受虐待小学生人格的情绪性维度分析

目的研究小学高年级学生人格的情绪性维度及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用儿童期虐待史自评量表（PRCA）、中国青少年人格量表（QZPS-Q）和一般情况问卷,对172名小学五、六年级学生进行测评。结果1女生的敏感分高于男生（16.20±2.82vs14.25±3.67,P〈0.01）,急躁和悲观分低于男生（急躁7.68±3.17vs9.66±3.71,P〈0.01;悲观8.23±3.25vs9.62±3.31,P〈0.01）。2性虐待与情绪性维度无相关性,情绪性总分与儿童虐待无相关性,敏感与儿童虐待呈负相关（r=-0.177～-0.228,P〈0.05）,急躁和悲观与儿童虐待呈正相关（r=0.170～0.260,P〈0.05）。3情感虐待和性别对敏感、急躁和悲观具有预测作用（Beta绝对值=0.178～0.280,t绝对值=2.394～3.900,P〈0.05）,性虐待仅对敏感因子具有较弱的正向预测作用（Beta值=0.180,t=2.510,P〈0.05）。结论小学生人格的情绪性特质存在性别差异,人格特质的形成受受虐待经历的影响。     

小学生的"小七"人格特点及其与受虐待经历的关系

目的探讨小学高年级学生的人格发展特点及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)和中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q),对172名小学五、六年级学生进行测评,分别评估他们的人格特质和受虐待情况。结果女生的才干、善良和人际关系分数高于男生,才干79.5±11.8分和73.1±13.8分(P<0.05);善良77.6±8.8分和69.9±12.6分(P<0.001);人际关系59.2±7.6分和53.9±8.4分(P<0.01)。受虐待者的善良和行事风格分数低于未受虐待者,善良71.2±12.7分和75.5±10.4分(P<0.05);行事风格33.5±6.5分和35.4±5.5分(P<0.05)。虐待与外向性、才干、善良、人际关系和行事风格呈负相关(r=-0.151～-0.338,P<0.05),与处世态度呈正相关(r=0.174～0.196,P<0.05)。虐待对外向性、才干、善良、人际关系具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.178～-0.427,t=-2.023～-4.623,P<0.05),对处世态度具有正向预测作用(Beta值=0.196,t=2.661,P<0.05);性别对才干、善良、人际关系和行事风格具有正向预测作用(Beta值=0.176～0.317,t=2.330～4.607,P<0.05)。结论小学生的人格特质存在性别差异,人格特质的形成受受虐待经历的影响。     

儿童期虐待对小学生社会能力的影响

目的 研究受虐待小学生的社会能力及其与各种儿童虐待形式的关系.方法 对179例小学生进行了儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)测试.结果 受虐待组小学生社会能力各因子分和总分低于元虐待:总分[(15.56±3.64)分与(17.70±3.72)分,t=3.73,P＜0.001],11～12岁年龄组的学校情况因子分低于9～10岁组[(4.94±0.76)分与(5.17±0.63)分,t=2.19,P＜0.05].除性虐待外,PRCA各因子分和总分与社会能力各因子分和总分呈负相关(r=-0.159～-0.410,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).躯体虐待对社交情况和学校情况具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.161～-0.201,t=-2.124～-2.433,P＜0.05);情感虐待对活动情况、社交情况和学校情况具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.159～-0.207,t=-2.141～-2.723,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).忽视和性虐待对学校情况具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.170～-0.273,t=-2.236～-3.441,P＜0.05和P＜0.001).结论 儿童虐待可对小学生社会能力的发展造成不良影响,躯体虐待、情感虐待、忽视和性虐待可显著预测个体的社会能力.     

受虐待小学生感觉统合能力的发展特点及其与虐待经历的关系

目的 探讨受虐待小学生感觉统合能力的发展特点及其与各种儿童虐待形式的关系.方法 对179例小学生进行了儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)和儿童感觉统合能力发展评定量表(SIFS)测试.结果 受虐待组小学生SIFS各因子分均低于无虐待组,9～10岁组在学习能力发展维度的得分高于11～12岁组[(34.20±6.02)分vs(31.85±7.92)分,t=2.26,P＜0.05];男女生之间SIFS各因子分没有明显差异.PRCA各因子分和总分与SIFS各因子分呈负相关(r=-0.154～-0.513,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).忽视对大肌肉及平衡、触觉防御及情绪、本体感不佳和学习能力发展不良均具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.161～-0.309,t=-2.126～-4.722,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);性虐待对大肌肉及平衡、本体感不佳和学习能力发展不良具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.213～-0.293,t=-2.778～-3.967,P＜0.01);情感虐待对触觉防御及情绪和学习能力发展不良具有负向预测作用(Beta值=-0.168～-0.201,t=-2.375～-2.771,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);本研究中未发现躯体虐待有任何预测作用.结论 儿童虐待可对小学生感觉统合能力的发展造成不良影响,情感虐待、忽视和性虐待可显著预测个体的感觉统合能力发展水平.     

儿童对宠物的依恋与社会性发展的关系

目的:研究儿童对宠物的依恋与社会性发展的关系。方法:选取北京市11所普通小学3～5年级的147名养宠物儿童为对象。采用宠物依恋量表、自我描述问卷、儿童社会生活适应量表的亲社会性和居家能力两个分量表,以及儿童孤独量表进行测量。结果:儿童对宠物的依恋与自我概念、亲社会性和日常生活能力正相关(r=0.47、0.42、0.34,Ps0.001),与孤独感负相关(r=-0.28,P0.01)。在控制了儿童的学业状况,人际关系,以及家庭社会经济地位等无关因素的影响后,高宠物依恋组儿童的自我概念、亲社会性及日常生活能力水平仍高于低依恋组[(163.81±17.81)vs.(138.36±27.71),(46.19±4.25)vs.(40.64±6.93),(39.05±4.17)vs.(33.77±6.51);Ps0.001],孤独感水平仍低于低依恋组[(28.53±11.08)vs.(34.79±10.96);P0.01]。结论:儿童与宠物的亲疏程度和情感联结的紧密性与儿童社会性发展的诸方面存在明显联系,但其中的影响机制和因果关系还有待进一步研究。     

童年期虐待、依恋与青少年B群人格障碍倾向关系的结构方程模型

目的:探讨儿童期虐待经历和依恋与青少年B群人格障碍倾向的关系模型。方法:采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、成人依恋问卷(AAQ3.1)和人格诊断问卷(PDQ)B群人格分量表对350名青少年进行调查。结果:相关分析表明除情感忽略与表演型、自恋型,躯体忽略与表演型,情感忽略与父亲依恋无显著相关,其余各因子、各变量间都有不同程度的显著正相关。结构方程模型结果显示,儿童期虐待和依恋对B群人格障碍倾向有显著正向预测作用,儿童期虐待除直接影响B群人格障碍倾向外,还通过依恋间接影响B群人格障碍倾向。结论:儿童期虐待和不安全依恋对B群人格障碍的形成有重要影响。不安全依恋在儿童虐待对B群人格障碍倾向的影响中起部分中介作用。     

儿童期精神虐待对大学生人格及述情障碍的影响

目的:探讨儿童期精神虐待经历对大学生人格及述情障碍的影响。方法:采用儿童虐待史问卷、艾森克人格问卷和多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-26)对河南省某高校的733名本科生进行调查。结果:①除儿童期母亲憎恶与成年期人格的内外倾相关不显著外,其余儿童期精神虐待与大学生人格均呈显著相关(P<0.01);儿童期精神虐待的四个维度与大学生述情障碍呈显著正相关。儿童期父亲憎恶对神经质有显著预测作用(Beta=0.243,P<0.01),儿童期母亲忽视对大学生精神质有显著预测作用(Beta=0.206,P<0.01),儿童期父亲忽视对大学生内外倾有显著预测作用(Be-ta=-0.143,P<0.01)。儿童期母亲忽视对大学生述情障碍有正向的预测作用(Beta=0.113,P<0.01)。结论:儿童期精神虐待对大学生人格及述情障碍有直接预测作用。     

受虐待小学生人格的外向性特质

目的分析高年级小学生人格的外向性特质及其与受虐待经历的关系。方法采用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、中国青少年人格量表(QZPS-Q)和一般情况问卷,对172名小学五、六年级学生进行测评。结果1女生的合群因子分数高于男生(39.4±4.9vs36.6±6.7,F=7.883,P0.01);性别和年级在活跃因子上存在交互作用(F=4.403,P0.05);受虐待者与未受虐待者的外向性特质分数无统计学差异(P0.05);2诙谐因子与性虐待呈正相关(r=0.240,P0.01),而外向性特质的其它因子与虐待呈负相关(r=-0.151～-0.216,P0.05);3情感虐待和躯体虐待对外向性特质具有负向预测作用,性虐待对诙谐因子具有正向预测作用,女性对合群因子具有正向预测作用(P0.05)。结论小学生人格的外向性特质存在性别差异,外向性特质的形成可能受受虐待经历的影响。     

综合干预对受虐待小学生感觉统合能力发展的影响

目的探讨综合干预措施对小学生受虐待现象及其感觉统合能力的影响作用。方法采取整群抽样的方法对徐州市某区小学179名小学生进行儿童期虐待史自评量表（PRCA）和儿童感觉统合能力发展评定量表（SIFS）的调查。把179名小学生按班级随机分为干预组（88人）与对照组（91人）。对干预组进行2个月的综合干预,干预方法包括教师干预、家长干预、学生干预和媒体宣传。干预结束半年后,对两组小学生重测儿童期虐待史自评量表和儿童感觉统合能力发展评定量表。结果与对照组相比,干预组小学生的受虐待率下降较明显：总受虐待减少率（33.8%对20.5%,χ^25.13,P〈0.05）。重复测量的方差分析发现,综合干预后干预组触觉过分防御得分增长值显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。回归分析表明,影响感觉统合能力得分增长值的因素有：性别、干预前感觉统合能力、是否受干预、干预后受虐待（Beta值=-0.123～-0.913,P〈0.001;Beta值=0.075～0.187,P〈0.05）,其中是否干预仅对触觉过分防御的增长值有预测作用（Beta值=0.146,P〈0.01）。结论综合干预能减少小学生受虐待现象的发生,可以促进小学生感觉统合能力的发展。     

综合干预对受虐待小学生行为问题和社会能力的影响

目的探讨综合干预措施对小学生受虐待现象及其行为问题的影响作用。方法采取整群抽样的方法对徐州市某区小学179名小学生进行儿童期虐待史自评量表（PRCA）和Achenbach儿童行为量表（CBCL）的调查。把179名小学生按班级随机分为干预组（88人）与对照组（91人）。对干预组进行2个月的综合干预,干预方法包括教师干预、家长干预、学生干预和媒体宣传。干预结束半年后,对两组小学生重测儿童期虐待史自评量表和Achenbach儿童行为量表。结果与对照组相比,干预组小学生的受虐待率和行为问题减少较明显（33.8%对20.5%,χ^25.13,P〈0.05;17.6%对8.2%,χ^24.56,P〈0.05）。重复测量的方差分析发现,综合干预对社会能力得分改变值没有明显影响（P〉0.05）。回归分析表明,影响活动情况和社交情况得分改变值的因素有性别和干预前社会能力（Beta值=-0.127,P〈0.05;Beta值=0.629～0.752,P〈0.001）。结论综合干预能减少小学生受虐待现象和行为问题的发生,可以促进小学生行为能力的发展,但短期内难以改善儿童社会能力的发展状况。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.