呼吸机相关性肺炎下呼吸道真菌定植的危险因素分析

目的　初步探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎 (VAP)下呼吸道真菌定植的危险因素。方法　回顾性分析本院综合ICU收治 5 8例VAP患者下呼吸道真菌定植的流行病学资料 ,根据真菌培养结果将患者分为真菌定植组和非真菌定植组 ,分析VAP患者下呼吸道真菌定植的危险因素。结果　在 2 7例患者的下呼吸道分泌物中培养出真菌 3 1株 ,VAP真菌定植率为 46.6%。以白色念珠菌最多 ,占 71%。真菌定植组与非真菌定植组在是否使用激素及强力广谱抗生素方面有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而在性别组成、年龄、入ICU后 2 4h的APACHEⅡ评分以及是否存在糖尿病方面均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;真菌定植组的机械通气时间明显延长 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而 2组的MODS发生率及死亡率无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在VAP患者中下呼吸道真菌定植非常普遍 ,前期使用激素及强力广谱抗生素是主要危险因素 ,如出现VAP ,要警惕下呼吸道真菌定植的发生。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的高危因素与病原菌感染特征分析

【目的】探讨院内呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生的高危因素与病原菌感染特征及相关预防对策,为临床干预提供参考,提高医院感染控制水平。【方法】回顾性分析2013年1～11月本院ICU进行机械通气≥48 h患者117例临床资料,其中诊断符合 VAP的患者53例,未发生 VAP 64例,对53例 VAP患者的高危因素与病原菌感染特征进行分析。【结果】在 VAP 患者的气道分泌物中,分离得到病原菌72株,以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占69．44％（50/72）,其中铜绿假单胞菌为最常见菌（32．0％）,其次为不动杆菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌等;鲍曼不动杆菌药敏显示多药耐药特征,合并真菌感染率较高,占11．32％（6/53）。患者的年龄、长时间机械通气、使用镇静剂、APACHEⅡ评分等与 VAP发生有显著相关性;皮质激素不是 VAP 发生的主要危险因素。【结论】VAP的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,VAP的发生与多种临床因素有关,对这类因素应尽量控制,以降低 VAP的发生率、病死率。     

重症监护室呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关危险因素及其预防措施

【目的】探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的危险因素及其预防措施。[方法】选取2014年5月至2015年5月在本院重症监护室接受机械通气治疗的患者61例,根据患者是否发生VAP分为VAP组和非VAP组。比较两组相关临床指标,对重症监护室VAP肺炎进行单因素和多因素分析。【结果】单因素分析结果显示,VAP组和非VAP组患者在年龄、性别和贫血发生率方面相比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,两组患者在抗菌药物使用时间、侵入性操作、机械通气时间、APACHEⅡ评分、呼吸道免疫功能低下、胃肠道反流及误吸发生率、管道污染发生率上相比较差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析显示,APACHEⅡ评分达15分以上、机械通气时间达7d以上、管道污染、侵入性操作、呼吸道免疫功能低下、胃肠道反流及误吸是重症监护室VAP的危险因素（P〈0．05）。【结论】机械通气时间超过7d、APACHEII评分超过15分、侵入性操作、呼吸道免疫功能低下、管道污染和胃肠道反流及误吸是重症监护室VAP的危险因素,医务人员在工作当中应该根据这些危险因素和患者的实际情况采取针对性的预防和控制措施。     

口咽部护理对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用

【目的】探讨口咽部护理对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用。【方法】将98例机械通气患者随机分为实验组和对照组，分别给予改良的口咽部护理和常规口腔护理，观察比较两组患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）、口腔溃疡和口腔真菌感染发生率以及VAP发生时间。【结果】实验组VAP、口腔真菌和口腔溃疡发生率均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），对照组VAP发生时间明显早于实验组（P〈0．01）。【结论】对气管插管机械通气患者加强口咽部护理对预防VAP的发生非常重要。     

非小细胞肺癌患者术前下呼吸道定植菌与患者术后肺部感染的相关性分析

【目的】探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者术前下呼吸道定植菌与患者术后肺部感染的相关性。【方法】选取2019年11月至2021年4月西安国际医学中心医院收治的82例拟行手术治疗的NSCLC患者,根据术前下呼吸道是否存在定植菌分为有气道定植菌组和无气道定植菌组,比较两组患者术后并发症发生情况,分析术后肺部感染患者病原菌分布情况;对比术后肺部感染和肺部未感染患者的临床资料;Logistic多因素回归分析影响NSCLC患者术后发生肺部感染的危险因素。【结果】气道定植菌组、非气道定植菌组患者皮下气肿、肺栓塞、声音嘶哑、乳糜胸发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);有气道定植菌组肺部感染发生率为25.00%,高于无气道定植菌组的5.26%(P<0.05)。13例发生肺部感染患者中,共检出菌株23株,革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、真菌分别占病原菌总株数的56.52%、39.13%、4.35%。术后肺部感染者吸烟史占比、白细胞计数(WBC)、手术时间、住院时间、有侵入性操作占比、术前有气道定植菌占比均高于肺部未感染患者(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示:有侵入性操作、术前有气道定植菌均是NSCLC患者术后发生肺部感染的危险因素(OR=2.852、3.425,P<0.05)。【结论】NSCLC患者术前下呼吸道存在气道定植菌会增加术后肺部感染的发生率;有侵入性操作、术前有气道定植菌均是NSCLC患者术后发生肺部感染的危险因素,临床中应注意加强防范。     

肿瘤患者术后嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌致呼吸机相关肺炎危险因素分析

目的 了解肿瘤患者术后嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Sm)致呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP)危险因素,为临床预防提供依据.方法 选择2001年2月至2008年5月肿瘤患者术后发生Sm引起的VAP患者35例作为病例组,以同期未发生Sm引起VAP患者105例为对照组.以单因素分析筛选出有统计学意义的危险因素,多元逐步Logistic回归分析确定Sm引起的VAP的独立危险因素.结果 单因素分析表明肿瘤患者术后Sm引起VAP组在APACHEⅡ＞10,术后呼吸支持＞7 d,使用广谱抗生素＞7 d,术后血清白蛋白≤30 g/L方面与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05).Logistic逐步回归分析表明使用广谱抗生素＞7 d是肿瘤患者术后Sm引起VAP的独立危险因素.结论 APACHEⅡ＞10,术后呼吸支持＞7 d,使用广谱抗生素＞7 d,术后血清白蛋白≤30 g/L是肿瘤患者术后Sm引起的VAP的相对危险因素;而术后使用广谱抗生素＞7 d是肿瘤患者术后Sm引起VAP的独立危险因素.因此,积极改善患者的基础状况,合理使用抗生素和减少呼吸机使用天数,是预防和治疗Sm引起VAP的关键.     

282例老年患者医院内真菌感染分析

【目的】探讨老年患者发生医院真菌感染的危险因素、临床特点及治疗手段。【方法】采用回顾性调查方法,对282例老年真菌感染患者的临床资料进行统计分析。【结果】老龄、严重基础疾病、长期卧床、呼吸道引流不畅、广谱抗菌药物及侵入性操作是老年人真菌感染的危险因素,感染部位以下呼吸道为主（32．9％）;病原体以白色念珠菌占第一位（63．8％）。【结论】减少危险因素、提高机体免疫功能、采取合适有效的治疗是控制老年患者医院真菌感染的关键。     

ICU内呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素和病原学分析

【目的】探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生的临床因素和病原菌流行病学资料。【方法】对ICU128例机械通气48 h以上患者发生VAP组和未发生VAP组的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对发生VAP的53例病人采样进行病原菌检查。【结果】VAP组患者年龄、机械通气时间、APACHEII评分、气管切开率及病死率均高于未发生VAP的患者组（P〈0.05或0.01）,而Glasgow昏迷评分低于未发生VAP的患者组（P〈0.05）。53例VAP患者共分离出65株细菌,其中G^-杆菌占72.2%,G^＋球菌占27.8%。G^-杆菌中,以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌等为主;G^＋球菌中以MRSA、MSSA、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主。【结论】ICU内VAP的发生与患者年龄、机械通气时间、疾病严重程度以及气管切开等相关,VAP的患者病死率高。VAP的细菌谱以革兰阴性杆菌为主,且多为多重耐药菌,其预后较差。     

胃液pH值与呼吸机相关肺炎的研究

目的：研究胃液pH值与呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）的发生率及病原菌的关系,探讨其临床意义,促进临床抗生素的合理应用。方法：选取2011年1月~2012年12月我院住院治疗并气管插管或气管切开行机械通气〉48 h的患者120例,测其胃内pH值,行胃液、口咽部、下呼吸道标本的细菌培养,分为VAP组和无VAP组两组,观察比较两组患者胃腔和口咽部病原菌种类与胃液pH值间的关系,以及发生VAP后胃液、下呼吸道标本中出现病原菌的种类、次序及药敏情况,比较胃内有定植菌组、无定植菌组与胃液pH值的关系,研究胃液pH对定植菌种类的影响。结果：通过研究发现胃液pH值与VAP发生率密切相关,pH〉4时,VAP发生率明显增加。且胃腔内多重耐药的产超广谱β内酰胺酶菌分离率明显上升,VAP组显著高于无VAP组;细菌生化反应结果和药敏谱显示：VAP下呼吸道多为革兰阴性杆菌,与胃腔内病原菌具有同源性。结论：胃液pH值直接影响患者呼吸机相关肺炎的发生发展,机械通气患者需监测胃液pH值,发生VAP早期联用对多重耐药革兰阴性菌的广谱抗生素,控制临床症状。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素探讨

【目的】探讨影响呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）的危险因素。【方法】对入住呼吸科重症监护病房（RICU）采用机械通气治疗的86例患者进行回顾性队列研究,将患者按相关危险因素自然分组,比较VAP发病率,并进行多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。【结果】86例行机械通气治疗的患者中VAP发病率为48．8％（42／86）。原发病主要以肺部疾患为主、机械通气≥5d、仰卧位、应用抑制胃酸分泌药、进行侵入性操作、应用糖皮质激素、白蛋白〈30g／L,是影响VAP发生的危险因素。【结论】机械通气原发病主要以慢性肺部疾患为主、较长时间机械通气、仰卧位、是否应用抑制胃酸分泌药（制酸剂）、侵入性操作、应用糖皮质激素、白蛋白〈30g／L,是影响VAP发生的主要危险因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.