儿童原发性夜间遗尿症尿动力学研究

目的　通过对睡眠中自然充盈状态膀胱尿动力学检测 ,探讨儿童原发性夜间遗尿症(PNE)膀胱病理生理改变。方法　PNE组儿童 5 0例 ,对照组儿童 30例 ,无PNE临床表现。两组均进行下列检查 :晨尿分析、泌尿系B超、尿流率 ,检查结果均正常者列入研究对象 ;连续记录 7d排尿日记 ;在夜间动态脑电图监测下 ,进行自然充盈膀胱的尿动力学检测。结果　夜间总尿量、功能性膀胱容量 (FBC)和排尿潜伏期 :PNE组夜间总尿量与对照组比较差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,FBC显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,排尿潜伏期显著低于对照 (P <0 .0 1) ;遗尿发生于S2 4期 ;PNE组中膀胱顺应性 (BC)下降 4例 ,对照组 0例 ;PNE组逼尿肌不稳定收缩 (DI) 2 9例 ( 5 8.0 % ) ,对照组 3例( 10 .0 % ) ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;DI虽随年龄增加有下降趋势 ,但差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;充盈期出现DI伴尿道压下降 ,PNE组 8例 ,对照组 0例 ,排尿期尿道压增高伴盆底肌电活动增强PNE组 4 8例 ( 96 .0 % ) ,对照组 2 8例 ( 93.3% ) ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　FBC下降是PNE基本特征 ;DI是PNE重要病理生理改变 ;充盈过程部分PNE可能存在尿道括约肌中枢功能不稳定     

伴排尿障碍的隐性脊柱裂患儿的尿动力学特点

目的 研究伴有排尿功能障碍的隐性脊柱裂患儿的尿动力学特征.方法 对113例有排尿障碍的患儿进行尿动力学检查,其中48例经X线确诊为隐性脊柱裂者为观察组,无脊柱裂65例为对照组.检测项目包括:尿流率测定、充盈期膀胱压力容积测定、压力流率测定、同步括约肌肌电测定、静态尿道压力测定.比较两组间主要尿动力参数异常的发生率.观察组按主要临床症状分为尿失禁、尿频、单纯夜间遗尿和排尿困难4组,应用统计学研究临床症状与尿动力学主要参数的相关性.结果 在检测中发现观察组48例中有46例有不同程度的异常.其中逼尿肌过度活动22例,排尿期逼尿肌活动低下和无收缩21例,最大尿流率降低18例,膀胱容积缩小15例,残余尿量增多12例,低顺应性膀胱7例,逼尿肌外括约肌协同失调4例,最大尿道压降低4例.观察组中逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌活动低下、残余尿量增多及低顺应性膀胱发生率更高.按临床症状来看,隐性脊柱裂伴有尿失禁的患儿更多的表现为逼尿肌活动低下及最大尿流率降低,尿频的患儿在尿动力检查中多表现为逼尿肌过度活动及残余尿增多,排尿困难的患儿逼尿肌活动低下的发生率更高,而遗尿的患儿更易检出逼尿肌过度活动.结论 小儿隐性脊柱裂伴有排尿功能障碍的患儿具有多种尿动力学改变,且相同的症状可表现为不同类型的尿动力学异常,临床症状与尿动力学参数有一定的相关性,尿动力检查为其临床诊断和治疗方案制定提供重要客观依据.     

神经源性膀胱伴输尿管反流的尿动力学研究

目的 探讨有输尿管反流的神经源性膀胱(NB)患儿有或没有逼尿肌过度活动(DO)时的尿动力学差异,为临床治疗此类患儿提供理论参考依据.方法 选取2013～2015年就诊并经影像尿动力学检查发现膀胱输尿管反流的NB患儿68例,男30例,女38例,年龄4～12岁,平均7.5岁.按照充盈期有DO,将其分为DO组(n=20)与无DO组(n=48).观察记录两组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱灌注量、逼尿肌压并计算发生反流时的膀胱顺应性;记录两组充盈结束时最大膀胱测压容量、最大逼尿肌压、并计算充盈期膀胱顺应性.结果 DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(98.7±16.1)ml和(5.2±1.9) ml/cmH2O,无DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(127.3±36.3)ml,(7.1±2.1)ml/cmH2O,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组的逼尿肌压分别为(21.6±9.2)cmH2O、(19.2±7.4)cmH2O,差异没有统计学意义;DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(182.7±31.2)ml、(5.4±1.7) ml/cmH2O,与无DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量(230.6±34.6)ml与顺应性(6.5±1.1)ml/cmH2O相比,差异有统计学意义;两组尿动力学检查结束时逼尿肌压分别为(33.8±7.8)cmH2O、(36.4±8.1)cmH2O,差异没有统计学意义.结论 膀胱容量小,膀胱顺应性差是有输尿管反流的NB患儿伴发DO时的尿动力学特征.     

膀胱自体扩大术在神经性膀胱患儿中的应用评价

目的评价逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术的临床疗效。方法选择脊髓脊膜膨出患儿6例,其中男性3例,女性3例,年龄18个月至9岁。患儿均口服索利那新和行清洁间歇导尿3个月后无好转而行逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术,术后予清洁间歇导尿,手术前及术后1年行泌尿系超声、排泄性膀胱尿道造影,并行尿动力评价,评价指标为膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性和充盈末逼尿肌压。结果术前尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量减小、膀胱顺应性下降及逼尿肌压升高,其中5例膀胱容量低于预期容量的50%。排泄性膀胱造影4例合并膀胱输尿管反流,其中左、右侧Ⅳ°反流各1例,双侧Ⅳ°反流2例。6例患儿手术后恢复顺利,无穿孔、感染发生。术后1年尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量略有增加,但膀胱容量与预期膀胱容量(年龄×30+30)、膀胱顺应性及逼尿肌压力无明显变化,VCUG显示4例输尿管反流无减轻。结论对于膀胱容量明显变小的神经性膀胱患儿,逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱扩大术不能有效增加膀胱容量和顺应性,降低逼尿肌压,临床不能取得满意的效果。     

儿童精神性尿频的尿动力学变化

目的 探讨儿童精神性尿频的病因、病理生理变化及其治疗。方法 本组38例，应用尿流动力仪分别记录排尿量、尿流曲线、膀胱压力容积及压力－流率－肌电图。结果 38例中，4例尿动力学安全正常；34例出现膀胱功能异常，占89.5%(34/38)，其中逼尿肌不稳定性收缩者12例，低顺应性膀胱者6例，低顺应性膀胱合并逼尿肌不稳定性收缩者16例；最大膀胱测量容量百分数下降14例。排尿期异常仅5.3%(2/38)，为尿道括约肌过度活跃。尿动力学检测后，84.2%的患儿症状完全消失或好转。结论 逼尿肌不稳定性收缩是最主要的病理生理学改变；排尿训练是主要治疗措施。     

尿动力学检测在小儿膀胱横纹肌肉瘤术后膀胱功能康复中的评价及临床意义

目的 通过尿动力学检测评价小儿膀胱横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma,RMS)术后膀胱功能恢复情况,以指导临床用药及膀胱功能训练,促进膀胱功能恢复,减少并发症.方法 收集2003年8月至2013年8月间收治的12例膀胱RMS患儿的临床资料及排尿日记并实施尿动力学检测,依据其检测结果指导膀胱功能训练,包括盆底肌肉训练、尿意习惯训练及指导临床用药,并对影响术后膀胱功能恢复相关因素进行分析.结果 本组术后行尿动力学检查并指导膀胱功能训练,除1例复发死亡外,11例中膀胱控尿功能良好9例,白天排尿间隔时间1～3 h,夜间排尿0～2次;压力性尿失禁1例,白天排尿间隔时间30～40 min,夜间排尿2～3次;另1例尚在膀胱训练治疗中.最后一次尿动力学检测见膀胱内压、最大膀胱测压容量、残余尿量、尿流率、膀胱顺应性均正常9例;1例术后伴压力性尿失禁,通过膀胱功能训练,现最大膀胱测压容量约135 ml,为最小膀胱容量估计值的90％,而残余尿量、膀胱内压、尿流率未见明显异常,膀胱控尿功能有所改善;另1例术后6个月,最大膀胱测压容量偏小,膀胱顺应性偏低,正进行膀胱功能训练.结论 膀胱RMS患儿术后,虽使用化疗药物,但膀胱功能未受到明显不利影响;尿动力学检测能准确评价膀胱RMS术后膀胱功能恢复情况,用于指导术后膀胱功能训练及用药,对促进术后膀胱功能的康复具有重要的临床意义.     

原发性夜遗尿症尿动力学检查评估

目的探讨原发性夜遗尿(PNE)儿童的尿动力学表现形式并评估其价值。方法156例PNE患儿分单症状性遗尿(MPE)(120例)和复杂性遗尿(CPE)(36例)二组。因上尿路疾病需要手术治疗而下尿路功能正常的20例患儿作对照组,进行膀胱压力容积、压力流率和静态尿道压力分布测定。结果MPE组中,逼尿肌不稳定收缩占56.7%(68/120)例,膀胱顺应性下降占3.3%(4/120)例,最大膀胱容量/正常膀胱容量≤80%9例;CPE组中,逼尿肌不稳定收缩占80.6%(29/36)例,膀胱顺应性降低占22.2%(8/36)例,最大膀胱容量/正常膀胱容量≤80%12例,二组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。MPE组中,尿道高压66例,逼尿肌括约肌协同失调78例;CPE组中,尿道高压25例,逼尿肌括约肌协同失调21例,二组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。MPE,CPE中逼尿肌不稳定收缩、逼尿肌括约肌协同失调和尿道压增高的发生率高于对照组,而CPE中顺应性下降的发生率显著高于对照组。结论尿动力学检查结果提示MPE、CPE二组遗尿患儿尿动力学检查的必要性。     

超声测量膀胱壁厚度预测脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害

目的 通过超声测定膀胱壁厚度和尿动力学检查测定膀胱功能,评价隐形脊柱裂患儿膀胱厚度和功能及上尿路损害的相关性,探讨用膀胱壁厚度评估隐性脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害的可能性.方法 选取超声检查确诊上尿路扩张的隐性脊柱裂患儿22例,年龄(8.8±4.9)岁,并选择同期超声检查无上尿路扩张的隐性脊柱裂患儿29例作为对照组,年龄(9.3±5.3)岁.所有患儿均行尿动力学检查,记录最大膀胱容量,充盈期最大逼尿肌压力,逼尿肌漏尿点压和逼尿肌过度活动最高压力.在膀胱充盈至预测正常膀胱容量的60%时行超声检查测量逼尿肌厚度.同时根据超声检查是否扩张将患儿分为有和无上尿路损害组,比较两组膀胱壁厚度的差异,并分析膀胱厚度与尿动力学参数相关性,计算膀胱壁厚度预测上尿路损害统计学指标.结果 上尿路损害组平均膀胱壁厚度(3.4±0.25)mm,显著高于无上尿路损害组的(2.5±0.45)mm,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).膀胱壁厚度与逼尿肌过度活动最高压力、逼尿肌漏尿点压和充盈期最大逼尿肌压力均呈正相关(r=0.87、0.91和0.85,P＜0.0001,P＜0.0001和P=0.017).膀胱壁厚度≥3.0 mm预测上尿路损害的灵敏度为90.9%,特异性为79.4%,阳性预测值76.9%,阴性预测值为92.0%.受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)显示超声测量膀胱壁厚度能高度预测隐形脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害的发生,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.929.结论 超声测定隐形脊柱裂患儿膀胱壁厚度可以帮助预测上尿路损害,膀胱壁厚度大于3.0 mm提示隐性脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害可能性大.     

膀胱顺应性对神经源性膀胱活动低下儿童清洁间歇导尿的影响

目的 初步探讨膀胱顺应性对神经源性膀胱活动低下(NUB)儿童自我清洁间歇导尿(CISC)的并发症和膀胱功能发育影响.方法 选取经尿动力学证实为NUB的学龄儿童109例进行CIFCS治疗,最终成功对93例(85%)进行2年随访.依据开始CISC膀胱顺应性(BC)分为正常顺应性组[49例,男30例,女19例,平均年龄(6.3±0.9岁)]和低顺应性组[44例,男29例,女15例,平均年龄(7.0±1.0岁)].比较二组随访2年后尿动力学参数和随访过程中并发症发生情况.结果CISC 2年随访时正常顺应性组最大膀胱压测定容量(MCC)和相对安全容量(RSCC)显著高于CISC治疗前,而低顺应性组RSCC显著低于治疗前.逼尿肌漏尿点压(DLPP)显著高于治疗前(P<0.05).同时,随访时低顺应性组BC、MCC和RSCC显著低于正常顺应性组,DLPP显著高于正常顺应性组(P<0.05).随访时菌尿和膀胱输尿管反流以及随访过程中出现发热性泌尿系感染和肉眼血尿发生率分别为33.3%(31例)、12.9%(12例)、24.7%(23例)和15.1%(14例).其中,低顺应性组发热性泌尿系感染和膀胱输尿管反流发生率均显著高于正常顺应性组(P<0.05).结论 膀胱顺应性可以影响NUB患儿CISC的并发症和膀胱发育,低顺应性患儿膀胱发育多进行性恶化,应进行严密随访监测.     

305例原发性遗尿症儿童尿流率检测结果分析

目的通过分析尿流率检测结果评价原发性遗尿症患儿的膀胱尿道功能。方法选择2001年10月￣2005年8月在我院尿动力学室进行尿流率检测的原发性遗尿症患儿。患儿先饮水,待有强烈尿意时,在不受干扰的环境中采取自然体位排尿于尿流率测量仪器上。记录最大尿流率、平均尿流率、排尿时间、尿流时间、尿量、达峰时间及尿流曲线等,同时于肛门口贴电极片同步测量盆底肌募集肌电图。结果原发性遗尿症患儿共305例,男183例,女122例。平均年龄8.4±0.3岁(5～18岁)。白天有尿频、尿急、湿裤症状的复杂性遗尿病例225例,占73.8%;单症状性夜间遗尿病例80例,占26.2%。88.2%的患儿有效膀胱容量减小,其中单症状性夜间遗尿患儿中,82.1%存在有效膀胱容量减小,而复杂性遗尿患儿中90.0%有此现象,二者相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。7～14岁女孩最大尿流率平均为19.7±1.2ml/s,明显小于正常(P<0.05),男孩为18.6±1.1ml/s。尿流率曲线中钟形曲线占54.8%;Staccato排尿曲线占12.5%;间断排尿曲线占7.2%;功能性膀胱出口梗阻形曲线占14.4%。128例(占42.0%)患儿排尿时出现收缩的肌电图信号。结论通过尿流率分析发现部分原发性遗尿症患儿存在膀胱尿道功能异常,表现为有效膀胱容量减小、最大尿流率降低和逼尿肌-括约肌收缩不协调等。与尿动力学检查相比,尿流率检测无创易行,值得在原发性遗尿症儿童中进行。     

脊髓拴系综合征手术前后尿流动力学评价的临床意义

目的：评价脊髓拴系系松解术后临床疗效与尿流动力学改变的关系,方法：20例脊髓拴系综合征患儿行拴系松解术,手术前及术后6个月行尿流动力学检查,结果：11例症状改善,术后膀胱顺应性,膀胱容量,充盈末尿道闭合压增加,逼尿肌压降低,残余尿减少,6例无改善,3例加重,结论：拴系松解术是治疗脊髓拴系综合征的有效方法,手术前后尿充动力学检查是指导治疗和评价疗效的客观指标。     

家族聚集性原发性夜间遗尿症患儿尿动力学研究

目的 探讨家族聚集性因素对原发性夜间遗尿症(PNE)患儿影响.方法 选取PNE患儿115例,依据PNE先症者三代家族其他成员是否累及,分为家族聚集性(FPNE组,45例)和散发性(SPNE组,70例).填写调查表评估觉醒功能、记录排尿日记和完成白天尿动力学检查.结果 FPNE组重度PNE、非单症状性PNE和小容量膀胱发生率分别为27%、58%和44%,均显著高于SPNE组的7%、21%和21%(P＜0.05),而夜间多尿和觉醒障碍发生率在二组之间的差异无统计学意义.FPNE组逼尿肌过度活跃和尿动力学功能性膀胱出口阻力增加发生率为53%和60%,分别显著高于SPNE组的19%和37%(P＜0.05).最大排尿量和最大膀胱压测定容量在对照组、SPNE组和FPNE组之间逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 家族聚集性因素可使PNE发生膀胱功能障碍风险增加,尿动力学检查为其治疗提供客观依据.     

Effects of male sex hormones on urodynamics in childhood: intersex patients are a natural model

 The effects of sex hormones on bladder function have been evaluated in adult females, especially in regard to postmenopausal incontinence and bladder irritability syndromes. These have not been investigated in children in regard to urodynamic findings. An intersex patient whose bladder is under the influence of androgens is a natural model to investigate the effects of male sex hormones on bladder function in females. To evaluate the urodynamic findings and clinical symptoms in a group of intersex patients and to determine how androgens influence bladder function in female children, clinical and urodynamic records of 12 intersex patients with adrenogenital syndrome were investigated retrospectively. The mean age was 9 ± 5.7 years (1.5–18) and the mean follow-up period was 5.1 ± 4.4 years (1–12). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was present in all cases. Only 3 patients had urinary symptoms and incontinence, but these findings did not correlate with their urodynamic findings. None of the patients required medications for their urinary symptoms. Nine are still being treated medically by the pediatric endocrine team with hydrocortisone for CAH. The upper urinary tract was found to be normal with no hydronephrosis. The mean bladder capacity (269 ± 122 ml) was lower (86.7%) than the estimated capacity for age. The mean compliance was 20 ± 13.7 ml/cmH₂O. No unstable detrusor contractions were encountered. The most remarkable finding was this reduced bladder capacity of androgenized female patients for age, which shows the antagonistic effect of androgens on bladder urodynamics in females. Accepted: 11 January 2000     

Bladder immaturity in children: from enuresis to renal insufficiency

The persistent infantile bladder is a common urological disorder in childhood. This syndrome is usually manifested by bedwetting, diurnal urge incontinence, characteristic holding postures, recurrent lower urinary tract infections and morphological changes of the bladder. The urodynamic evaluation show hyperreflexic bladder with detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. The pathologic mechanism is responsible for perpetuating and possibly initiating many "primary" vesico-ureteral refluxes. In most cases, the spontaneous resolution of detrusor activity by neurological maturation is usual. However, oxybutinin therapy (antimuscarinic drug) achieves pharmacological education of the bladder function and prevents complications due to high intravesical pressure induced by dyssynergia.     

Urodynamic evaluation in boys treated for posterior urethral valves

This study describes the urodynamic findings in 22 patients with posterior urethral valves and discusses their association with urinary incontinence, age, mode of primary treatment, renal function, and changes in the upper tracts. The patients' ages ranged from 3 to 26 years and 27% were either adolescents or older. The urodynamic findings were categorized into 5 main patterns, although mixed patterns were also observed; (1) normal capacity and compliance with normal detrusor contractility (2/22 patients, 9.1%); (2) small-capacity, hypocompliant bladder (8/22 patients, 36.4%); (3) unstable bladder (2/22 patients, 9.1%); (4) large-capacity, hypotonic bladder with decreased detrusor contractility (2/22 patients, 9.1%); and (5) normal capacity and compliance but with decreased detrusor contractility (8/22 patients, 36.4%). More than one-half of the patients (57.1%) evacuated their bladders incompletely, and this seemed to be associated with post-treatment episodes of urinary-tract infection. The commonest symptom was daytime frequency, urgency, and leak with nocturnal enuresis, which urodynamically correlated with a small-capacity, hypocompliant or unstable bladder or to incomplete evacuation of the bladder, leading to significant post-void residue. Significant detrusor dysfunction was identified in 2 asymptomatic patients as well, emphasizing the need to perform a routine urodynamic work-up on all valve patients. Urodynamic properties seemed to be associated with age. Small, hypocompliant, and unstable bladders were almost always seen in prepubertal boys and in the first 5 years following undiversion, whereas large, hypotonic bladders with impaired contractility were seen in post-pubertal boys. While the current policy is to avoid high diversion, data in this study suggest that disorders of detrusor capacity, compliance, and contractility exist in children treated by primary valve ablation and vesicostomy and that abnormal detrusor dynamics seem to be a reflection of inherent developmental detrusor dysfunction consequent to congenital infravesical obstruction. Accepted: 5 January 1999     

Voiding dysfunction in pediatric patients

The goals of this study were to describe the pattern of voiding disorders in children in our community, to describe clinical criteria for making the specific diagnoses, and to comment on management. The medical records of 226 children referred because of voiding dysfunction or urinary tract infections (UTI) were evaluated. Children with normal voiding patterns when uninfected, with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, and with known neurologic or anatomic abnormalities were excluded. Detrusor instability, an abnormal voiding pattern characterized by urgency with or without frequency, was the diagnosis in 175 of the 226 children. Children with detrusor instability who used various posturing maneuvers to avoid urinary incontinence had a significantly higher incidence of UTIs than those who did not attempt to obstruct urine outflow. Detrusor instability appeared to be secondary to constipation in 19 of the children. The other diagnoses were extraordinary daytime urinary frequency, infrequent voiding, monosymptomatic daytime wetting, transient voiding dysfunction, giggle incontinence, dysfunctional voiding, and unexplained dysuria. It is concluded that children with detrusor instability who use posturing maneuvers to avoid incontinence are at high risk for recurrent UTIs. Constipation is 1 cause of detrusor instability. Dysfunctional voiding, the form of voiding dysfunction most likely to result in renal damage, was present in only 2 of 226 children seen for voiding disorders.     

小儿原发性夜间遗尿症尿动力学评价的初步探讨

目的 探讨小儿原发性夜间遗尿症的病因和膀胱功能改变。方法 本组63例，男39例，女24例。在清醒和自然睡眠相进行充盈期膀胱压力容积测定，记录睡眠相盆底肌电活动变化。结果 58例存在膀胱功能紊乱，多种异常合并为五种模式。其中，睡眠相逼尿肌不稳定收缩占71.4%(45/63)，睡眠相膀胱最大测量容量下降占36.5%(23/63)。睡眠相逼尿肌不稳定收缩出现时，逼尿肌与盆底肌肉协同失调者11例。结论 逼尿肌不稳定收缩是遗尿发生的主要原因，盆底肌肉与逼尿肌的协同失调可能是原因之一，膀胱容量下降是逼尿肌不稳定收缩所致的遗尿结果而不是原因。