共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Jang JY Droz PO Kim S 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(1):31-37
OBJECTIVE: Ethylbenzene is an important constituent of widely used solvent mixtures in industry. The objective of the present study was to provide information about biological monitoring of occupational exposure to ethylbenzene, and to review the biological limit values corresponding to the threshold limit value of ethylbenzene. METHODS: A total of 20 male workers who had been exposed to a mixture of ethylbenzene and xylene, through painting and solvent mixing with commercial xylene in a metal industry, were recruited into this study. Environmental and biological monitoring were performed during an entire week. The urinary metabolites monitored were mandelic acid for ethylbenzene and methylhippuric acid for xylene. Correlations were analyzed between urinary metabolites and environmental exposure for ethylbenzene and xylene. The interaction effects of a binary exposure to ethylbenzene and xylene were also investigated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. RESULTS: The average environmental concentration of organic solvents was 12.77 ppm for xylene, and 3.42 ppm for ethylbenzene. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.503) was found between environmental xylene and urinary methylhippuric acid. Urinary level of methylhippuric acid corresponding to 100 ppm of xylene was 1.96 g/g creatinine in the worker study, whereas it was calculated as 1.55 g/g creatinine by the PBPK model. Urinary level of mandelic acid corresponding to 100 ppm of ethylbenzene was found to be 0.7 g/g creatinine. PBPK results showed that the metabolism of ethylbenzene was highly depressed by co-exposure to high concentrations of xylene leading to a non-linear behavior. CONCLUSIONS: At low exposures, both methylhippuric acid and mandelic acid can be used as indicators of commercial xylene exposures. However at higher concentrations mandelic acid cannot be recommended as a biological indicator due to the saturation of mandelic acid produced by the co-exposure to xylene. 相似文献
2.
Krämer A Linnert M Wrbitzky R Angerer J 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(1):52-55
Ambient-air and biological monitoring of occupational xylene exposure were carried out on 2 groups of workers (13 and 10
men, respectively) exposed to a mixture of xylenes during the production of paints or during spraying. Methods: Personal ambient-air monitoring was performed for one complete work shift. Blood and urine samples were collected directly
at the end of the shift. Biological monitoring was based on the determination of the concentration of xylenes in blood and
on the quantification of the sum of the three methylhippuric acids in urine. Results: Average xylene ambient-air concentrations were 29 ppm (production) and 8 ppm (spraying), ranging from 5 to 58 ppm and from
3 to 21 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of xylenes in blood ranged from 63 to 715 μg/l and from 49 to 308 μg/l, with
average values being 380 and 130 μg/l, respectively. Accordingly, the workers engaged in paint production also excreted more
methylhippuric acids in their urine (average 1221 mg/l, range 194–2333 mg/l) than did the sprayers (average 485 mg/l, range
65–1633 mg/l). Discussion: Our results as well as a literature review indicate that occupational xylene exposure on average barely exceeds the threshold
limit value of 100 ppm as proposed by both American and German institutions. Biological monitoring based on the determination
of xylenes in blood and of methylhippuric acids in urine provides sufficient sensitivity and specificity for occupational
health surveillance. The results also confirm the current limit values (BAT values) proposed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
for xylenes in blood (1500 μg/l) and methylhippuric acids in urine (2000 mg/l).
Received: 27 May 1998 / Accepted: 3 September 1998 相似文献
3.
Berode M Sethre T Läubli T Savolainen H 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(6):410-414
Objective: To evaluate the validity of methanol (MeOH) and formic acid (FA) in urine as biological indicators of methyl formate (MF)
exposure in experimental and field situations. Methods: The subjects were 28 foundrymen and two groups of volunteers (20 control and 20 exposed). Exposure assessment of the workers
was performed by personal air and biological monitoring. Methyl formate vapour collected on charcoal tube was analysed by
gas chromatography. The concentration of MF in the exposure chamber (volunteer-study) was monitored by two independent methods
[flame ionisation detection (FID) and Fourier transformation infra-red detection (FTIR)]. Urinary metabolites (MeOH and FA)
were analysed separately by head-space gas chromatography. Results: The volunteers exposed to 100 ppm MF vapour at rest for 8 h excreted 3.62 ± 1.13 mg MeOH/l (mean ± SD) at the end of the
exposure. This was statistically different (P < 0.001) from pre-exposure MeOH excretion (2.15 ± 0.80 mg/l), or from that of controls (1.69 ± 0.48 mg/l). The urinary FA
excretion was 32.2 ± 11.3 mg/g creatinine after the exposure, which was statistically different (P < 0.001) from pre-exposure excretion (18.0 ± 9.3 mg/g creatinine) or that of controls (13.8 ± 7.9 mg/g creatinine). In foundrymen,
the urinary FA excretion after the 8 h workshift exposure to a time weighted average (TWA) concentration of 2 to 156 ppm MF
showed a dose-dependent increase best modelled by a polynomial function. The highest urinary FA concentration was 129 mg/g
creatinine. The pre-shift urinary FA of the foundrymen (18.3 ± 5.6 mg/g creatinine) did not differ from that of controls (13.8 ± 7.9 mg/g
creatinine). The urinary MeOH excretion of the foundrymen after the shift, varied from <1 to 15.4 mg/l, while the correlation
with the preceding MF exposure was poor. The foundrymen excreted more (P=0.01) FA (2.12 ± 3.56 mg/g creatinine) after the workshift than experimentally, once-exposed volunteers (0.32 ± 0.11 mg/g
creatinine) at a similar inhaled MF level of 1 ppm). Conclusions: In spite of its high background level in non-exposed subjects, urinary FA seems to be a useful biomarker of methyl formate
exposure. The question remains as to what is the reason for the differences in chronic and acute exposure respectively.
Received: 27 September 1999 / Accepted: 25 March 2000 相似文献
4.
Perico A Cassinelli C Brugnone F Bavazzano P Perbellini L 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(2):115-120
Objectives: This article reports the results obtained with the biological and environmental monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclohexane
using 1,2-cyclohexanediol (1,2-DIOL) and 1,4-DIOL in urine. The kinetic profile of 1,2-DIOL in urine suggested by a physiologically
based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was compared with the results obtained in workers. Methods: Individual exposure to cyclohexane was measured in 156 workers employed in shoe and leather factories. The biological monitoring
of cyclohexane exposure was done by measurement of 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL in urine collected on different days of the working
week. In all, 29 workers provided urine samples on Monday (before and after the work shift) and 47 workers provided biological
samples on Thursday at the end of the shift and on Friday morning. Another 86 workers provided biological samples at the end
of the work shift only on Monday or Thursday. Results: Individual exposure to cyclohexane ranged from 7 to 617 mg/m3 (geometric mean value 60 mg/m3). Urinary concentrations of 1,2-DIOL (geometric mean) were 3.1, 7.6, 13.2, and 6.3 mg/g creatinine on Monday (pre- and postshift),
Thursday (postshift) and Friday (pre-shift), respectively. The corresponding values recorded for 1,4-DIOL were 2.8, 5.1, 7.8,
and 3.7 mg/g creatinine. A fairly close, statistically significant correlation was found between environmental exposure to
cyclohexane and postshift urinary 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL on Monday. Data collected on Thursday and Friday showed only a poor
correlation to exposure with a wide scatter. Both metabolites have a urinary half-life of close to 18 h and accumulate during
the working week. Conclusions: Comparison between data obtained from a PBPK model and those found in workers suggests that 1,2-DIOL and 1,4-DIOL are urinary
metabolites suitable for the biological monitoring of industrial exposure to cyclohexane.
Received: 17 June 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998 相似文献
5.
Nomiyama T Nakashima H Chen LL Tanaka S Miyauchi H Yamauchi T Sakurai H Omae K 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(3):224-228
Objectives: To clarify the potential for dermal absorption of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (CAS No. 68-12-2) vapor, and the appropriate adjustment method and the half-lives of urinary concentrations
of N-methylformamide (NMF) as the biological exposure item of DMF. Methods: Thirteen healthy male volunteers (mean age: 22.7 years, range: 20–27) were exposed to DMF vapor twice, via both the skin
and the lung, for 4 h at concentrations below 10 ppm, the recommended occupational exposure limit set by the Japan Society
for Occupational Health, the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
under conditions of 27 °C and 44% humidity. Each volunteer was exposed to DMF via the skin in a whole-body type exposure chamber
and, outside the chamber, via the lung by a respirator connected to the chamber. Exposure levels were 6.2 ± 1.0 ppm in dermal
exposure and 7.1 ± 1.0 ppm in inhalation exposure. Urine samples were collected at every opportunity until 72 h after exposure;
and NMF, as well as volume, creatinine, and specific gravity were measured. Dermal and inhalation intakes were compared after
adjusting concentrations. Results and Conclusions: DMF vapor absorptions via the skin and the lung were estimated to be 40.4 and 59.6%, respectively. Workers need to be aware
of the risk of dermal absorption of DMF vapor as well as of the liquid. Though NMF concentrations adjusted by creatinine,
specific gravity, and urinary volume showed good correlation with total NMF excretion and the absolute amount of NMF at each
sampling time, creatinine-adjusted NMF concentration correlated better than the others. The biological half-life of urinary
NMF after dermal exposure, 4.75 ± 1.63 h, was longer than that after respiratory exposure, 2.42 ± 0.63 h.
Received: 14 June 2000 / Accepted: 5 October 2000 相似文献
6.
Miller MJ Edwards JW 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(2):89-97
Objectives: Solvent exposures commonly involve mixtures of substances or mixtures of isomers of a single solvent. These may be metabolised
through common pathways, resulting in the potential for metabolic interactions. These may then lead to accumulation of solvent
or metabolic intermediates, some of which may be toxic. This paper describes a pilot study conducted to determine the correlation
between airborne xylene isomers and the appearance of methylhippuric acid (MHA) isomers in urine of workers exposed mainly
to xylene. The project also aimed to determine whether there is preferential metabolism of any isomer by comparison of the
ratios of airborne isomers with the ratios of metabolite isomers appearing in urine. Subjects and methods: A total of 12 workers (11 male, 1 female) were recruited into this study, with 2 of the participants providing samples on
more than one occasion. Workers included flooring contractors (5), printers (2), chemical manufacturers (2), histology technicians
(2) and one householder using a xylene-based varnish. Subjects were aged between 24 and 48 years (37.6 ± 2.0 years; mean ± SEM).
After giving informed consent, workers provided a prework and postwork urine sample on a midweek work day. Samples were stored
frozen prior to analysis. Breathing-zone air samples were collected using personal air samplers at 50 ml/min. Solvents were
trapped on activated-charcoal sampling tubes. Subjects wore pumps for 18–304 (178 ± 24) min on the same day on which urine
samples were collected. Results: Xylene exposures ranged from 1.6 to over 7000 ppm. In all, 7 of 16 measurements exceeded the Australian TWA standard of 80 ppm.
Two of the flooring contractors wore respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and the two histopathology technicians used workplace
ventilation systems. Total urinary MHA output ranged from 10 to 8000 mmol/mol creatinine, with 6 of 16 samples exceeding the
modified biological exposure index of 702 mmol/mol. Correlations between airborne concentrations of individual xylene isomers
and their corresponding MHA isomers were poor but improved when workers using RPE were excluded from the analysis. Gradients
of the regression lines (millimoles of MHA per mole of creatinine per parts per million of xylene) were 3.2 for o-isomers, 7.0 for p-isomers, and 14.4 for m-isomers. Comparisons of isomer ratios of xylene in air were made with the corresponding ratio of MHA isomers in urine. These
revealed higher ratios of m-MHA to other MHA isomers than those of m-xylene to the other xylene isomers. The MHA isomer ratios were expected to be the same as the airborne xylene isomer ratios
if there were no preferential elimination of any isomer. m-MHA appeared in urine in a greater proportion than would be predicted from the proportion of m-xylene detected in air. The time course of the appearance of MHA isomers in urine also suggests that interactions were taking
place, with m-MHA appearing in high proportion in urine following several days of repeated heavy xylene exposure. On a single moderate
exposure, m-MHA appeared initially in high proportion in the first few hours but was undetectable in urine after 18 h. p-MHA was detectable for up to 6 h after exposure, and o-MHA remained detectable after 18 h. Conclusions: This study suggests that excretion of m-MHA in urine is favoured over that of the other isomers following exposure to mixed xylenes. This is independent of airborne
xylene isomer composition and suggests that the metabolism of m-xylene occurs preferentially to that of the other isomers. It is not clear at which step in the metabolism of xylene this
preference occurs, although other work indicates that the initial oxidation of xylene to methylbenzyl alcohol by cytochrome
P450 2E1 occurs at the same rate for each isomer. These findings suggest that there is potential for metabolic interactions
between xylene isomers and that these may be the basis for xylene toxicity.
Received: 11 May 1998 / Accepted: 15 October 1998 相似文献
7.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the metabolic suppression of hippuric acid (HA) occurs in field workers
coexposed to toluene, xylene and ethyl benzene. Eleven male spray painters were recruited into this study and monitored for
2 weeks using a repeated-measures study design. The sampling was conducted for 3 consecutive working days each week. Toluene,
ethyl benzene, and xylene in the air were collected using 3M 3500 organic vapor monitors. Urine samples were collected before
and after work shift, and urinary HA, methyl hippuric acid, mandelic acid, and phenylgloxylic acid concentrations were determined.
In the first week, toluene concentrations were 2.66 ± 0.95 (mean ± SE) ppm, whereas ethyl benzene and xylene concentrations
were 27.84 ± 3.61 and 72.63 ± 13.37 ppm, respectively, for all subjects. Pre–work shift HA concentrations were 230.23 ± 37.31
mg/g creatinine, whereas pre–work shift HA concentrations were 137.81 ± 14.15 mg/g creatinine. Mean urinary HA concentration
was significantly greater in the pre–work shift samples than in the pre–work shift samples (p = 0.043). In the second week, toluene concentrations were much lower (0.28 ppm), whereas ethyl benzene and xylene were 47.12
± 8.98 and 23.88 ± 4.09 ppm, respectively, for all subjects. Pre–work shift HA concentrations were 351.98 ± 116.23 mg/g creatinine,
whereas pre–work shift HA concentrations were 951.82 ± 116.23 mg/g creatinine. Mean urinary HA concentration was significantly
greater in the pre–work shift samples than in the pre–work shift samples (p <0.01); a significant correlation (r = 0.565; p = 0.002) was found between pre–work shift urinary HA levels and ethyl benzene exposure. This study showed that urinary HA
peak was delayed to next morning for workers coexposed to toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene; xylene and ethyl benzene probably
played competitive inhibitors for metabolism of toluene. The study also presumed that urinary HA became the major metabolite
of ethyl benzene at the end of work shift, when the exposure concentrations of ethyl benzene were 2.0 times those of xylene. 相似文献
8.
Dermal absorption of N,N-dimethylacetamide in human volunteers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nomiyama T Omae K Ishizuka C Yamauchi T Kawasumi Y Yamada K Endoh H Sakurai H 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(2):121-126
Objectives: We investigated the potential for the dermal absorption of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC: CAS No. 127-19-5) vapor, the biological half-life of N-methylacetamide (NMAC) in urine as the biological exposure item of DMAC, and the adjustment method for urinary concentrations.
Methods: Twelve healthy male volunteers (mean age 25.2 years, range 21–43 years) were exposed to DMAC for 4 h on two occasions at
intervals of 96 h or above. Each volunteer sat inside a whole-body-type exposure chamber for the dermal exposure experiment
or outside the chamber for the inhalation exposure experiment. The temperature and relative humidity in the chamber were controlled
at approximately 26 °C and 40% in order to keep the skin (90% naked) of the volunteers dry. DMAC concentrations were 6.1 ± 1.3 ppm
for dermal exposure and 6.1 ± 1.3 ppm for inhalation exposure. Urine samples were collected from 0 h through 36 h and at 48 h
and 72 h after the exposure. Extrapolations from exposure concentrations for 4 h to 10 ppm for 8 h were performed. Results: Mean dermal absorption was estimated to be 40.4% of the total DMAC uptake. The biological half-lives of urinary NMAC were
9.0 ± 1.4 h and 5.6 ± 1.3 h via skin and lung, respectively. Mean NMAC in urine just after 5 consecutive workdays (8 h/day)
at 10 ppm DMAC exposure was assumed to be 33.7 mg/g · Cr (18.6–70.0 mg/g · Cr). Creatinine-adjusted NMAC concentration in
urine for each volunteer within 12 h after the exposure was more closely correlated with the total excretion amount of NMAC
up to 36 h than with urinary-volume-adjusted or specific-gravity-adjusted NMAC concentration in both the dermal and inhalation
exposure experiments. Conclusions: DMAC vapor was significantly absorbed through the skin. Estimated NMAC values indicate that 20 mg/g · Cr NMAC seems to be
appropriate as the biological exposure index.
Received: 6 August 1999 / Accepted: 9 September 1999 相似文献
9.
Toshio Kawai Kazunori Mizunuma Tomojiro Yasugi Shun'ichi Horiguchi Yoko Uchida Okujou Iwami Hiroshi Iguchi Masayuki Ikeda 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1991,63(1):69-75
Summary The quantitative relationship between exposure to xylene vapor and urinary excretion of methylhippuric acid (MHA) isomers were studied in the second half of a working week. The participants in the study were 121 male workers engaged in dip-coating of metal parts who were predominantly exposed to three xylene isomers. The intensity of exposure measured by diffusive sampling during an 8-h shift was such that the geometric mean vapor concentration was 3.8 ppm for xylenes (0.8 ppm for o-xylene, 2.1 ppm for m-xylene, and 0.9 ppm for p-xylene), 0.8 ppm for toluene, and 0.9 ppm for ethylbenzene. Urine samples were collected at the end of the shift and analyzed for metabolities by HPLC. The statistical analysis showed that there is a linear relationship between the intensity of exposure to xylenes and the concentration of MHA in urine, that the regression line passes very close to the origin, and that the increment in observed (i.e., noncorrected) MHA concentrations as a function of increasing xylene concentration was 17.8 mg × 1–1 ppm–1. Further examination on the basis on individual xylene isomers showed that the slopes of the regression lines for o- and m-isomers were similar (i.e., 17.1 and 16.6 mg l–1 ppm–1, respectively), whereas that for p-xylene was larger (21.3 mg l–1 ppm–1). 相似文献
10.
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to N,N -dimethylformamide – the effects of co-exposure to toluene or dermal exposure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yang JS Kim EA Lee MY Park IJ Kang SK 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(7):463-470
Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the exposure and intake dose of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the correlation between them, according to the type of exposure for the workers in the DMF industry.
Methods: We monitored 345 workers occupationally exposed to DMF, from 15 workshops in the synthetic fiber, fiber coating, synthetic
leather and paint manufacturing industries. Ambient monitoring was carried out with personal samplers to monitor the external
exposure. Biological monitoring was done to determine the internal dose by analyzing N-methylformamide (NMF) in end-shift urine. Work procedure and exposure type of each DMF workshop was carefully surveyed, to
classify workers by exposure type according to work details. Workers were classified into three groups (Group A: continuous
and direct exposure through inhalation and skin; Group B: intermittent and short-term exposure through inhalation and skin;
Group C: continuous and indirect exposure mostly through inhalation). Results: Geometric mean of DMF concentration in air was 2.62 (GSD 5.30) ppm and that of NMF in urine was 14.50 (GSD 3.89) mg/l. In
the case of continuous absorption through inhalation and dermal exposure (Group A), the value of NMF in urine corresponding
to 10 ppm of DMF was 45.3 mg/l (r=0.524, n=178), 39.1 mg/g creatinine (r=0.424), while it was 37.7 mg/l (r=0.788, n=37), 24.2 mg/g creatinine (r=0.743) in the case of absorption mostly through inhalation (Group C). Creatinine correction reduced the correlation between
two parameters. Conclusion: The NMF in urine corresponding to 10 ppm DMF, of the dermal and inhalation exposure group was 39.1 mg/g creatinine (r=0.424, n=178), while that of the inhalation exposure-only group was 24.2 mg/g creatinine (r=0.743, n=37). Co-exposure with toluene reduced the NMF excretion in urine.
Received: 4 October 1999 / Accepted: 25 April 2000 相似文献
11.
R. Tardif S. Laparé G. L. Plaa J. Brodeur 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1991,63(4):279-284
Summary Studies that specifically address the influence of controlled human exposure to a combination of solvents on the biological monitoring of exposure are limited in number. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether simultaneous exposure of human volunteers to toluene and xylene could modify the respective metabolic disposition of these solvents. Five adult Caucasian men were exposed for 7 consecutive h/day over 3 consecutive days to 50 ppm toluene and 40 ppm xylene either separately or in combination in a dynamic, controlled exposure chamber (low-level exposure). The experiment was repeated three times at intervals of 2 weeks. In another experiment, three subjects were exposed to 95 ppm toluene and 80 ppm xylene or a combination of both for 4h (high-level exposure). The concentration of unchanged solvents in blood (B) and in end-exhaled air (EA) as well as the urinary excretion of hippuric acid (HA) and methylhippuric acids (MHAs) were determined. Simultaneous exposure to the lowest level of solvents did not alter the concentration of unchanged solvents in blood or in exhaled air (average of 3-weekly means; single vs mixed exposure at 6.5 h exposure): B-toluene, 77.1 vs 78.1 g/100 ml; B-xylene, 67.6 vs 77.8 g/100 ml; EA-toluene, 9.9 vs 9.5 ppm; EA-xylene, 5.3 vs 4.8 ppm. Similarly, mixed exposure did not modify the excretion of urinary metabolites during the 3- to 7-h exposure period: HA, 1.11 vs 1.11 g/g creatinine; MHAs, 0.9 vs 0.87 g/g creatinine. However, simultaneous exposure to higher levels did affect the concentration of unchanged solvents in blood and in exhaled air as measured at 3.5 h exposure (mean value for three subjects ± SD): B-toluene, 135.7 ± 26.7 vs 215.7 ± 34.9 g/100 ml; B-xylene, 114 ± 19 vs 127.6 ± 22.1 g/100 ml; EA-toluene, 16.6 ± 0.4 vs 20.5 ± 2.8 ppm; EA-xylene, 9.9 ± 0.6 vs 12.3 ± 1.2 ppm. Such effects were accompanied by a significant delay in the urinary excretion of HA but not of MHAs. These data suggest that there is a threshold level below which metabolic interaction between toluene and xylene is not likely to occur in humans. 相似文献
12.
Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide in the synthetic fibre industry 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Käfferlein HU Göen T Müller J Wrbitzky R Angerer J 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(2):113-120
Objectives: Monitoring of workplace air and biological monitoring of 23 workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the polyacrylic fibre industry was carried out on 4 consecutive days. The main focus of the investigation
was to study the relationship between external and internal exposure, the suitability of the metabolites of DMF for biological
monitoring and their toxicokinetic behaviour in humans.Methods: Air samples were collected using personal air samplers. The limit of detection (LOD) for DMF using an analytical method recommended
by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) was 0.1 ppm. The urinary metabolites, N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (HMMF), N-methylformamide (NMF), and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-cysteine (AMCC), were determined in one analytical run by gas chromatography with thermionic sensitive detection
(GC/TSD). The total sum of HMMF and NMF was determined in the form of NMF. The LOD was 1.0 mg/l for NMF and 0.5 mg/l for AMCC.
Results and conclusions: The external exposure to DMF vapour varied greatly depending on the workplace (median 1.74 ppm, range <0.1–159.77 ppm). Urinary
NMF concentrations were highest in post-shift samples. They also covered a wide range (<1.0–108.7 mg/l). This variation was
probably the result of different concentrations of DMF in the air at different workplaces, dermal absorption and differences
in the protective measures implemented by each individual (gloves, gas masks etc.). The urinary NMF concentrations had decreased
almost to zero by the beginning of the next shift. The median half-time for NMF was determined to be 5.1 h. The concentrations
of AMCC in urine were determined to be in the range from <0.5 to 204.9 mg/l. Unlike the concentrations of NMF, the AMCC concentrations
did not decrease during the intervals between the shifts. For the exposure situation investigated in our study, a steady state
was found between the external exposure to DMF and the levels of AMCC excreted in urine about 2 days after the beginning
of exposure. AMCC is therefore excreted more slowly than NMF. The half-time for AMCC is more than 16 h. Linear regression
analysis for external exposure and urinary excretion of metabolites was carried out for a sub-group of 12 workers. External
exposure to 10 ppm DMF in air (the current German MAK value) corresponds to an average NMF concentration of about 27.9 mg/l
in post-shift urine from the same day and an average AMCC concentration of 69.2 mg/l in pre-shift urine from the following
day. NMF in urine samples therefore represents an index of daily exposure to DMF, while AMCC represents an index of the average
exposure over the preceding working days. AMCC is considered to be better suited for biomonitoring purposes because (1) it
has a longer half-time than NMF and (2) its formation in humans is more closely related to DMF toxicity.
Received: 25 June 1999 / Accepted: 2 October 1999 相似文献
13.
Chiu-Shong Liu Hsien-Wen Kuo Jim-Shoung Lai Tsai-In Lin 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(5):348-352
Objectives: To investigate chromium-induced renal dysfunction in electroplating workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate four biochemical markers of renal function. A total of 178 workers were divided
into 3 comparable groups consisting of 34 hard-chrome plating workers, 98 nickel-chrome electroplating workers, and 46 aluminum
anode-oxidation workers, who represented the reference group. Ambient and biological monitoring of urinary chromium were performed
to measure exposure concentrations. Results: Overall, urinary chromium concentrations were highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 2.44 μg/g creatinine),
followed by nickel-chrome electroplating workers (0.31 μg/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (0.09 μg/g creatinine). Airborne
chromium concentrations were also highest in the hard-chrome plating area (geometric mean 4.20 μg/m3), followed by the nickel-chrome electroplating area (0.58 μg/m3) and the aluminum area (0.43 μg/m3). A positive correlation was found between urinary chromium and airborne concentrations (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) were also highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 4.9 IU/g creatinine), followed
by nickel-chrome workers (3.4 IU/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (2.9 IU/g creatinine). The prevalence of “elevated” NAG
(>7 IU/g creatinine) was significantly highest among hard-chrome plating workers (23.5%), then among nickel-chrome workers
(7.1%) and aluminum workers (8.7%). Differences in β2-microglobulin, total protein, and microalbumin were not significant. Conclusion: The author's evidence indicates that NAG is an early indicator of renal dysfunction in hard-chrome plating workers. 相似文献
14.
Indoor exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in traditional houses in Burundi 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Viau C Hakizimana G Bouchard M 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(5):331-338
Objectives: Wood combustion is used as a major energy source in African countries and could result in indoor, pollution-related health
problems. This exploratory study was undertaken to estimate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and carbon monoxide exposure
in individuals living in traditional rural houses in Burundi. Methods: Standard methods were used to determine indoor air concentrations of 12 PAHs, and carbon monoxide. The urinary excretion
of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was measured in occupants of traditional houses, and compared with that of individuals living in
the town of Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi. Results: Mean airborne concentration of four volatile PAHs, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene and acenaphthene, exceeded 1 μg/m3, and that of benzo(a)pyrene was 0.07 μg/m3. Naphthalene was by far the main PAH contaminant, with a mean concentration (±standard deviation) of 28.7 ± 23.4 μg/m3, representing on average 60–70% of total PAH concentration. Carbon monoxide mean concentration (±standard deviation) was
42 ± 31 mg/m3, and correlated with total PAH concentration. Geometric mean urinary 1-OHP excretion (range) in people living in traditional
houses was 1.50 (0.26–15.62) μmol/mol creatinine, a value which is on average 30 times higher than that of people living in
the capital (0.05 (0.009–0.17) μmol/mol creatinine). Conclusions: It appears that the substantially high concentrations of the studied contaminants constitute a potential health hazard to
the rural population of Burundi.
Received: 15 July 1999 / Accepted: 20 November 1999 相似文献
15.
Gündel J Schaller KH Angerer J 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(4):270-274
Objectives: Assessment of external and internal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a fireproof stone producing plant.
Methods: Five personal and four stationary air measurements were performed to determine the concentrations of benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, in air. To estimate internal
exposure, we determined the urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene
and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)- pyrene in 19 workers, using a sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic method
with fluorescence detection. Results: During the production of fireproof stones, the German technical exposure limit (TRK) for benzo(a)pyrene of 2 μg/m3 was exceeded in two cases. The mean values of the sum of eight PAHs were 12.6 μg/m3 (stationary air measurement) and 22.2 μg/m3 (personal air measurement). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion predominated, with a median of 11.1 μg/g creatinine (creat.),
followed by 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (median 2.2 μg/g creat.), 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (median 1.9 μg/g creat.) and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene
(median 1.6 μg/g creat.). 4-Hydroxyphenanthrene (median 0.3 μg/g creat.) and 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene (median 0.17 μg/g
creat.) were found in far lower concentrations, while 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was found only in very low concentrations (median
0.014 μg/g creat.). No correlations could be detected for a relationship between external and internal exposure. A significant
correlation between urinary metabolite concentrations could be calculated only for 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene and 1-hydroxypyrene. Conclusions: In comparison with other industries, the internal PAH exposure at workplaces in a fireproof stone producing plant is high.
This is probably caused by dermal PAH-absorption. Therefore, biological monitoring must be performed in the health surveillance
of fireproof stone producing workers. The urinary PAH metabolites should be determined: 3-hydroxybenz(a)anthracene could probably
be used as a biomarker representing the group of carcinogenic PAH.
Received: 3 November 1999 / Accepted: 26 January 200 相似文献
16.
Inter- and intra-individual sources of variation in levels of urinary styrene metabolites 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Symanski E Bergamaschi E Mutti A 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(5):336-344
Objective: Given the paucity of studies that have examined variability in biological measures of exposure to workplace contaminants,
we quantified the intra- and inter-individual sources of variation in urinary levels of mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic
acid (PGA) among workers exposed to styrene. A secondary objective was to examine effects of job task and the timing of sampling
during the workweek on the variation in workers' urinary styrene metabolite levels. Methods: As part of routine biological monitoring, a total of 1,714 measurements of MA and PGA collected from 331 workers between
1985 and 1999 from eight reinforced-plastics plants were abstracted from laboratory reports. To evaluate sources of variation
in levels of urinary styrene metabolites, we applied random-effects models. The influence of job task and day of sampling
on metabolite levels was examined using mixed-effects models. Results: PGA levels were characterized by less variation than levels of MA, as were metabolite levels expressed in terms of urinary
creatinine concentration. The relative magnitude of the inter-individual to the intra-individual source of variation was generally
higher for post-shift urine samples than for pre-shift urine samples. As expected, urinary metabolite levels were highest
for laminators and for samples collected at the latter end of the workweek. Owing to the effects of variation from day-to-day,
estimates of workers' exposures that rely on single measurements would generally perform poorly in a regression analysis designed
to examine effects resulting from chronic exposure. However, the bias in an observed slope coefficient would be diminished
if a second or third urine sample were collected. Conclusions: Quantification of the intra- and inter-individual sources of variation provides useful information that can be used to design
optimal sampling strategies, which would allow for the collection of sufficient data to estimate workers' exposures reliably
when evaluating health risks associated with occupational contaminants.
Received: 10 July 2000 / Accepted: 28 December 2000 相似文献
17.
Mariella Carrieri Andrea Trevisan Giovanni Battista Bartolucci 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,74(1):63-67
Objective: Spot urine samples were investigated to determine correlations between urinary creatinine and specific gravity, and intra-
and inter-day variations other than gender- and age-dependence of urinary concentrations. Methods: Urinary creatinine concentrations and specific gravity were determined in 534 spot samples (385 from men and 149 from women).
Subjects' ages ranged between 18 and 68 years. Spot urine samples were also collected from 14 male subjects before and after
a 1-week work-shift for the evaluation of intra- and inter-day variations of creatinine and specific gravity. Results: In spot samples, creatinine concentrations ranged between 0.16 and 4.36 g/l and specific gravity between 1.002 and 1.037.
A high correlation (r=0.82, P < 0.001) was observed between creatinine and specific gravity; male subjects showed significantly higher values of creatinine
(P < 0.001) than did female subjects (1.90 ± 0.74 and 1.41 ± 0.72 g/l, respectively) and specific gravity (1.023 ± 0.006 and
1.020 ± 0.007, respectively). In addition, creatinine but not specific gravity significantly decreased (P < 0.02) in subjects older than 50 years, compared with those under 40. Conclusions: Results confirm the gender-dependence of creatinine concentrations in spot specimens and also show age-dependence, indicating
the need for these aspects to be considered when the range of acceptable samples is to be set. No significant intra- or inter-day
variations were observed for the two parameters. Lastly, the possibility of a comparison of differently adjusted values was
indicated by a conversion formula derived from adjustments to creatinine and the corresponding specific gravity of a hypothetical
urinary value, as follows: specific gravity adjusted values= 1.48 × creatinine adjusted values.
Received: 14 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 July 2000 相似文献
18.
Hopf NB Kirkeleit J Bråtveit M Succop P Talaska G Moen BE 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2012,85(3):261-271
Purpose
Characterize ethylbenzene and xylene air concentrations, and explore the biological exposure markers (urinary t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA) and unmetabolized toluene) among petroleum workers offshore. Offshore workers have increased health risks due to simultaneous exposures to several hydrocarbons present in crude oil. We discuss the pooled benzene exposure results from our previous and current studies and possible co-exposure interactions. 相似文献19.
Fustinoni S Buratti M Giampiccolo R Brambilla G Foà V Colombi A 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(6):389-396
Objectives: To compare blood toluene (TOL-B) and urinary toluene (TOL-U) as biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene, and to set
a suitable procedure for collection and handling of specimens. Method: An assay based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used both for the determination of toluene urine/air partition
coefficient (λurine/air) and for the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene in 31 workers (group A) and in 116 non-occupationally exposed subjects
(group B). Environmental toluene (TOL-A) was sampled during the work shift (group A) or during the 24 h before specimen collection
(group B). Blood and urine specimens were collected at the end of the shift (group A) or in the morning (group B) and toluene
was measured. Results: Toluene λurine/air was 3.3 ± 0.9. Based on the specimen/air partition coefficient, it was calculated that the vial in which the sample is collected
had to be filled up to 85% of its volume with urine and 50% with blood in order to limit the loss of toluene in the air above
the specimen to less than 5%. Environmental and biological monitoring of workers showed that the median personal exposure
to toluene (TOL-A) during the work-shift was 80 mg/m3, the corresponding TOL-B was 82 μg/l and TOL-U was 13 μg/l. Personal exposure to toluene in environmentally exposed subjects
was 0.05 mg/m3, TOL-B was 0.36 μg/l and TOL-U was 0.20 μg/l. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was observed between TOL-B or TOL-U and TOL-A (Pearson's r=0.782 and 0.754) in workers, but not in controls. A significant correlation was found between TOL-U and TOL-B both in workers
and in controls (r=0.845 and 0.681). Conclusion: The comparative evaluation of TOL-B and TOL-U showed that they can be considered to be equivalent biomarkers as regards their
capacity to distinguish workers and controls and to correlate with exposure. However, considering that TOL-U does not require
an invasive specimen collection, it appears to be a more convenient tool for the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene.
Received: 20 October 1999 / Accepted: 4 March 2000 相似文献
20.
High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of toluenein urine as a marker of occupational exposure to toluene 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Osamu Inoue Etsuko Kanno Seimitsu Kudo Masaei Kakizaki Mitsuharu Kataoka Toshio Kawai Hirohiko Ukai Masayuki Ikeda 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(5):302-308
Objective: To establish a convenient method by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure toluene in urine as a marker of
occupational exposure to toluene. Methods: As soon after sampling as possible, 1 ml of urine was mixed with an equal volume of acetonitrile in a 2.2-ml HPLC glass bottle,
and the bottle was tightly sealed and stored at 4 °C. Immediately before HPLC determination, 100 μl methanol was added to
the mixture to prevent confounding effects of glycosuria, and the bottle was spun to remove any suspended matter. An aliquot
of the supernate was introduced into the HPLC system and analyzed on a PRODIGY column, with an acetonitrile – perchloric acid
– phosphoric acid – water mixture serving as the mobile phase. The effluent was monitored at 191 nm. Results: The method can measure toluene in urine every 20 min; the detection limit was 2 μg/l, the coefficient of variation was less
than 5%, and the recovery rate was 100%. No significant reduction in toluene concentration was observed for 1 week after storage
at 4 °C. When the method was applied to end-of-shift urine samples from 13 male workers exposed to toluene at 18–140 ppm and
also to urine samples from 10 nonexposed male controls, toluene in urine was linearly related to toluene exposure concentration,
with a regression line passing close to the origin. The correlation coefficient was as high as 0.97 (n = 23). No toluene was detected in control urine samples. Calculations suggest that urinary toluene accounts for as little
as less than 0.01% of the toluene absorbed via inhalation and that the absorbed toluene is converted almost quantitatively
to hippuric acid and, by less than 0.1%, to o-cresol.
Received: 25 August 1997 / Accepted: 13 February 1998 相似文献