抑制RAGE表达的siRNA重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的 构建特异性针对细胞膜上晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)的小干扰RNA(siRNA)腺病毒载体,鉴定其对大鼠胰岛β细胞系INS-1细胞RAGE表达的影响.方法 设计并合成针对大鼠RAGE基因的siRNA的靶DNA序列,克隆于穿梭载体pAdTrack中,与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdeasy-1在BJ5183细菌中进行同源重组,脂质体法转染至QBI293A细胞中包装,获得RAGE-siRNA的重组腺病毒,荧光显微镜观察RAGE-siRNA感染INS-1细胞后绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达,Western印迹检测RAGE的蛋白表达.结果 成功制备RAGE-siRNA重组腺病毒,在INS-1细胞中RAGE-siRNA感染效率达到90 %以上,并能够抑制INS-1细胞RAGE的表达.结论 成功构建了携带RAGE的siRNA重组腺病毒载体,能有效沉默INS-1细胞中RAGE的表达.     

大鼠CTLA4-FasL融合基因重组腺相关病毒载体的构建、制备及表达

目的检测大鼠CTLA4-FasL重组腺相关病毒载体感染大鼠关节炎性成纤维样滑膜细胞后目的基因的表达。方法构建大鼠CTLA4-FasL融合基因重组腺相关病毒载体,制备重组病毒,体外感染从佐剂诱导关节炎的大鼠关节中分离的炎性成纤维样滑膜细胞,利用Flag标签纯化目的蛋白,ELISA和Western blot等方法检测目的蛋白的表达。结果获得含有大鼠CTLA4-FasL融合基因的重组腺相关病毒,感染炎性成纤维样滑膜细胞后能够分泌性表达目的蛋白。结论构建并制备的CTLA4-FasL重组腺相关病毒能够有效感染炎性成纤维样滑膜细胞并促使期表达CTLA4-FasL融合蛋白,为今后关节炎治疗的体内实验研究奠定了基础。     

重组人DcR3腺相关病毒的构建和表达

目的克隆人DcR3基因于腺相关病毒(adeno-associatedvirus,AAV)载体pAAV-IRES-hrGFP中,以获得高感染滴度及纯度的重组人DcR3腺相关病毒,为将其用于感染移植肝,研究其对大鼠移植肝的保护作用打下基础。方法用基因重组的方法构建含全长人DcR3基因的重组腺相关病毒骨架质粒,利用脂质体法将腺相关病毒载体系统共转染入病毒包装细胞AAV-293细胞中,合成重组DcR3腺相关病毒,经PEG/氯仿纯化,用SDS-PAGE鉴定其纯度,扫描电镜观察病毒颗粒形态,倍比稀释法测定重组病毒的感染滴度。并用重组病毒感染COS-7细胞鉴定DcR3的表达。结果正确构建组装重组人DcR3腺相关病毒,纯化后病毒感染滴度为1.1×1010U/mL。在重组DcR3腺相关病毒感染的COS-7细胞上清液中检测到了DcR3的表达。结论成功构建了重组人DcR3腺相关病毒,为下一步研究DcR3对大鼠移植肝的保护作用打下基础。     

1b型丙型肝炎病毒NS3-4b重组腺相关病毒载体的构建及表达

目的 构建1b型丙型肝炎病毒(HCV) NS34b基因重组腺相关病毒载体并了解其在HEK 293细胞中的表达,为进一步研究HCV重组腺相关病毒疫苗及其树突状细胞疫苗奠定前期基础.方法 收集基因1b型的丙型肝炎病人血清,用RT-PCR的方法扩增NS3-4b全长片段,与腺相关病毒的表达载体pAAV.CMV.eGFP重组,构建pAAV.CMV.HCV.NS3-4b重组表达载体,转染HEK293细胞,检测其蛋白表达情况.结果 PCR扩增获得的NS3-4b条带与预期大小(2838 bp)一致,重组质粒经双酶切和测序证实NS3-4b基因已重组成功,重组质粒转染HEK 293细胞后Western Blot图可见有目的蛋白表达.结论 成功构建腺相关病毒重组HCV NS3-4b载体并且其能在真核细胞中表达.     

反义细胞周期蛋白B1重组AAV抑制骨肉瘤U2OS细胞增殖和诱导凋亡

目的 研究携带反义细胞周期蛋白B1(CCNB1)的腺相关病毒载体(rAAV-AS-CCNB1/Neo)对骨肉瘤细胞U2OS的细胞增殖抑制和诱导凋亡的影响. 方法 将构建的重组AAV载体pd16-95-AS-CCNB1/neo和AAV/腺病毒辅助质粒pSH3共转染HEK293细胞,得到表达AS-CCNB1的重组AAV,纯化并浓缩病毒,测定病毒滴度.用重组AAV感染人骨肉瘤U2OS细胞(感染复数为105～106 v.g./细胞),采用Western blotting、RT-PCR、四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法、流式细胞术等检测或观察重组AAV对细胞周期蛋白B1表达,瘤细胞体外增殖、凋亡和细胞周期的影响.结果 成功构建rAAV-AS-CCNB1,病毒滴度为1.0×1011 v.g./ml,体外感染U2OS细胞后可明显降低其增殖活性,Western blotting和RT-PCR提示,rAAV-AS-CCNB1可抑制细胞周期蛋白B1表达,流式细胞术提示,细胞出现明显凋亡和G1期阻滞. 结论 反义CCNB1重组AAV具有明显的抗骨肉瘤U2OS细胞体外增殖作用,其作用可能与其诱导细胞凋亡和周期阻滞有关.     

人肿瘤坏死因子受体-Fc融合蛋白的表达及生物活性分析

目的构建携带人肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)胞外区融合人IgG Fc片段的重组腺相关病毒载体(pAAV/hTNFR-Fc),并对融合蛋白hTNFR-Fc的表达和生物学活性进行鉴定。方法构建hTNFR-Fc融合基因重组腺相关病毒(AAV)载体,体外转染人胚肾HEK293T细胞,收集转染上清,以Western blot法检测目的蛋白的表达,应用L929细胞测定重组表达产物对人和大鼠TNF-α细胞毒中和活性,采用ELISA比较重组表达产物对人和大鼠TNF-α的结合活性。结果成功构建重组表达载体pAAV/hTNFR-Fc,在转染细胞上清中检测到目的蛋白hTNFR-Fc的表达,重组表达产物可有效结合人TNF-α并中和其L929细胞毒活性,并对大鼠TNF-α具有一定程度的结合和中和活性。结论成功构建了hTNFR-Fc融合基因,验证了其在AAV载体上的分泌性表达,并对其生物活性进行了鉴定,为进一步病毒包装和大鼠关节炎动物实验研究奠定了基础。     

大鼠微小RNA miR-16的克隆及其慢病毒表达载体的构建

目的 克隆微小RNA rno-miR-16,构建其慢病毒表达载体pLV-miR-16并包装成慢病毒颗粒,为进一步研究miR-16的功能奠定了实验基础.方法 从大鼠细胞基因组中用PCR 的方法扩增miR-16 的前体,构建了miR-16的重组表达载体pLV-miR-16,脂质体法将重组慢病毒载体和包装质粒混合物(pPACK-GAG、pPACK-REV和pVSV)共转染包装细胞293TN细胞,包装产生慢病毒,以293TN细胞绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的表达水平测定病毒滴度.结果 经PCR扩增检测阳性菌落和测序证实,成功构建携带大鼠miR-16基因重组慢病毒载体.倒置荧光显微镜下观察可见包装细胞293TN呈绿色荧光,并测得108＞ifu/ml.结论 成功构建大鼠慢病毒载体pLV-miR-16,为深入研究rno-miR-16的生物学功能奠定了基础.     

腺相关病毒载体介导的PLB基因反义RNA对大鼠心肌细胞肌浆网Ca2+-ATPase活性和［Ca2+］i的作用

目的：探讨腺相关病毒载体介导的磷酸受纳蛋白（PLB）反义RNA对肌浆网Ca2+-ATPase活性以及细胞内钙浓度（［Ca2+］i）的作用。 方法： 构建PLB反义RNA的重组腺相关病毒载体（rAAV-asPLB）和携带报告基因LacZ的重组腺相关病毒载体（rAAV-LacZ）。分别转染培养的大鼠心肌细胞，测定PLB mRNA和蛋白质表达，检测肌浆网Ca2+-ATPase活性和［Ca2+］i。 结果： RT-PCR和Western blotting显示，感染rAAV-asPLB的心肌细胞的PLB mRNA和蛋白质表达低于正常对照和感染rAAV-LacZ组；而Ca2+-ATPase活性大于正常对照和感染rAAV-LacZ组。激光共聚焦显微镜检测显示，静息状态时，rAAV-asPLB感染组［Ca2+］i降低；异丙肾上腺素刺激后，各组［Ca2+］i均升高，但是rAAV-asPLB感染组［Ca2+］i变化幅度大。 结论： 腺相关病毒介导的PLB反义RNA对大鼠心肌细胞PLB表达具有抑制作用，增强Ca2+-ATPase活性，降低静息状态的［Ca2+］i ，增加异丙肾上腺素刺激后［Ca2+］i 的变化幅度。     

表达载体介导的反义RNA抑制人巨噬细胞移动抑制因子的表达

目的：研究表达载体介导的反义RNA对人巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)表达的抑制作用。 方法:用亚克隆技术构建可转录MIF反义RNA的真核表达载体pcDNA3-antiMIF。用lipofectamine2000分别将pcDNA3、pcDNA3-antiMIF转染可表达MIF的HEK293(293-MIF)细胞，用Real-time定量PCR鉴定MIF mRNA表达水平。将pcDNA3-antiMIF转化人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs)，建立可表达MIF反义RNA的HUVECs(HUVECs-antiMIF)细胞。将MIF的真核表达载体pSecTag-MIF转染HUVECs-antiMIF，用Real-time定量PCR鉴定MIF mRNA的表达水平。 结果:正确构建了MIF反义RNA的表达载体pcDNA3-antiMIF。MIF 反义RNA对293-MIF细胞中MIF表达的抑制水平达32%（P<0.05）。建立稳定表达MIF反义RNA的HUVECs-antiMIF细胞株。HUVECs-antiMIF中MIF的表达受到抑制，表达水平降低40%（P<0.05）。 结论:表达载体介导的反义RNA能有效地抑制MIF的表达，建立了稳定表达MIF反义RNA的HUVECs。     

AAV-GDNF/TH双基因载体的构建及表达

目的 探讨构建于同一个重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)载体上的酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)基因和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)基因是否能够同时表达.方法 应用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测双基因在HEK293包装细胞中的转录;通过免疫细胞化学荧光染色和免疫组织化学染色技术分别检测双基因在体外培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)和大鼠脑中的表达.结果 在HEK293包装细胞和BMSCs中分别同时检测到了GDNF和TH基因RNA和蛋白的表达.对照LacZ在HEK293包装细胞和骨髓基质细胞中的表达率分别为50%和15%.大鼠脑组织切片中注射AAV-GDNF/TH病毒的部位与注射PBS的对侧相比无论是GDNF还是TH的表达均显著增加(P＜0.01).结论 构建于同一个rAAV载体上的TH基因和GDNF基因体内体外都能够同时表达,此结果为PD的基因治疗提供了新的依据.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.