Microbiological aspects of goat's milk. A Public Health Laboratory Service survey

In a 12-month survey (June 1982-May 1983) 41 laboratories examined 2493 samples of goat's milk for colony counts and the presence of pathogens. The statutory tests for cow's milk were also applied. Surface counts of less than 10(5) organisms per ml of raw milk were given by 79% of samples at 37 degrees C and by 76% at 22 degrees C. There were less than 100 coliforms per ml in 71% of samples, less than 10 Escherichia coli per ml in 91%. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in countable numbers in 96% of samples. Only one isolation of campylobacter was made and two of Yersinia enterocolitica. Salmonella was not detected in 2462 samples. The methylene blue test was carried out on 2368 samples and 86.7% were deemed satisfactory. No sample was Brucella ring-test-positive. Experiments on the survival and growth of six food poisoning organisms in stored goat's milk showed that Bacillus cereus, Staph. aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica survived quite well and multiplied at the higher storage temperature of 30 degrees C. Clostridium perfringens only increased 10- to 100-fold while Campylobacter jejuni did not grow. The results of the survey indicate that any problems with goat's milk relate to poor hygiene during production rather than transmission of organisms from the goat herself.     

Microbiological aspects of goat's milk. A Public Health Laboratory Service survey.

In a 12-month survey (June 1982-May 1983) 41 laboratories examined 2493 samples of goat''s milk for colony counts and the presence of pathogens. The statutory tests for cow''s milk were also applied. Surface counts of less than 10(5) organisms per ml of raw milk were given by 79% of samples at 37 degrees C and by 76% at 22 degrees C. There were less than 100 coliforms per ml in 71% of samples, less than 10 Escherichia coli per ml in 91%. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in countable numbers in 96% of samples. Only one isolation of campylobacter was made and two of Yersinia enterocolitica. Salmonella was not detected in 2462 samples. The methylene blue test was carried out on 2368 samples and 86.7% were deemed satisfactory. No sample was Brucella ring-test-positive. Experiments on the survival and growth of six food poisoning organisms in stored goat''s milk showed that Bacillus cereus, Staph. aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica survived quite well and multiplied at the higher storage temperature of 30 degrees C. Clostridium perfringens only increased 10- to 100-fold while Campylobacter jejuni did not grow. The results of the survey indicate that any problems with goat''s milk relate to poor hygiene during production rather than transmission of organisms from the goat herself.     

大肠杆菌检验方法的探究与分析

目的观察不同方法下呋喃唑酮片对大肠杆菌的检出率,分析探讨科学有效的检验方法和检验价值。方法分别应用一次离心法、离心滤膜法、离心双重滤膜结合法进行大肠杆菌检验,观察对比大肠杆菌检出率情况。结果一次离心法检验中,胆盐乳糖增菌液呈现微浑,伊红美蓝琼脂平板分离没有菌落长出;离心滤膜法检验中,胆盐乳糖增菌液呈现澄清,伊红美蓝琼脂平板分离没有菌落长出;离心双重滤膜法检验中,胆盐乳糖增菌液呈现浑浊、产气,伊红美蓝琼脂平板分离有典型大肠杆菌菌落长出。应用离心双重滤膜法检验的检出效果,明显优于应用一次离心法检验、离心滤膜法检验的效果,组间差异显著(P<0.05)。应用人工污染大肠杆菌进行证实,呋喃唑酮片以离心双重滤膜结合法进行检验,阳性检出率为100%。结论应用离心双重滤膜结合法进行呋喃唑酮片大肠杆菌的检验,操作简单,检出率高,值得临床上应用推广。     

Microbiological Evaluation of Ultra-High-Temperature (UHT)-Treated Milk Close to Expiry Date and Routine Home Practices for Preservation of Milk

Background:

As milk is an excellent medium for growth of microorganisms, milk gets contaminated very easily leading to its early spoilage and to milk-borne diseases.

Objectives:

To compare the quality of pasteurized milk with milk cooker-treated milk and to compare the quality of fresh ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk with that of UHT milk close to expiry date.

Materials and Methods:

Samples of pasteurized milk, milk heated in milk cooker, fresh UHT milk, and UHT milk nearing expiry date were tested by methylene blue reduction test, coliform test, and colony count test. The results were analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5.

Results:

All milk samples passed the methylene blue test and UHT-treated milk passed the coliform test also. Out of the 30 fresh pasteurized milk samples, seven (23.3%) passed the coliform test; but the same after milk cooker treatment, 16 (53.3%) passed the coliform test (P < 0.05). Fourteen (46.6%) out of 30 fresh pasteurized milk samples failed the colony count test, but the same after milk cooker treatment only eight (26.6%) failed the test (P = 0.583). Only seven out of the 60 UHT milk samples failed the colony count test and out of these six (20%) were close to expiry date (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Milk cooker-treated milk appears to be safer than the fresh pasteurized milk. Fresh UHT-treated milk is safer then UHT milk close to expiry date.     

The water agar test: a new test to measure the bacteriological quality of cream.

A new test, the water agar test, is described that gives a qualitative index of the presence of bacteria that indicate contamination of the cream, poor storage conditions or both of these factors. The method is simple and requires little equipment. The bacteria grow in a film of diluted cream adsorbed on the surface of a non-nutrient base. After incubation at 30 +/- 0-5 degrees C. for 18-20 hr., a proteolytic and mucoid colony count is obtained which has the same percentage coefficient of variance as a standard plate count. An examination of the effect of storage at different temperatures on the types of bacteria present in cream showed that of all the tests done initially, only the water agar test could predict subsequent bacterial growth with any consistency. The multiplication of presumptive coliform organisms occurred even at 3-5 degrees C. Irrespective of the colony count, the methylene blue reduction time was not shorter than 7 1/2 hr. unless the bacteria were in the logarithmic phase of growth when sampled. A survey was made of the bacterial flora of 188 retail samples of double cream of 15 different brands. The age of the samples varied from freshly separated cream to cream that had been kept in the shop for a day longer than that recommended for sale. The water agar test was compared with the colony count, the presumptive coliform test, a confirmatory coliform count in violet red-bile agar, a lipolytic colony count, a staphylococcal count and the methylene blue reduction test.     

青霉素和庆大霉素残留对纯牛奶品质的影响

目的研究兽药用青霉素和庆大霉素残留对牛奶的理化性质的影响。方法试验分别以青霉素、庆大霉素2、4、8倍的最大残留限量(MRL)添加到纯牛奶中,于添加药物后第1、5、10、15d取样对牛奶进行感官检验、酸度测定、脂肪测定、蛋白质热安定度的测定、美兰还原试验。结果两种兽药在上述添加剂量时,对牛奶酸度、脂肪、蛋白质热安定度的变化影响较大。结论两种兽药残留能影响牛奶的品质。     

美兰染色法在保乳术中前哨淋巴结活检定位的临床应用

目的探讨使用美兰染色法进行前哨淋巴结活检的可行性与准确性,为临床开展保乳保腋窝手术提供理论依据。方法 32例早期乳腺癌患者在切皮前10～15分钟在乳腺癌肿块周围四点法注射2%美蓝2 ml(总剂量),然后进行前哨淋巴结活检。于腋窝皱襞处沿皮纹做弧形切口,逐层切开,寻找到蓝染淋巴管后沿其追踪,直至找到蓝染淋巴结即为前哨淋巴结(Sentinel Lymph Node,SLN)。其通常位于胸大肌上端外侧缘。将所得SLN送术中冰冻及术后病理检查。然后进行常规的保乳手术及常规的腋窝淋巴结清扫(Ax-illary Lymph Node Dissection,ALND)。结果本研究成功检出SLN 31例,成功率96.8%。检出SLN个数2～4个不等,平均2.8个。术中快速冰冻病理SLN检查结果与术后ALN病理检查结果的比较,冰冻病理检查灵敏度91.7%(22/24);SLNB准确率90.3%(28/31);假阴性率8.2%(2/24);假阳性率4.1%(1/24)。术后病理,ALN检查与SLN检查结果比较,灵敏度95.8%(23/24);SLNB准确率93.5%(29/31);假阴性率4.1%(1/24);假阳性率4.1%(1/24)。比较:术中快速冰冻病理与术后病理检查SLN结果,术中快速冰冻病理SLN检查结果与术后ALN病理检查结果,术后病理ALN检查与SLN检查结果,均p>0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论本组31例患者采用美兰蓝色法定位前哨淋巴结,成功率达到96.8%。美蓝染色法能反应腋淋巴结转移状态,用于指导是否进一步腋窝淋巴结清扫有参考意义。为进一步缩小乳腺癌手术范围,开展保乳保腋窝手术提供了理论依据。     

比较牛奶激发试验与血清特异性抗体诊断婴幼儿牛奶蛋白过敏的临床研究

目的 通过对牛奶激发试验与血清特异性抗体的比较,明确牛奶激发试验诊断婴幼儿牛奶蛋白过敏的临床意义。方法 收治苏州大学附属儿童医院2015年2-11月共57例疑似牛奶蛋白过敏的婴幼儿住院进行牛奶激发试验,并进行血常规检测,采用酶联免疫方法(ELISA)进行血清总IgE抗体、血清特异性牛奶蛋白IgE检测;采用免疫印迹法进行特异性牛奶蛋白IgG检测,比较和分析与激发结果的关系。结果 57例婴幼儿中牛奶激发试验阳性者占40.4%(23/34)。比较阳性组与阴性组的白细胞数、嗜酸性粒细胞比率、中性粒细胞比率、血小板计数变化,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);仅有阳性组激发后中性粒细胞比率较激发前增高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.02);阳性组与阴性组的血清总IgE、特异性牛奶蛋白IgE及特异性牛奶蛋白IgG检测结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 对疑似牛奶蛋白过敏婴幼儿行血清总IgE及血清特异性牛奶蛋白IgE检测的临床意义不大,不推荐特异性牛奶蛋白IgG用于诊断牛奶蛋白过敏。应提倡牛奶激发试验应用于临床诊断婴幼儿牛奶蛋白过敏。     

Staphylococcal food poisoning from sheep milk cheese

Cheese made from sheep milk was implicated in food-poisoning incidents in December 1984 and January 1985. Bacteriological examination of batches of cheese failed to reveal a viable pathogen but enterotoxin A produced by Staphylococcus aureus was present. This was the first time that enterotoxin was detected in a food produced in the UK which was associated with poisoning and from which viable Staph. aureus could not be isolated. Subsequent detailed examination of milk, yoghurt and cheese from the same producer revealed that contamination with Staph. aureus was associated with post-infection carriage as well as clinical illness in ewes on the farm. Strains producing enterotoxon. A were still intermittently present in the bulk milk used for cheese production nearly 2 years afterwards, apparently in the absence of clinical illness in the sheep. The possible effects of heat treatment are discussed. Any changes in legislation should cover all non-human mammalian milk used for human consumption.     

美兰在72例乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中的临床应用分析

目的：探讨美兰染色在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中的临床应用及准确性分析。方法：选择笔者所在医院2007-2012年72例乳腺癌患者,体查均未扪及腋窝肿大淋巴结,在确诊后于乳晕周或病灶周取4个点皮下注射美兰,定位前哨淋巴结,行前哨淋巴结活检并清扫腋窝淋巴结。结果：72例患者中检出前哨淋巴结70例（检出率97.2%）,前哨淋巴结阳性31例（44.2%）,其中,其余腋窝淋巴结阳性为15例,阴性16例;前哨淋巴结阴性39例（55.7%）,其中其余腋窝淋巴结为阳性的3例,阴性的36例。结论：美兰染色在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结中的应用具有敏感性和准确性,可以预测腋窝淋巴结的转移状态。     

Post-menopausal bone density, lactase deficiency and milk consumption

To assess the relationship between skeletal integrity and lactose malabsorption, we studied bone mineral content (BMC), current milk and calcium intake and lactose absorption by hydrogen (H₂) breath test in 155 post-menopausal women. A statistically significant relationship was found between age, onset of menopause and BMC, and between BMC and current milk intake. Although BMC was reduced in women with lower calcium intake, this relationship failed to reach statistical significance. There was an inverse relationship between mean H₂ production and BMC in women 2–5 years after the onset of menopause.
These results may indicate that, although the loss of ovarian function is a pre-eminent factor in the development of osteoporosis, milk consumption represents a defensive factor against adult bone loss.     

The Viable Microbiome of Human Milk Differs from the Metataxonomic Profile

Bacteria in human milk contribute to the establishment of the infant gut microbiome. As such, numerous studies have characterized the human milk microbiome using DNA sequencing technologies, particularly 16S rRNA gene sequencing. However, such methods are not able to differentiate between DNA from viable and non-viable bacteria. The extent to which bacterial DNA detected in human milk represents living, biologically active cells is therefore unclear. Here, we characterized both the viable bacterial content and the total bacterial DNA content (derived from viable and non-viable cells) of fresh human milk (n = 10). In order to differentiate the living from the dead, a combination of propidium monoazide (PMA) and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used. Our results demonstrate that the majority of OTUs recovered from fresh human milk samples (67.3%) reflected DNA from non-viable organisms. PMA-treated samples differed significantly in their bacterial composition compared to untreated samples (PERMANOVA p < 0.0001). Additionally, an OTU mapping to Cutibacterium acnes had a significantly higher relative abundance in PMA-treated (viable) samples. These results demonstrate that the total bacterial DNA content of human milk is not representative of the viable human milk microbiome. Our findings raise questions about the validity of conclusions drawn from previous studies in which viability testing was not used, and have broad implications for the design of future work in this field.     

Microbiological quality of drinking water from mobile food vendors

A survey of the microbiological quality of drinking water from mobile food vendors in Cheshire found that 50% of the samples were unsatisfactory according to current regulations for bottled water. There was an inverse correlation between total viable counts and frequency with which the water container was cleaned.     

Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence

OBJECTIVES: This review provides an overview of the principal hypotheses and epidemiological evidence of the possible links between colorectal cancer and intake of milk and/or dairy products. METHODS: The first section outlines the main hypotheses about the possible effect of calcium, vitamin D, fats and other milk components. The possible role of acid lactic bacteria in fermented products is also discussed. The second section is a summary of the published epidemiological evidence. The results on milk, cheese and yoghurt are summarized using a meta-analytical approach. The results of studies on calcium and vitamin D are briefly described. RESULTS: Case-control studies are heterogeneous and, on average, do not provide evidence of association between total intake of total dairy products, milk, cheese or yoghurt and colorectal cancer risk. The average result from cohort studies support the hypothesis of a protective effect of total dairy products (odds ratio (OR): 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52-0.74; P heterogeneity test: 0.93) and for milk (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68-0.95; P heterogeneity: 0.77). No association was found between cheese (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.88-1.36; P heterogeneity: 0.55) or yoghurt (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.83-1.28; P heterogeneity: 0.69) in cohort studies. CONCLUSIONS: Cohort studies consistently found a protective effect of total dairy products and milk intake, but the evidence is not supported by case-control studies. No relationship was found with cheese or yoghurt intake. As the number of cohort studies is still limited, their results need to be confirmed by other prospective studies.     

亚甲蓝光化学法血浆病毒灭活对血浆成分的影响

目的探讨亚甲蓝光化学法血浆病毒灭活对血浆中成分的影响。方法检测经亚甲蓝光化学法灭活前后血浆总蛋白浓度、纤维蛋白原含量及凝血因子活性的变化。结果经处理后的血浆总蛋白未见明显数量变化，纤维蛋白原及凝血因子活性变化不大，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论初步证实亚甲蓝光化学法在高效灭活病毒的同时对血浆成分无显著影响。     

亚甲蓝/光化学法病毒灭活对血浆总蛋白含量和凝血因子Ⅷ的影响

目的了解亚甲蓝光化学法灭活血浆病毒的过程中,血浆中总蛋白含量和凝血因子Ⅷ变化情况。方法将含有0.93~1.33μmoL/L亚甲蓝的血浆置医用血浆病毒灭活柜中,经光照强度为(35000~38000)LX的可见光照射35min。结果经亚甲蓝光化学法处理后,血浆中的总蛋白含量和凝血因子Ⅷ没有明显变化。结论亚甲蓝光化学法灭活血浆病毒对血浆中总蛋白含量和凝血因子Ⅷ影响不明显。     

Relationships between milk consumption and academic performance,learning motivation and strategy,and personality in Korean adolescents

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

A healthy diet has been reported to be associated with physical development, cognition and academic performance, and personality during adolescence. This study was performed to investigate the relationships among milk consumption and academic performance, learning motivation and strategies, and personality among Korean adolescents.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The study was divided into two parts. The first part was a survey on the relationship between milk consumption and academic performance, in which intakes of milk and milk products and academic scores were examined in percentiles among 630 middle and high school students residing in small and medium-sized cities in 2009. The second part was a survey on the relationships between milk consumption and learning motivation and strategy as well as personality, in which milk consumption habits were collected and Learning Motivation and Strategy Test (L-MOST) for adolescents and Total Personality Inventory for Adolescents (TPI-A) were conducted in 262 high school students in 2011.

RESULTS

In the 2009 survey, milk and milk product intakes of subjects were divided into a low intake group (LM: ≤ 60.2 g/day), medium intake group (MM: 60.3-150.9 g/day), and high intake group (HM: ≥ 151.0 g/day). Academic performance of each group was expressed as a percentile, and performance in Korean, social science, and mathematics was significantly higher in the HM group (P < 0.05). In the 2011 survey, the group with a higher frequency of everyday milk consumption showed significantly higher "learning strategy total," "testing technique," and "resources management technique" scores (P < 0.05) in all subjects. However, when subjects were divided by gender, milk intake frequency, learning strategy total, class participation technique, and testing technique showed significantly positive correlations (P < 0.05) in boys, whereas no correlation was observed in girls. Correlations between milk intake frequency and each item of the personality test were only detected in boys, and milk intake frequency showed positive correlations with "total agreeability", "organization", "responsibility", "conscientiousness", and "intellectual curiosity" (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Intakes of milk and milk products were correlated with academic performance (Korean, social science, and mathematics) in Korean adolescents. In male high school students, particularly, higher milk intake frequency was positively correlated with learning motivation and strategy as well as some items of the personality inventory.     

深圳市消毒食(饮)具中洗涤剂残留量调查

目的了解深圳市消毒食(饮)具洗涤剂残留状况。方法对深圳市消毒餐具厂家(41家)生产的消毒食(饮)具进行抽样,按《食(饮)具消毒卫生标准》中洗消剂残留量采样与检验法和《生活饮用水检验方法》中阴离子合成洗涤剂-亚甲蓝分光光度法进行检测。结果消毒食(饮)具41套(205份样品)中洗涤剂烷基苯磺酸钠(ABS)检测结果总合格率为87.8%,其中筷子合格率最低,仅为46.3%。结论深圳市消毒食(饮)具的洗涤剂残留合格率较低,相关问题有待进一步解决。     

用标记SpA染色试剂与尿液协同凝集反应快速诊断伤寒病的研究

本文报告1981~1982年,对经血液、粪便细菌培养和肥达氏反应阳性诊断的192例伤寒病人,采用SpA菌膏吸收代替离心沉淀除去尿液中非特异性凝集物质法,与诊断血清标记SpA加美蓝染料的试剂做玻片法协同凝集反应,从中获得阳性185例,符合率为96.35%和清晰易辨的满意结果,并做了154例对照试验,建立了一个取材方便、操作简易、结果快速、敏感特异、适合流行病学调查和临床诊断伤寒病的新方法,并具有明显的经济效益。     

学龄儿童奶类摄入水平与超重肥胖关系研究

目的 探索我国学龄儿童奶类摄入水平与超重肥胖关系。方法 采用多阶段整群抽样,选取中国八地区742名学龄儿童,展开横断面调查。采用多重线性回归和多元Logistic回归分析学龄儿童奶类摄入水平与超重肥胖相关指标间的关系。结果 调查儿童超重、肥胖率分别为16.5%和9.0%。奶类消费者占总数84.4%,酸奶消费者（71.0%）高于全脂液体奶消费者（58.6%）及低脂脱脂奶消费者（18.9%）。调查儿童奶类总摄入程度和全脂液体奶摄入程度与年龄别体质指数Z评分（body mass index for age Z-score,BAZ）均呈正相关（均有P<0.05）。结论 学龄儿童奶类总摄入程度及全脂液体奶摄入程度与BAZ呈正相关,建议该人群适当增加低脂脱脂奶和酸奶的摄入比例。