Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.     

Taste the difference, make the difference: the role of a public health nutritionist in the UK food retail industry and a rural community in Zambia

Summary  Nutritionists and Dietitians have an important role to play in enabling populations to improve their health. Using examples from a UK food retailer and rural community in Zambia, this article highlights the importance of developing strong partnerships which support sustainable community-based activities that promote healthier practices at the individual, family and community levels.     

营养强化政策概述

1营养强化的意义目前,全世界约有超过半数的人营养不良,并且已威胁到他们的身体健康、认知能力、生产能力甚至是生命。在一些国家,由于维生素和矿物质缺乏而导致的死亡、残疾和劳动力丧失,造成的损失占其国内生产总值的百分之五以上。一般来说,改善人群微量营养素缺乏的主要措施有膳食改善、营养强化和应用营养素补充剂三种。膳食改善主要是针对营养素的缺乏状况,在膳食中增加富含某种(些)微量营养素的食物。然而,这一措施在实施中需要充足的食物供应和适当的经济条件;需要有适当的营养学知识来进行合理的食物搭配;及需要较长的时间才能见效…     

Demystifying the Search Button

A thorough review of the literature is the basis of all research and evidence‐based practice. A gold‐standard efficient and exhaustive search strategy is needed to ensure all relevant citations have been captured and that the search performed is reproducible. The PubMed database comprises both the MEDLINE and non‐MEDLINE databases. MEDLINE‐based search strategies are robust but capture only 89% of the total available citations in PubMed. The remaining 11% include the most recent and possibly relevant citations but are only searchable through less efficient techniques. An effective search strategy must employ both the MEDLINE and the non‐MEDLINE portion of PubMed to ensure all studies have been identified. The robust MEDLINE search strategies are used for the MEDLINE portion of the search. Usage of the less robust strategies is then efficiently confined to search only the remaining 11% of PubMed citations that have not been indexed for MEDLINE. The current article offers step‐by‐step instructions for building such a search exploring methods for the discovery of medical subject heading (MeSH) terms to search MEDLINE, text‐based methods for exploring the non‐MEDLINE database, information on the limitations of convenience algorithms such as the “related citations feature,” the strengths and pitfalls associated with commonly used filters, the proper usage of Boolean operators to organize a master search strategy, and instructions for automating that search through “MyNCBI” to receive search query updates by email as new citations become available.     

Definitions and Clinical Guidance on the Enteral Dependence Component of the Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Diagnostic Criteria in Children

The aim of the current article is to offer definitive guidance on weaning children who are reliant on nasogastric/gastrostomy feeding tubes. To date, no internationally recognized definitions or principles for interventions exist, and clinics have been reliant on creating their own unique intervention criteria. To achieve the aim, 2 goals are set out within the current article. The first goal was to definitively define the process of tube weaning. To achieve this, both tube dependency and oral eating also required definitions. It is necessary for these 2 additional definitions to fully understand the process of tube weaning and the transition that the child is making within these clinical interventions. The second goal of this article was to propose a set of minimum measurement criteria within a tube weaning protocol so that different clinical practices and perspectives may be measured accurately. This would then allow outcomes from different clinical services to be compared for efficacy. The culmination of this article is a set of 5 core principles that should govern clinics that adhere to the auspices of evidence‐based practice. These principles, if adopted, will provide the basis of a set of internationally recognized criteria within this field of pediatric gastroenterology.     

不同营养途径对腹腔感染大鼠肠道微生态的影响

目的:探讨肠内肠外营养对腹腔感染大鼠肠道微生态的影响. 方法:将14只存活超过6天的盲肠结扎穿孔腹腔感染大鼠,分别给予肠外营养(PN组,n=7)和PN 肠内营养(EN组,n=7).两组动物营养供给等热量、等氮量.第6天处死,取盲肠内容物做厌氧培养,采用随机扩增多态性DNA技术(RAPD)作细菌种群DNA指纹图谱分析. 结果:①实验动物总体病死率为69.6%,大多数动物出现腹腔脓肿、肝脓肿、肺部感染等;②PN组各菌种数量减少,EN组各菌种数量增多,但条件致病菌(如产气荚膜杆菌)数量也增加;③细菌DNA指纹图谱显示,PN组肠道菌群条带减少,而且出现异常条带;EN组同正常大鼠有较高的一致性. 结论:早期肠内营养能克服单纯PN导致的菌群破坏,使肠道菌群数量增多,但菌种上缺乏控制,可导致个别条件致病菌增加.     

Melbourne dietitians' experience of Medicare policy on allied health services (strengthening Medicare; Enhanced Primary Care) in the first 12 months

Objective: To describe Victorian private practitioner dietitians’ experience of the Enhanced Primary Care (EPC) program funded under national heath insurance. Design: Dietitians’ experience of the EPC program was investigated between August 2004 and July 2005. A purposive sample of 10% (n = 15) of Victorian dietitians in private practice was interviewed via semi‐structured interviews or focus groups. Focus group/interview data were audio‐taped, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed using NVIVO software to manage data. Subjects: Victorian dietitians. Setting: Dietetic private practice. Main outcome measures: Issues identified from narrative themes. Results: Thirteen (86%) participants were registered with the Medicare Australia and managed EPC‐referred patients. Two chose not to. All those using the program supported it but voiced frustrations experienced in the first year. Five themes emerged from narrative analysis involving difficulties with implementation in the following areas: referral issues, client preparedness, annual number of consultations limit, impact of financial cost on client and non‐reimbursed administration costs. Conclusion: For clients with chronic illness, access to dietitians in private practice under Medicare EPC is an important service. As increasing numbers of dietitians nationally work with EPC patients with chronic illness or complex care needs, there is a need for information sharing between professional groups about billing procedures and chronic care management. More dietitians need to structure practice to initiate bulk‐billing. Rigorous evaluation is needed to understand which diagnosis types can benefit from the program and to implement an evidence‐based model of chronic care improvement for dietetics consultations.     

短肽型肠内营养制剂治疗乳糜性胸水

目的:观察在乳糜性胸水病人早期应用短肽型肠内营养(EN)制剂对疾病转归的影响。方法:对17例确诊为乳糜性胸水的病人早期应用短肽型EN制剂作为保守治疗的主要措施。结果:15例病人经2周保守治疗后治愈,2例保守治疗无效经手术治疗后治愈。结论:早期应用短肽型EN制剂能改善乳糜性胸水保守治疗的疗效和改善病人的营养状态。     

Toward the Development of Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Acutely Ill Spontaneously Breathing Patients

Background: There are many equations used for calculating energy needs of nutrition support patients but few developed specifically for the subset of spontaneously breathing acutely ill patients. The purpose of the current study was to validate existing equations and to start developing new equations for this cohort. Methods: Acutely ill patients not requiring mechanical ventilation had their resting metabolic rate measured using an indirect calorimeter. Metabolic rate was also calculated using the Mifflin–St Jeor equation, the Ireton‐Jones equation for spontaneously breathing patients, and a modification of the Penn State equation in which the minute ventilation‐dependent variable was removed. These calculated values were compared with measured expenditure and considered accurate if they fell within 10% of the measurement. Results: Fifty‐five patients were measured successfully. The modified Penn State equation was accurate in 71% of patients compared with 44% for Ireton‐Jones and 42% for Mifflin–St Jeor. Several forms of a new equation were outlined but not validated. The equation with the highest R² (0.82) was as follows: resting metabolic rate (kcal/d) = weight in kg (20) ? age in years (3) + male sex (197) + body mass index in kg/m² (25.9) + mean heart rate in beats/min (9.4) + 89. Conclusions: A modification of the Penn State equation for predicting resting metabolic rate was shown to accurately predict resting metabolic rate in acutely ill, spontaneously breathing patients if body mass index was ≥20.5 kg/m². A new set of population‐specific equations was outlined but should not be used until validated.     

肠内营养对外科手术患者血液内毒素水平的影响

目的：探讨肠内营养降低外科手术患血液内毒素水平的可能性,方法：41例接受外科大手术患随机分2组,其中肠内营养组21例,肠外营养组20例,术后第1d开始行肠内或肠外营养支持。术前,术后第3d和第8d抽血查白蛋白,纤维连接蛋白,转铁蛋白,r-GT,SGPT,胆红素以及内毒素,结果：两组患均未出现吻合口漏,腹腔感染等严重并发症,术前两组各项指标差异均无显性（P＞0．05）,术后第3d和第8d,两组蛋白指标差异无显性意义（P＞0．05）,术后,肠外营养组r-GT水平持续升高,而肠内营养则抑制了r-GT的升高,术后第8d两组r-GT水平有非常显性差异（P＜0．01）,两组SGPT和胆红素在手术前后无显性变化（P＞0．05）,术后第3d,EN组内毒素值有轻度升高,至术后第8d开始下降,而PN组在术后第3d,内毒素值也开始升高,升高的帐度较EN组要大（P＜0．01）,术后第8dEN组内毒素有轻度下降,PN组内毒素出则继续升高,两相比差异有非常显性意义（P＜0．01）。结论：和肠外营养相比,肠内营养能降低外科手术患血液内毒素水平。     

21世纪的营养和代谢支持

需要开展新的研究来证实可能改善临床效果的新措施,这些措施包括：转向肠内方式输入营养物质,减少过多的热卡输入,利用营养物质达到药物治疗效果,使用生长因子增加营养物质的作用,于择期手术前应用营养物质,即进行预防性营养。对这些新进展的验证将使我们在未来把营养支持人一种辅助的疗法变成对病人治疗的首要或次要方式。     

胃动力药和不同营养支持方式对胃切除术后胃功能性排空障碍的治疗作用

目的　探讨不同营养支持方式对胃切除术后胃功能性排空障碍的治疗作用。方法　回顾性分析 63例胃功能性排空障碍患者的治疗。 63例患者中 ,3 0例给予胃动力药物和静脉营养治疗 ,3 3例给予胃动力药物和肠内营养治疗 ,对两组患者的胃肠减压量和胃排空功能的恢复时间进行比较。结果　肠内营养组患者胃排空功能的恢复明显早于静脉营养组 ( P <0 0 5 ) ,胃肠减压量在治疗 1周后明显少于静脉营养组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　肠内营养对胃排空功能的恢复有明显的促进作用 ,对功能性胃排空障碍患者应尽量采用肠内营养支持。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

肠外肠内营养支持用于溃疡性结肠炎的效果

目的 探讨肠外营养(PN)及肠内营养(EN)支持对溃疡性结肠炎的效果.方法 本前瞻性研究选取2012年1月至2013年9月本科收治的112例溃疡性结肠炎患者,采用随机数字表法分为PN+ EN组(n=56)及对照组(n=56).两组均接受4周溃肠性结肠炎药物治疗,4周后比较两组的治疗效果及治疗前后的Mayo评分、总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白和体重指数.结果 PN+ EN组营养支持4周后总有效率显著高于对照组(83.93％比48.21％,P=0.00),Mayo评分显著低于对照组(3.11 ±0.46比7.46 ±0.88,P=0.00).与对照组比较,PN+ EN组营养支持后总蛋白[(65.32±6.78) g/L比(59.81 ±6.98) g/L,P=0.00]、白蛋白[(36.20 ±6.89) g/L比(29.20 ±5.79) g/L,P=0.01]、前白蛋白[(267.23±63.48) g/L比(245.38±57.39) g/L,P=0.000]、体质量指数[(23.45±3.02) kg/m2比(21.34±3.07) kg/m2,P=0.04]均显著升高.结论 对溃疡结肠炎患者进行PN+ EN支持可提高临床治疗效果,降低溃疡性结肠炎活动性,并显著改善患者的营养状况.