or extent of surgical removal. Five of 9 children with locally recurrent PST had a second operation, and 4 were alive a median of 56 months later. PST disseminated to the leptomeninges or the III ventricle in 5 children: 2 at diagnosis, 2 as the first sign of disease relapse, and 1 after local recurrence. Given the poor outcome of our children, different methods of treatment for children with tumors in this location should be evaluated.Presented in part at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Child Neurology Society, Memphis, Tennessee, October 1985     

骶尾部脊髓脂肪瘤的手术技巧

目的 介绍骶尾部脊髓脂肪瘤的病理解剖及相应的手术技巧.方法 2005年9月至2012年1月,上海儿童医学中心手术治疗骶尾部脊髓脂肪瘤119例,年龄1个月至18岁,神经系统症状有大小便失禁和(或)双下肢功能障碍.手术方法包括:切除皮下和椎管内脊髓外的脂肪瘤,脊髓内的脂肪瘤大部分切除,将脊髓从两侧硬脊膜上剪开,圆锥从硬脊膜囊末端剪开并分离下来,松解脊髓栓系.结果 骶尾部脊髓脂肪瘤主要病理解剖与腰骶部脊髓脂肪瘤相似,不同之处在于圆锥生长在末端硬膜囊上,圆锥发出的脊神经从圆锥腹侧斜向下方发出,脂肪瘤仅生长到脊髓内,并未生长到脊髓下方的脊神经内.108例得到随访,随访时间0.5～7.0年.术前有症状的患儿,术后多数有不同程度改善,1例症状加重,6例术后症状一过性加重;10例无症状者术后9例仍然无症状,1例症状一过性加重.结论 只有充分认识骶尾部脊髓脂肪瘤病理解剖,才能最大限度地切除脂肪瘤,彻底解除脊髓栓系,同时又能避免神经损伤,重建脊髓的正常解剖结构,最大限度恢复神经功能.     

Surgical management of spinal intramedullary tumors: Ten-year experience in a single institution

Despite their rare occurrence, intramedullary spinal cord tumors can cause considerable morbidity and mortality without treatment. Timing of surgery, extent of resection and selection of favorable treatment option are important considerations for a good surgical outcome. In this clinical study, we report our patient series and convey our treatment strategy. We retrospectively reviewed 91 patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors who underwent microsurgical resection at our institution between 2008 and 2018. Data were collected consisting of age, sex, location and histology of tumor, extent of resection, presenting symptoms and neurological outcomes. Modified McCormick Scale was used to assess neurological status of patients. 47 female and 44 male patients were followed-up for a mean period of 35.7 months. The most frequent pathological diagnosis was ependymoma in 56 patients, followed by astrocytoma in 21 and hemangioblastoma in 5 patients. The rest of the tumors consisted of 3 cavernomas, 3 mature cystic teratomas, 2 PNET, one epidermoid tumor. Gross total resection was achieved in 67 patients, while subtotal resection and biopsy was performed in 15 and 9 respectively. The most commonly involved localization was cervical (n = 39), followed by thoracic region (n = 24). Despite immediate postoperative worsening of neurological status, a great number of patients improved at the last follow-up. Gross total resection remains the primary goal of treatment while adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy may be alternative options for high grade tumors. Preoperative neurological status was the most important and the strongest predictor of functional outcome.     

Intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children

Introduction Pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors are rare and make up only a small percentage of all central nervous system neoplasms.Discussion These neoplasms are predominantly benign histologically, regardless of size, with a large percentage being astrocytomas or gangliogliomas. Ependymomas, which are common in adults, are relatively uncommon in children. Contemporary management of these tumors has generated much controversy. These neoplasms occur primarily in the cervical region, with pain or a motor deficit as the chief complaint. Surgery on these neoplasms can safely be performed using modern surgical adjuncts such as the ultrasonic aspirator, contact laser and neurophysiological monitoring. A radical resection of these tumors results in a good long-term outcome, since the majority are histologically benign. Adjuvant radiation therapy should only be administered for high-grade or malignant tumors.Conclusion The majority of spinal cord tumors are benign; however, malignant tumors have a dismal outcome and surgery in these children should be limited to a conservative debulking. An attempt should be made for radical surgery in hope of avoiding radiation and chemotherapy for the benign tumors. Spinal deformity is a concern in these patients since 35% of children may require a stabilization procedure.     

多节段脊髓室管膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨多节段脊髓室管膜瘤的手术技术和手术治疗疗效。方法 本文回顾分析了2003年至2005年治疗的10例多节段脊髓室管膜瘤的临床资料。结果 颈髓室管膜瘤6例，胸髓室管膜瘤3例，1例术后复发肿瘤累及胸、腰髓并累及椎旁。平均累及脊髓9．4个节段。双下肢截瘫4例，高位截瘫6例，括约肌功能障碍5例，呼吸困难4例。MRI可见脊髓空洞形成8例。手术采用椎板复位9例，C-D钉棒系统脊柱后路内固定1例。术后患者肌力恢复7例，无改变3例。呼吸困难，应用呼吸机辅助呼吸1例。术后复查MRI无肿瘤残留9例，1例部分椎旁肿瘤残留。结论 采用显微神经外科技术可以达到镜下多节段室管膜瘤全切，患者术后症状大多数可以明显改善。多节段椎板切开术后应考虑椎板复位或脊柱内固定，以保持脊柱的稳定性。     

Spinal deformity after resection of cervical intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children

Objective Progressive spinal deformity after cervical intramedullary spinal cord tumor (IMSCT) resection requiring subsequent fusion occurs in many cases among pediatric patients. It remains unknown which subgroups of patients represent the greatest risk for progressive spinal deformity. Materials and methods The data for 58 patients undergoing surgical resection of cervical IMSCT at a single institution were retrospectively collected and analyzed for development of progressive spinal deformity requiring fusion. The association of all clinical, radiographic, and operative variables to subsequent progressive spinal deformity as a function of time was assessed via Kaplan–Meier plots and Log-rank and Cox analyses. Results Mean age at the time of surgery was 11 ± 6years. Eleven (19%) patients required subsequent fusion for progressive spinal deformity at a median [interquartile range (IQR)] of 4 (2–6) years after IMSCT resection. Five (36%) of 14 patients with preoperative scoliosis or loss of lordosis developed postoperative progressive spinal deformity compared to only 6 (13%) of 44 patients with normal preoperative sagittal and coronal balance, p = 0.06. Patients <13years of age were more than three times more likely to develop postoperative progressive deformity, p = 0.05. Decompression spanning both the axial cervical spine (C1–C2) and the cervico–thoracic junction (C7–T1) increased the risk for progressive spinal deformity fourfold, p = 0.04. Number of spinal levels decompressed, revision surgery, radiotherapy, involvement of C1–C2 or C7–T1 alone in the decompression, or any other recorded variables were not associated with progressive postoperative spinal deformity. Conclusion Patients possessing one or more of these characteristics should be monitored closely for progressive spinal deformity after surgery.     

髓内室管膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨髓内室管膜瘤的显微手术治疗方法。方法对本单位5年中57例髓内室管膜瘤病例手术方法进行分析,对肿瘤切除范围、术后椎板复位固定、患者的神经功能改善情况进行随访对比研究。结果显微外科技术的应用可以显著提高肿瘤的全切除率,并减少脊髓的功能损伤,术后神经功能显著改善;室管膜瘤的复发与肿瘤的切除程度相关,尤其肿瘤上下极囊腔需妥善的处理;术后椎板复位固定的应用减少了脊柱畸形的发生率,降低了术后并发症。结论显微外科技术的应用、术中尽可能全切除肿瘤、减少对脊髓的损伤,以及椎板复位固定等措施提高了脊髓髓内室管膜瘤的疗效。