由二维眼底正投影图像向三维曲面逆投影成像的重建算法

本文根据眼球的解剖学和生理学特征建立了适于医学可视化的眼底数学模型 ,分析得出了眼底成像系统成像的先验知识 ,在此基础上提出中心扩散法将二维眼底图像逆投影到眼底三维曲面上 ,重建了真实的眼底三维可视化环境。本算法重建三维眼底具有准确、快速、不失真的优点 ,为在三维眼底曲面上获取真实的眼底参数、为临床诊断和治疗提供了有力的帮助     

医学图像三维重建系统的数据结构表达及表面模型的构建

医学图像三维重建在诊断、放射治疗规划及医学研究中均有着重要应用，本文论述了医学图像三维重建系统程序流程，设计了自动及手工轮廓勾画两种分割方法，并提出了建立了合理的系统数据结构。该数据结构能较好地描述系统数据的层次关系和表达重建的几何模型。对由自动分割和手工勾画出的组织，用MT算法构建其三维表面几何模型 。实现了网格简化的边收缩算法，并对由MT算法生成的表面模型进行了网格简化处理。模型网格经简化90％，依然能较好地保持模型的特征，大大加快了绘制速度。     

一种基于SFS的视乳头三维形貌重建方法

视乳头形貌的确定有助于眼底类病变的准确诊断,例如视杯和视盘尺寸的相对大小是青光眼疾病病程诊断的重要依据。通常视盘和视杯的大小是通过眼底照片分离视乳头区域并进行测量,这种方法对视乳头的三维形变缺乏全面的描述。为了更加方便准确地获取视杯视盘大小的比值和视乳头的三维形貌,采用明暗恢复形状的计算机视觉方法,通过眼底图像来重建眼底结构的三维形貌。具体步骤包括:通过眼底照相机,得到二维眼底数字图像;采用图像分割方法,得到视杯和视盘区域;估计视盘视杯图像区域的光源照射方向;利用Tsai线性化方法,根据二维数字眼底图像的明暗信息,重建眼底三维结构形貌图。对初步实验结果中视杯和视盘的比计算可得,青光眼患者的杯盘比的比值大于0.6,与临床上对青光眼的判断相吻合。此方法提供新的眼底形貌变形可视化方法,能够清晰、准确地重建出眼底视盘和视杯的三维结构形貌图;可以对视盘视杯几何尺寸和结构进行更全面的描述,为眼底疾病方便和准确地诊断提供新的线索。     

人体颅脑MRI图像中下颌骨的分割及三维建模

目的:在目前的影像医疗诊断中,仅凭观察二维CT、MRI图像是很难实现准确的确定病变体的空间位置、大小、几何形状及与周围生物组织的空间关系的。本研究利用CT、MRI图像数据,帮助医生对病变体及其人体组织感兴趣的区域进行分割提取,用于医学图像的三维显示、三维重建。材料与方法:应用Mimics软件,对132层,层间距为1.0mm的MRI扫描图像进行图像去噪、分割和平滑等处理,最终创建三维模型。结果:建立了更为精确,应用更为广泛的下颌骨三维模型。结论:运用Mimics对MRI医学图像进行分割,重建三维模型,能全面显示病变的病理解剖改变,为临床治疗提供精细的影像学信息,从而使重建后的三维模型可清晰地再现病灶与周围组织的解剖关系,大大增强了医学图象分析系统的临床实用价值。     

基于CT数据的肺部影像可视化系统设计

设计一种基于CT数据的肺部影像二维可视化与三维重建系统,首先对DICOM图像进行解析,分割和标记出肺结节的位置;然后利用CT序列的重采样、面绘制的三维重建、形态学处理等技术,实现肺实质和结节的多视角、多分辨率三维显示;最后设计交互界面,包括图像增强、肺部二维可视化、结节勾勒、肺实质和结节三维重建、旋转、缩放切换视角等功能。实验表明,本系统对于二维图像的可视化和病灶区域勾勒位置清晰、准确,并使三维图像呈现的结节完整且光滑。本系统相较于已有的类似医学处理软件,大幅度提高重建和可视化效率,使医生能够更加快速、精确地观察三维图像,辅助疾病诊断和手术方案制定。     

基于三维模型的断层图像结构定位的初步研究

目的:研究利用初步建立的三维模型确定二维断层图像感兴趣结构像素坐标的方法.方法:通过Photoshop图像处理软件绘制断面图像,使用可视化工具包VTK的移动立方体表面重建算法,在VC++6.0的编译环境下对其进行三维重建以及立体显示.用自行开发的坐标转换处理程序对三维模型上提取的坐标值进行处理,计算断层图像相应结构的像素坐标.结果:建立了一个表面带有S型凹槽的三维模型,通过计算三维模型上凹槽结构的一系列坐标,得到二维断层图像上相应结构的像素坐标点.结论:本研究以VTK重建的三维模型为基础,提出了一种利用已建成的三维模型来指导二维断层图像结构定位的方法,为人体复杂结构的分割与修正以及某些在二维断层图像上无法识别的结构的定位提供了一种新的手段.     

胚胎连续组织切片的计算机三维重建

目的制备动物胚胎的连续切片,并利用计算机的三维重建技术,获得可视的“虚拟胚胎”。方法通过数码显微摄像系统对连续的石蜡切片进行拍照、拼接,获得胚胎连续切片的JPEG图像,再利用三维医学重建软件,把二维的切片图像重建成三维的“虚拟胚胎”。结果利用三维医学重建软件,重建得到“虚拟胚胎”,重建后的胚胎可进行任意的切割、旋转、操作回复等操作。结论医学三维图像工作室的三维重建软件运用于连续组织切片的计算机三维重建是完全可行的。     

基于双目红外相机定位的自由式三维超声图像重建系统

目的:设计并实现自由式三维超声图像重建系统,该系统能对自由式采集的二维超声图像阵列进行三维重建与显示交互。方法:系统使用双目红外相机及其配套测量器件,在超声探头上固定定位小球,双目红外相机可以实时追踪探头的空间位置,从而获取超声图像阵列的相对关系。软件部分根据实时探头位置并计算转换矩阵,获取超声图像阵列的数据并填充三维体数据网格,使用光线投射法绘制图像。结果:该系统可以实现超声图像阵列的采集与存储、超声图像感兴趣区域勾画、三维重建与可视化功能。结论:该研究提出的基于双目红外相机定位的自由式三维超声图像重建系统对未来的临床使用以及科学研究奠定了良好基础。     

泪道手术中鼻泪管的三维重建研究

本文提出了一种鼻泪管三维重建的新方法。该方法首先对三维体数据沿鼻泪管的走行方向进行重采样,然后在重采样得到的二维切片上分割鼻泪管,最后由分割得到的二维轮廓线重建鼻泪管的三维模型。该方法同时实现了正常和骨折鼻泪管的三维重建,克服了目前一些传统方法的缺陷,本文所提出的技术在泪道相关的计算机辅助诊断及手术规划中有重要应用价值。     

儿童股骨颈前倾角的数字化三维重建与解剖测量

目的探讨发育性髋关节脱位患儿股骨颈前倾角的数字化测量方法,为股骨近端截骨手术提供解剖学依据。方法收集单侧发育性髋关节脱位儿20例,其中男10例,女10例,应用Mimics15.0软件,利用数字化三维重建技术重建股骨,标定相关解剖标志测量患侧及健侧股骨颈前倾角,并与在断层CT上测量的股骨颈前倾角相比较。结果重建的股骨数字化虚拟可视模型能够从多角度、多平面进行观察及测量,二维CT测量健侧和患侧股骨颈前倾角分别为(25.54±7.17)°和(42.98±10.36)°,数字化三维重建测量健侧和患侧股骨颈前倾角分别为(24.29±3.46)°和(40.36±5.42)°。数字化三维重建股骨颈前倾角与二维CT测量的数值差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论基于三维CT扫描的股骨数字化三维重建图像具有良好的形态和清晰的边界,可精确识别出股骨前倾角的解剖数据,为完成个体化的股骨截骨术提供了新的方法。     

A high-resolution three-dimensional far-infrared thermal and true-color imaging system for medical applications

As the needs for various kinds of body surface information are wide-ranging, we developed an imaging-sensor integrated system that can synchronously acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) far-infrared (FIR) thermal and true-color images of the body surface. The proposed system integrates one FIR camera and one color camera with a 3D structured light binocular profilometer. To eliminate the emotion disturbance of the inspector caused by the intensive light projection directly into the eye from the LCD projector, we have developed a gray encoding strategy based on the optimum fringe projection layout. A self-heated checkerboard has been employed to perform the calibration of different types of cameras. Then, we have calibrated the structured light emitted by the LCD projector, which is based on the stereo-vision idea and the least-squares quadric surface-fitting algorithm. Afterwards, the precise 3D surface can fuse with undistorted thermal and color images. To enhance medical applications, the region-of-interest (ROI) in the temperature or color image representing the surface area of clinical interest can be located in the corresponding position in the other images through coordinate system transformation. System evaluation demonstrated a mapping error between FIR and visual images of three pixels or less. Experiments show that this work is significantly useful in certain disease diagnoses.     

Automatic three-dimensional model for protontherapy of the eye: preliminary results

Recently, radiotherapy possibilities have been dramatically increased by software and hardware developments. Improvements in medical imaging devices have increased the importance of three-dimensional (3D) images as the complete examination of these data by a physician is not possible. Computer techniques are needed to present only the pertinent information for clinical applications. We describe a technique for an automatic 3D reconstruction of the eye and CT scan merging with fundus photographs (retinography). The final result is a "virtual eye" to guide ocular tumor protontherapy. First, we make specific software to automatically detect the position of the eyeball, the optical nerve, and the lens in the CT scan. We obtain a 3D eye reconstruction using this automatic method. Second, we describe the retinography and demonstrate the projection of this modality. Then we combine retinography with a reconstructed eye, using a CT scan to get a virtual eye. The result is a computer 3D scene rendering a virtual eye into a skull reconstruction. The virtual eye can be useful for the simulation, the planning, and the control of ocular tumor protontherapy. It can be adapted to treatment planning to automatically detect eye and organs at risk position. It should be highlighted that all the image processing is fully automatic to allow the reproduction of results, this is a useful property to conduct a consistent clinical validation. The automatic localization of the organ at risk in a CT scan or an MRI by automatic software could be of great interest for radiotherapy in the future for comparison of one patient at different times, the comparison of different treatments centers, the possibility of pooling results of different treatments centers, the automatic generation of doses-volumes histograms, the comparison between different treatment planning for the same patient and the comparison between different patients at the same time. It will also be less time consuming.     

骨科医学断层图像的三维重构应用及其纹理特征研究

目的在已有的骨科多源信息综合管理及特征分析系统基础上,设计开发嵌入式的、可辅助临床的医学断层图像三维可视化模块,研究医学断层图像重构后任意剖切面纹理特征的应用意义。方法在Visual Studio 6.0开发平台上开发图像三维重构模块;利用数字特征提取功能模块分别提取断层图像重构前和重构后的纹理信息,进行统计学分析。结果三维重构模块扩展原有数字特征提取模块的应用范围,可有效辅助临床医生观察疾病病灶三维体位,可对三维重构图像的任意切面进行数字化特征提取和研究。结论经实验研究验证重构图像新剖面的纹理特征有效保留断层图像纹理特征,可用于疾病辅助诊断的研究。     

Precise modelling of the eye for proton therapy of intra-ocular tumours

A new method is described that allows precise modelling of organs at risk and target volume for radiation therapy of intra-ocular tumours. The aim is to optimize the dose distribution and thus to reduce normal tissue complication probability. A geometrical 3D model based on elliptic shapes was developed that can be used for multimodal model-based segmentation of 3D patient data. The tumour volume cannot be clearly identified in CT and MR data, whereas the tumour outline can be discriminated very precisely in fundus photographs. Therefore, a multimodal 2D fundus diagram was developed, which allows us to correlate and display simultaneously information extracted from the eye model, 3D data and the fundus photograph. Thus, the connection of fundus diagram and 3D data is well-defined and the 3D volume can be calculated directly from the tumour outline drawn onto the fundus photograph and the tumour height measured by ultrasound. The method allows the calculation of a precise 3D eye model of the patient, including the different structures of the eye as well as the tumour volume. The method was developed as part of the new 3D treatment planning system OCTOPUS for proton therapy of ocular tumours within a national research project together with the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin.     

3.5D dynamic PET image reconstruction incorporating kinetics-based clusters

Standard 3D dynamic positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging consists of independent image reconstructions of individual frames followed by application of appropriate kinetic model to the time activity curves at the voxel or region-of-interest (ROI). The emerging field of 4D PET reconstruction, by contrast, seeks to move beyond this scheme and incorporate information from multiple frames within the image reconstruction task. Here we propose a novel reconstruction framework aiming to enhance quantitative accuracy of parametric images via introduction of priors based on voxel kinetics, as generated via clustering of preliminary reconstructed dynamic images to define clustered neighborhoods of voxels with similar kinetics. This is then followed by straightforward maximum a posteriori (MAP) 3D PET reconstruction as applied to individual frames; and as such the method is labeled '3.5D' image reconstruction. The use of cluster-based priors has the advantage of further enhancing quantitative performance in dynamic PET imaging, because: (a) there are typically more voxels in clusters than in conventional local neighborhoods, and (b) neighboring voxels with distinct kinetics are less likely to be clustered together. Using realistic simulated (11)C-raclopride dynamic PET data, the quantitative performance of the proposed method was investigated. Parametric distribution-volume (DV) and DV ratio (DVR) images were estimated from dynamic image reconstructions using (a) maximum-likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM), and MAP reconstructions using (b) the quadratic prior (QP-MAP), (c) the Green prior (GP-MAP) and (d, e) two proposed cluster-based priors (CP-U-MAP and CP-W-MAP), followed by graphical modeling, and were qualitatively and quantitatively compared for 11 ROIs. Overall, the proposed dynamic PET reconstruction methodology resulted in substantial visual as well as quantitative accuracy improvements (in terms of noise versus bias performance) for parametric DV and DVR images. The method was also tested on a 90 min (11)C-raclopride patient study performed on the high-resolution research tomography. The proposed method was shown to outperform the conventional method in visual as well as quantitative accuracy improvements (in terms of noise versus regional DVR value performance).     

Monte Carlo modelling of the spectral reflectance of the human eye

The interpretation of in vivo spectral reflectance measurements of the ocular fundus requires an accurate model of radiation transport within the eye. As well as considering the scattering and absorption processes, it is also necessary to account for appropriate histological variation. This variation results in experimentally measured spectra which vary, both with position in the eye, and between individuals. In this paper the results of a Monte Carlo simulation are presented. Three histological variables are considered: the RPE melanin concentration, the choriodal haemoglobin concentration and the choroidal melanin concentration. By considering these three variables, it is possible to generate model spectra which agree well with in vivo experimental measurements of the nasal fundus. The model has implications for the problem of extracting histological parameters from spectral reflectance measurements. These implications are discussed and a novel approach to interpretation of images of the ocular fundus suggested.     

Right Cortical and Axonal Structures Eliciting Ocular Deviation During Electrical Stimulation Mapping in Awake Patients

To investigate the neural network underpinning eye movements, a cortical and subcortical intraoperative mapping using direct electrical stimulation (DES) was achieved in six awake patients during surgery for a right frontal low-grade glioma. We assessed the relationship between the occurrence of ocular deviation during both cortical and axonal DES and the anatomic location for each response. The corresponding stimulation sites were reported on a standard brain template for visual analysis and between-subjects comparisons. Our results showed that DES of the cortical frontal eye field (FEF) elicited horizontal (anterior FEF) or upward (posterior FEF) eye movements in 3 patients, supporting the fact that FEF comprises several distinct functional subregions. In addition, subcortical stimulation of the white matter tracts underneath the FEF evoked conjugate contraversive ocular deviation in 3 other patients. Interestingly, this region seems to be a crossroad between the fronto-striatal tract, the frontal aslant tract, the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle and the superior longitudinal fascicle. No deficits in eye movements were observed following surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting ocular deviation during axonal electrostimulation mapping of the white matter fibers in awake patients. Therefore, our original data issued from DES give new insights into the cortical and subcortical structures involved in the control of eye movements and their strong relationships with other functional pathways.