Valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy for non-union of femoral neck fracture

In spite of improved surgical techniques and fixation devices, non-union still reportedly occurs in 10-30% of cases of femoral neck fracture. A variety of methods of treatment that preserve the femoral head have been described, yet there are few reports on the results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy in cases of femoral neck non-union. We treated 11 such cases with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy performed at one centre and using a single surgical technique. The cases were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a mean of 4.9 years. All of the non-unions were shown radiographically to have healed by an average of 12.5 weeks. Functional outcome was excellent for nine patients and poor for two who underwent subsequent total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We conclude that valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is an effective treatment for femoral neck non-union, but avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a possible complication.     

Evaluation of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy in neglected fracture neck femur in young adults

BackgroundFemoral neck fractures in young adults have always presented a difficult problem with high rates of non-union and avascular necrosis. At our centre we have been using the traditional Pauwels intertrochanteric osteotomy for neglected un-united femoral neck fractures in young adults. We have made certain modifications in this procedure to suit our resources and so we evaluated the outcome of this procedure at our institute.MethodsThe study included fifty consecutive cases of neglected femoral neck fractures treated at our centre between February 1996 and October 2012. Patients in whom internal fixation had failed were excluded. The average age of the patients was 37 years (range: 17–55 years). Eleven of the patients were female & Thirty-nine were male. Fifteen patients belonged to Pauwels grade 1, Twenty-six patients belonged to grade 2, and nine belonged to grade 3. The interval between the injury and operation ranged from 1 to 12months (average: 4.3 months). The cases were operated on a normal table using a Watson Jones Approach. The fracture ends were freshened and fixed using a 6.5mm screw followed by a valgus osteotomy which was fixed by a double angle (120 degree) blade plate.ResultsA fracture union rate of 90% (45 cases) was achieved. Two of the healed cases developed avascular necrosis. Results were graded using Askin and Bryan's criteria. Overall, an excellent result was seen in 35 patients, good in 5, fair in 5 and poor in 5. Of the five patients having poor result (3 non-union, 1 implant breakage, 1 implant cut out), two refused revision surgery. In remaining three, one underwent total hip arthroplasty and in two revision osteotomy was performed.ConclusionWe believe that intertrochanteric osteotomy provides a good outcome for neglected femoral neck fractures. Performing the procedure on a routine table, with Watson Jones approach and fixing with double angle blade plate is a good option.     

Osteosynthesis and primary valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy in displaced intracapsular fracture neck of femur with osteoporosis in adults

Fifty-three adults sustaining intracapsular femoral neck fractures (subcapital 38 and transcervical 15) with osteoporosis were treated primarily by osteosynthesis with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy. Final evaluation was done in 50 patients (1 patient died and 2 lost to follow up, were not considered). Union was achieved in 47 (94%) patients in an average period of 12.2 weeks (range 10-18 weeks) with 100% union at osteotomy site. An axial collapse between 2 and 14 mm was observed in 74% of patients at the fracture site. Average neck shaft angle achieved was 141 degrees . Retroversion of the femoral head was seen in 28% of patients postoperatively, but none demonstrated a further posterior tilt of proximal femoral fragment, thus preventing implant cut through. One of the four patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head exhibited late segmental collapse between 98 and 171 weeks. Final results were excellent to good in 76% of patients (average hip score 92), fair in 18% (average Harris hip score 73) and poor in 6% (average Harris hip score 30). Deep infection in 2%, superficial infection in 4%, implant penetration into the joint in 4%, limb length discrepancy in 6% and external rotation in 68% were other complications. Primary osteosynthesis with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is a dependable procedure to provide stable fixation in fresh fractures of the neck of femur with osteoporosis. The potential benefit of retaining a viable biologic joint justifies the usefulness of this procedure.     

股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨与内侧闭合楔形截骨治疗膝外翻的疗效比较

目的对比分析股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨术与内侧闭合楔形截骨术治疗膝关节外翻畸形临床疗效及优缺点。方法笔者自2009-05—2014-06采用股骨远端内翻截骨术+Tomofix股骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗50例(61膝)膝外翻畸形,分为观察组(采用股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨术)和对照组(采用内侧闭合楔形截骨术治疗)。比较2组膝关节损伤与骨关节炎评分(KOOS)、主观满意度指数、股胫角度、膝关节活动度、骨折愈合时间、手术并发症等指标,综合评价该手术方法对膝关节外翻畸形的治疗效果。结果 1例失访,其余49例获得平均35.1(24~72)个月随访。所有截骨部位全部获得骨性愈合。组内KOOS评分显示术后膝关节结构和功能均获得显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),但2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组矫正度数(16.15±3.28)°,对照组矫正度数(15.06±3.65)°,2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。膝关节活动度、主观满意指数组间和组内比较均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组骨折愈合时间比对照组慢,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨术与内侧闭合楔形截骨术矫正膝关节外翻畸形均可取得较理想的治疗效果,内侧闭合楔形截骨骨折愈合较快,但外侧开放楔形截骨术骨量丢失少、手术操作简单,值得推广应用。     

Bilateral displaced femoral neck stress fractures treated with valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy: A case report and two-year follow-up

Bilateral femoral neck stress fractures are uncommon injuries that are successfully treated with surgical treatment; however, there is a high complication rate, as well as the challenging issue of the joint preserving procedure. This study reports the rare case of simultaneous valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy with a satisfactory outcome. A twenty-year-old male military recruit, with no history of previous hip pain or significant injury, presented with gradually progressive bilateral hip pain for three months after recruitment into military training. He was unable bear weight on both hips for one day prior to hospital without risk of sudden injury. A preoperative radiograph revealed displaced bilateral femoral neck fractures, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads. A bilateral valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy procedure was simultaneously and successfully performed on both hips. Six months after surgery, the patient was able to walk independently without any complications, and radiographic unions were presented. The two-year follow up radiographs showed no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads. The valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy procedure is an effective joint preserving procedure in femoral neck stress fractures, including the uncommon bilateral cases.     

Role of valgus osteotomy and fixation by double-angle blade plate in neglected displaced intracapsular fracture of neck of femur in younger patients

Head preservation is the mainstay of management in younger patients with intracapsular fracture neck of femur. In this prospective study, we have tried to evaluate the role of valgus osteotomy and internal fixation by double-angle blade plate in patients below 60 years of age with displaced intracapsular fractures and whose time since injury is equal to or more than 3 weeks. Among the 20 fractures which are managed by this procedure, 18 fractures united. We recommend this procedure for the treatment of neglected displaced intracapsular fractures in young patients.     

股骨髁上截骨治疗中青年外翻性膝骨关节炎

目的:探讨股骨髁上外侧开放性楔形截骨治疗外翻性膝骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法:自2008年4月至2015年6月,对21例(23膝)符合纳入标准的外翻性膝骨关节炎患者,采取股骨外髁上开放性楔形截骨后自体髂骨植骨并股骨远端解剖钢板内固定的手术方式进行治疗。男8例(8膝),女13例(15膝),年龄30~54岁,平均41.2岁,所有患者伴有膝关节外侧间室疼痛及外翻畸形,术前通过下肢负重位全长X线测量出胫股角平均为(162.0±2.6)°。通过观察术后骨愈合时间、手术并发症,比较治疗前后膝关节炎进展情况、HSS评分及胫股角等,综合评价该手术方法治疗外翻性膝关节炎的效果。结果:所有患者术后膝关节外翻畸形得到矫正,骨愈合时间(3.9±1.5)个月,未发现明显延迟愈合或不愈合病例,无严重并发症发生。HSS膝关节总评分从术前的57.3±3.1提高到末次随访时的88.6±2.7。胫股角提高到术后的(176.0±1.4)°。结论:股骨髁上开放性楔形截骨解剖入路清晰,术中容易控制截骨量,能够有效矫正膝关节外翻畸形,同时改善膝关节功能,是治疗中青年外翻性膝骨关节炎的有效方法。     

转子间外翻截骨治疗股骨头坏死塌陷

目的探讨转子间外翻截骨治疗股骨头缺血坏死塌陷的临床疗效。方法对96例(96髋)股骨头缺血坏死塌陷患者(Ⅰb型45例和Ⅱ型51例)行转子间外翻25°～30°截骨,解剖钢板固定。术后水平皮肤牵引3周,后持拐行走。结果96例均获随访,时间3～23年,术后3～4个月截骨愈合。按王岩评价法评价:优89髋(92.71%),良6髋(6.25%),可1髋(1.04%),优良率98.96%。结论转子间外翻截骨治疗股骨头坏死塌陷,疗效满意。     

Assessment of trochanteric osteotomy fragment union after acetabular fracture surgery

BackgroundTrochanteric osteotomies are performed in conjunction with standard approaches to improve surgical exposure during open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of acetabular fractures. The literature on total hip arthroplasty reports nonunion rates as high as 30% associated with trochanteric osteotomies; however, few data exist regarding the outcomes of trochanteric osteotomies for acetabular fracture surgery. Our hypotheses were 1) patients receiving trochanteric osteotomies during ORIF of acetabular fractures have a low rate of nonunion of the osteotomy fragment, and 2) hip abduction precautions are not necessary with digastric type osteotomies.Patients and methodsA retrospective review was conducted to identify patients with acetabular fractures between July 2002 and June 2010 (n = 734 fractures) who required trochanteric osteotomies (n = 64, 9% of fractures). Forty-seven met inclusion criteria of adequate follow-up (>56 days). No excluded patient experienced a complication. Fractures were classified using the Letournel-Judet classification system.ResultsOnly seven (20%) of 35 patients who received digastric osteotomies had hip abduction precautions applied during the postoperative period. All study patients were shown to have radiographic union at the trochanteric osteotomy site (100% union rate, n = 47). Hip abduction precautions intended to protect the osteotomy site and reduce the risk of nonunion and fixation failure were infrequently applied to patients with digastric osteotomies (20%) in this cohort. Multiple protective factors against nonunion were present in this study population compared with previous arthroplasty studies from other institutions.ConclusionsTrochanteric osteotomies are not associated with a significant nonunion rate, and digastric osteotomies might be safely managed without hip abduction precautions.     

Valgus osteotomy for nonunion and neglected neck of femur fractures

Nonunion neck of femur can be a difficult problem to treat, particularly in the young, and is associated with high complication rates of avascular necrosis due to the precarious blood supply and poor biomechanics.The various treatment options that have been described can be broadly divided according to the aim of improving either biology or biomechanics. Surgeries aimed at improving the biology, such as vascularized fibula grafting, have good success rates but require high levels of expertise and substantial resources. A popular surgical treatment aimed at improving the biomechanics-valgus intertrochanteric osteotomyoptimizes conditions for fracture healing by converting shear forces across the fracture site into compressive forces. Numerous variations of this surgical procedure have been developed and successfully applied in clinical practice. As a result, the proximal femoral orientation for obtaining a good functional outcome has evolved over the years, and the present concept of altering the proximal femoral anatomy as little as possible has arisen. This technical objective supports attaining union as well as a good functional outcome, since excessive valgus can lead to increased joint reaction forces. This review summarizes the historical and current literature on valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy treatment of nonunion neck of femur, with a focus on factors predictive of good functional outcome and potential pitfalls to be avoided as well as controversies surrounding this procedure.     

骨水泥型人工髋关节置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨骨水泥型人工髋关节置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的手术技术和疗效。方法采用骨水泥型柄行人工髋关节置换术治疗29例老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折,其中行全髋关节置换术6例,标准双极人工股骨头置换术23例。结果本组手术时间51～90min,平均78min;术中出血量300—600ml,平均410ml;其中19例术中输血,输血量200～800ml,平均320ml。随访期间死亡1例,其余28例术后随访5～30个月,平均18．6个月。术后1d患者可拄双拐下床活动。术后1个半月,24例患肢功能明显改善,行走能力基本恢复到伤前水平。未出现髋臼磨损及股骨假体松动、下沉等并发症。出现脑梗死1例,下肢深静脉血栓2例,异位骨化2例。髋关节功能按Harris评分标准评定：优6例,良18例,可4例,差1例。结论骨水泥型人工髋关节置换术治疗老年不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折有良好的近期疗效。     

Distal femoral valgus osteotomy: bone healing time in single plane and biplanar technique

Varus deformity can be localized in the tibia, in the femur or in both. If varus deformity is localized within the femur, it is mandatory to correct it in the femur. This report presents the technique and results of a consecutive case series of lateral uniplanar and biplanar closed-wedge valgus osteotomy of the distal femur for the treatment of varus deformity of the knee. Retrospectively, fifteen patients (sixteen knees) were identified. Indications for surgery varied from unloading an osteoarthritic medial compartment to reduction to symmetrical varus leg alignment. Pre- and post-operative X-rays, including a full leg radiograph, were assessed as well as bone healing time at follow-up intervals. Clinical outcome was assessed using different questionnaires. There were nine male and six female patients with a median age at surgery of 45 (±14) years. The mLDFA changed from 95.9° (±2.7°) preoperatively to 89.3° (±2.9°) post-operatively. Preoperative planning and the use of angle stable implants resulted in accurate corrections according to preoperative aims in all but one patient. At follow-up (mean, 40 months), the mean VAS score was 2.5 (±2.4) and the WOMAC score averaged 80 (±20). The mean bone healing time of biplanar osteotomies (4 ± 3 months) was shorter than in the uniplanar osteotomies (6 ± 3 months). Distal lateral closed-wedge valgus osteotomy of the femur for the treatment of femoral varus deformities resulted in clinical improvement and accurate corrections in patients with different aims for correction. A biplanar osteotomy technique shortens bone healing time.     

Role of valgus osteotomy and fixation with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate in the management of neglected and ununited femoral neck fracture in young patients

Background  Head preservation is the mainstay of management in younger patients with neglected or ununited intracapsular fracture neck of femur. Very few reports have dealt with the results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and fixation with dynamic hip screw in such cases. In this prospective study, we have tried to evaluate the role of valgus osteotomy and fixation with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate in neglected or ununited intracapsular fracture neck of femur in patients below 60 years of age and whose time since injury is equal to or more than 3 weeks. Materials and methods  We treated 16 such cases with valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and fixation achieved with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate, with mean age of 36.4 years. The cases were evaluated radiologically and clinically at a mean of 19 months. Results  In 14 of the 16 patients, the fracture went on to satisfactory union after an average of 14.7 weeks (10–26.7 weeks). The average Harris hip score increased from 66.6 points (range 55–75 points) before surgery to 88 points (range 75–95 points). All the patients with united fractures were able to sit cross-legged, squat and do one-leg stance. Pain and limitation of motion improved remarkably. Two patients had unfavourable outcome; both had cut-through of the implant, out of the head. Conclusions  Valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy is a very cheap and effective procedure to achieve union in neglected and ununited fracture neck femur in young patients. We propose fixation with dynamic hip screw and 120° double angle barrel plate as it provides additional compression and, with valgus osteotomy, improved stability of internal fixation, with few complications.     

Modified valgus osteotomy of the femoral neck for late presenting femoral neck stress fractures in military recruits

Neglected or late presenting femoral neck stress fractures are often associated with varus deformity, with potential risks of nonunion and osteonecrosis. We proposed a surgical technique whereby a wedge osteotomy was performed at the basal part of the neck, on the tensile surface, keeping the inferomedial femoral neck as a hinge. The femoral shaft was abducted to close the osteotomy site and it was fixed with three cannulated cancellous screws. Three military recruits who presented with neglected femoral neck stress fracture with varus deformity were operated on with the proposed modified femoral neck valgus osteotomy. All the fractures united without any complications and the patients resumed their professional activity.     

Pre-fracture ambulation capacity,Charlson comorbidity index,and dementia as predictors of functional impairment after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for unstable intertrochanteric fracture. A retrospective analysis in 158 octogenarian patients

Background: the primary purpose of this study was to assess the ambulatory capacity 12 months after surgery in patients that underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BH) due to unstable intertrochanteric fractures (UITF). Secondly, to identify which preoperative variables influenced these modifications.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients older than 80 years with UITF treated with BH between 2010 and 2019. Ambulatory capacity was assessed before surgery, at 3 and 12 months postoperatively, using Koval's classification and the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). The registered variables were: gender, age, osteoporosis, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), ASA classification, body mass index (BMI), and dementia. The identification of variables that impaired postoperative functionality was performed by uni- and multivariate analysis.Results158 patients were included with a median age of 87 (range 80–102) years and a follow-up of 29.2 (range 12–56) months. The 1-year overall ambulatory capacity impairment was 28.5% and significantly affected pre-fracture community walkers (p = 0.001). A CCI >4 (OR 2.72; p = 0.044), dementia (OR 14.13; p = 0.0001), and a Koval 2–3 (OR 12.84; p = 0.001) were identified as risk factors for this impairment.ConclusionAmbulation impairment at one year was 28.5%. The predictive characteristics found in this study help to identify patients with a greater risk of ambulation impairment and to focus rehabilitation plans to reduce this impact.     

Valgus osteotomy for hinge abduction

Failure of the enlarged and deformed anterolateral portion of the femoral head to roll into the acetabulum during abduction alters hip joint mechanics. The resultant hinge abduction is associated with pain, and the patient often has restricted movement. A valgus osteotomy removes the deformed portion of the femoral head away from the weight-bearing area and ensures there is pain-free congruent range of movement around the weight-bearing position. The concomitant improvement in lever arm function and leg length results in a better gait pattern. In immature patients, abolition of hinge abduction allows the lateral acetabular ossification center to grow more normally.     

Ludloff截骨和基底斜楔形截骨治疗中重度拇外翻的结果比较

目的比较Ludloff截骨和跖骨基底斜楔形截骨治疗中、重度拇外翻的近期临床结果。方法 2008年7月至2009年2月,对21例中、重度拇外翻患者（男2例,女19例）29足实行拇外翻矫形手术。Ludloff截骨术7例（11足）,基底楔形截骨14例（18足）。采用AOFAS评分对患足进行临床功能评价,同时拍负重位的正侧位X线片进行影像学评价。随访结果使用SPSS10.0统计软件包进行处理。结果随访时间5～13个月。最后一次随访时,23足基本无痛（Ludloff截骨9例,基底斜楔形截骨14例）,6足偶有疼痛或轻微疼痛（Ludloff截骨2例,基底斜楔形截骨4例）。有两足拇外翻纠正欠佳（基底斜楔形截骨）,但无疼痛症状。18人,26足基本恢复正常活动。3人,3足（其中1人为双侧,但只有1足有症状,Ludloff截骨术1例,基底截骨术2例）在长距离或长时间行走时出现疼痛。术后AOFAS评分平均为83分（58～92分）。患者自我感觉良好的有17人,24足（Ludloff截骨术10例,基底截骨14例）;感觉较好的2人,3足;感觉一般的2人,2足（Ludloff截骨术1例,基底截骨1例）。对外形满意的19人,26足（Ludloff截骨术10例,基底截骨16例）;一般的1人,1足（Ludloff截骨术）;不满意的1人,1足（基底截骨术）。结论两种手术方式都是治疗中、重度拇外翻可靠有效的方法,但最终的临床结果没有显著不同。     

人工髋关节置换术治疗内固定失败的髋部骨折

目的探讨挽救性人工髋关节置换术的疗效。方法1995年1月至2007年12月，对11例髋部骨折内固定治疗失败的患者（股骨颈骨折7例，股骨粗隆问骨折4例）进行回顾性研究，分析其内固定治疗失败的原因，总结这11例患者行人工髋关节置换术的疗效。结果髋部骨折内固定治疗失败的主要原因是复位不良、内固定技术错误。10例患者获平均12个月（2～27个月）随访。无感染、脱位、假体松动下沉及假体周围骨折等并发症发生。10例患者髋关节功能均有改善，Harris评分由术前平均34.5分提高到术后84.2分。结论骨折复位不良、错误的内固定技术是髋部骨折治疗失败的重要原因。进行挽救性的人工髋关节置换手术对恢复患者髋关节功能临床疗效满意。     

Sclerostin monoclonal antibody enhanced bone fracture healing in an open osteotomy model in rats

Sclerostin is a negative regulator of bone formation. Sclerostin monoclonal antibody (Scl‐Ab) treatment promoted bone healing in various animal models. To further evaluate the healing efficiency of Scl‐Ab in osteotomy healing, we investigated the time course effects of systemic administration of Scl‐Ab on fracture repair in rat femoral osteotomy model. A total of 120 six‐month‐old male SD rats were subjected to transverse osteotomy at the right femur mid‐shaft. Rats were treated with vehicle or Scl‐Ab treatment for 3, 6, or 9 weeks. Fracture healing was evaluated by radiography, micro‐CT, micro‐CT based angiography, 4‐point bending mechanical test and histological assessment. Scl‐Ab treatment resulted in significantly higher total mineralized callus volume fraction, BMD and enhanced neovascularization. Histologically, Scl‐Ab treatment resulted in a significant reduction in fracture callus cartilage at week 6 and increase in bone volume at week 9, associated with a greater proportion of newly formed bone area at week 6 and 9 by fluorescence microscopy. Mechanical testing showed significantly higher ultimate load in Scl‐Ab treatment group at week 6 and 9. This study has demonstrated that Scl‐Ab treatment enhanced bone healing in a rat femoral osteotomy model, as reflected in increased bone formation, bone mass and bone strength. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:997–1005, 2014.