原发性肺隐球菌病临床与病理对照观察

目的探讨原发性隐球菌病（PC）的临床表现与病理变化特点。方法对23例肺原发性肺隐球菌病临床及病理资料进行对比分析,组织化学染色及光镜观察。结果23例中8例术前经肺穿刺活检明确诊断,15例开胸探查,病理证实为此真菌病,病理诊断5例为粘液胶样病变,炎性肉芽肿病变12例,结节状纤维肉芽肿病变6例,所有病例均检出新型隐球菌并行手术病灶切除,粘液卡红（Mc）,过碘酸雪夫染色（PAS）及六胺银（GMS）组织化学染色隐球菌呈阳性。术后3例并发隐球菌性脑膜炎,占本组病例13％（3／23）,本组病例术后经6周～3个月不同疗程的抗真菌治疗,术后随诊3个月～1年,均无隐脑及肺部复发。结论PC的临床与影像学表现均无特异性,肺穿刺活检病理检查有助于此病的诊断,术后应常规抗真菌治疗,以防发生隐脑与肺部复发。     

血清乳胶凝集试验诊断肺隐球菌病的临床对照研究

目的 评价乳胶凝集试验检测血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原对肺隐球菌病的临床诊断价值.方法 选择2000年7月至2007年7月北京大学第一医院收治的、疑诊为肺部隐球菌感染患者27例,均行血清乳胶凝集试验和肺活检组织病理检查.结果 经病理证实的肺隐球菌病9例,乳胶凝集试验均阳性;非隐球菌感染患者18例,乳胶凝集试验均阴性.乳胶凝集试验的敏感度和特异度均为100%.结论 血清乳胶凝集试验对肺隐球菌病具有很高的诊断价值.     

临床影像酷似肺肿瘤的隐球菌病临床病理分析——附10例报告

目的:探讨肺隐球菌病(PC)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及临床误诊原因。方法:回顾性分析10例PC的病理和临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果:10例肺隐球菌病中男性6例,女性4例,年龄43~67岁,中位年龄56岁。首发症状常为咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛和发热。影像学检查:5例显示团片状影,4例呈孤立性结节影,1例为混合病变,伴毛刺征及晕征等,术前8例考虑为肺癌,2例考虑特殊感染,无1例初诊为PC。后经手术病理证实10例均为肺隐球菌病。大体切面呈灰白色或灰褐色的瘤样肿块,镜下可见8例有多核巨细胞肉芽肿形成伴大量炎细胞浸润,2例病灶内肺泡结构破坏,明显纤维化;特殊染色显示巨噬细胞胞质及肺泡腔中可见具有诊断意义的圆形空泡状隐球菌孢子。结论:PC的临床及影像学表现不特异,病理表现复杂多样,容易误诊为肺癌、结核及结节病等疾病,其诊断主要组织学形态和特殊染色,术前行经皮穿刺肺活检的诊断方法应给予足够重视。     

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坏死性结节病样肉芽肿病是一种临床罕见的肺部肉芽肿性疾病。临床表现无特异性。该病典型病理学特征包括肺内非干酪样上皮细胞性肉芽肿、肉芽肿性血管炎和凝固性坏死。鉴别诊断主要包括结节病、Wegener肉芽肿以及感染性疾病所致的肉芽肿性疾病。该病对糖皮质激素治疗敏感,病情反复者需加强随访。     

实时定量聚合酶链反应在鉴别诊断结节病和结核病中的应用

结节病与结核病的组织病理学均属于肉芽肿病变,当结核病标本未见干酪样坏死(即增殖型结核病),且抗酸染色阴性时,两种疾病的鉴别诊断非常困难.为了解决这一难题,上海市肺科医院呼吸科曾建立一种实时定量PCR方法[1],通过MTB DNA进行定量分析,鉴别结节病和抗酸染色阴性的增殖型结核病.为验证该方法的可靠性,我们在前期研究的基础上扩大样本量,检测104例经病理证实的结节病标本,并设定结节病和结核病鉴别诊断的定量标准.     

肺隐球菌病九例分析

目的探讨肺隐球菌病临床特点、CT表现、病理所见及治疗方法。方法收集浙江大学附属邵逸夫医院自2002年1月至2004年8月经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检或手术病理证实的肺隐球菌病相关资料，进行回顾分析。结果本组病例共9例，男7例、女2例，年龄28～69岁，平均年龄44岁。人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(HIV—Ab)均阴性。胸部CT扫描：8例表现为多发或单发的肺部结节和(或)肿块，1例表现为片状实变影。4例手术切除治疗，经手术病理证实；5例经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检病理证实。病理镜检均呈肉芽肿性改变，苏木精-伊红(HE)染色多核巨细胞内外可见大量隐球菌。5例单予抗真菌药物(氟康唑)治疗2．5～3．5个月，经半年至1年随访，肺部病灶基本吸收。结论肺隐球菌病CT表现主要为多发或单发的肺部结节和(或)肿块。经皮肺穿刺活检是很有价值的确诊手段。隐球菌肉芽肿为其病理特征。氟康唑具有良好抗新型隐球菌的活性，是合适的治疗选择。     

隐球菌荚膜抗原检测在隐球菌病中的诊断价值

隐球菌病是由隐球菌感染人体引起的一种侵袭性真菌病,是艾滋病患者及实体器官移植者中常见的感染和致死原因.10年来,隐球菌病的诊断方法 已从真菌培养、墨汁染色,到目前的隐球菌荚膜抗原(cryptococcal capsular antigen,CrAg)检测.CrAg检测操作简便快速,花费少,敏感性及特异性高,因此在世界范...     

原发性肺隐球菌病例报告及文献复习

目的:探讨肺隐球菌病的临床及病理特点,提高对肺隐球菌病的认识,以减少误诊。方法:回顾性分析1例原发性肺隐球菌病的诊断和治疗经过,分析总结治疗经验,结合文献复习肺隐球菌病的发病机制、临床表现、诊断与治疗要点。结果:患者男性,56岁,有糖尿病史,胸部影像学检查发现右肺内胸膜下多发性片状或团块状阴影,给予抗生素治疗无效,曾怀疑为肺癌行经皮肺活检提示肺隐球菌病,入我院进一步诊治。病理检查提示肉芽肿形成,可见隐球菌孢子,高碘酸希夫染色(PAS)和六胺银染色均阳性,确诊原发性肺隐球菌病。给予氟康唑400 mg/d,静脉滴注,6 w后病灶明显吸收,改为氟康唑口服出院。结论:肺隐球菌病缺乏特异性的临床和影像学表现,容易误诊、误治。临床医生需要提高对肺隐球菌病的认识,尽可能行病理检查结合特殊染色明确诊断。标本来源以创伤小的经皮肺穿刺为首选,治疗前需全面评估病情。     

HIV感染/AIDS患者感染性浅表淋巴结病的临床病理特征分析

目的 探讨HIV感染/AIDS患者感染性浅表淋巴结病组织病理学特征、致病病原体形态学特点和分布部位。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年6月广西壮族自治区龙潭医院收治的,经组织病理学明确诊断为浅表性淋巴结感染性疾病的88例HIV感染/AIDS患者的淋巴结活检组织病理学特点,并对其标本进一步行抗酸染色、过碘酸雪夫(periodic acid schiff, PAS)染色及六胺银染色查找病原体,应用荧光定量PCR技术检测MTB DNA和荧光定量PCR熔解曲线法进行分枝杆菌菌种鉴定。结果 88例患者淋巴结活检组织病理学诊断结果为MTB感染50例(56.8%)、马尔尼菲蓝状菌(Talaromyces marneffei,TM)感染32例(36.4%)、非结核分枝杆菌(nontuberculous mycobacterium,NTM)感染3例(3.4%)、MTB并发TM感染2例(2.3%)、隐球菌感染1例(1.1%)。其中苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色条件下,不同病原体感染的88例患者可有相同组织病理学表现,如23例(26.1%)MTB、TM、MTB并发TM、隐球菌感染患者可共同表现为典型肉芽肿伴坏死,19例(21.6%)MTB、MTB并发TM、TM感染患者可共同表现为不典型肉芽肿伴坏死;38例(69.1%,38/55)分枝杆菌感染患者可经抗酸染色找到分枝杆菌,34例TM和1例隐球菌感染患者可经PAS染色和六胺银染色找到真菌;分子病理检测MTB DNA阳性52例,菌种鉴定NTM感染3例。结论 HIV感染/AIDS患者感染性浅表淋巴结病的组织病理学形态表现多样,不具有特异性,特殊染色和分子检测技术可提高确诊率。     

21 例原发性肺隐球菌病诊治体会简

目的 通过回顾性分析21例原发性肺隐球菌病例,提高肺隐球菌病的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2012年12月期间收治的21例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料.结果 21例患者临床表现均缺乏特异性;肺部CT表现：61.9%表现为单发或多发结节、肿块影,23.8%表现为肺部浸润实变影,15.7%为混合病灶.所有患者血清乳胶凝集试验均呈阳性.确诊患者11例,其中开胸手术确诊2例,TBLB确诊1例,CT引导肺穿刺活检确诊7例,穿刺液培养阳性1例;临床诊断10例.所有患者均未合并隐球菌脑膜炎.在接受氟康唑和氟胞嘧啶治疗3月后,所有患者肺部病灶均明显吸收.结论 原发性肺隐球菌病临床表现无特异性,确诊主要依靠病理,应优先考虑采用CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术获取病理组织;血清乳胶凝集试验对诊断具有重要价值,结合患者的影像学表现和治疗反应可进行临床诊断.     

Endogenous endophthalmitis: an 18-year review of culture-positive cases at a tertiary care center

A retrospective chart review of all patients seen at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation with infectious endogenous endophthalmitis between January 1982 and August 2000 revealed 34 affected eyes in 27 patients. During this time, the median incidence of endogenous endophthalmitis was 1.8 cases/year, and 48.1% of patients presented as outpatients. Twenty-six patients presented to an ophthalmologist, and the diagnosis was initially missed in almost half the cases. Eleven patients had an unremarkable physical exam except for eye findings. We found an equal incidence of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis and a predominance of among the fungal etiologic agents. We did not, however, note a predominance of Gramnegative organisms seen mostly in reports from Asia. The microbiologic diagnosis was based on aqueous and vitreous cultures or positive eye histopathology stains in almost two-thirds of cases. The sensitivity of the Gram stain was poor, but its specificity and positive predictive value were excellent. The vitreous cultures obtained by vitrectomy instruments were more sensitive in making the diagnosis than the vitreous needle biopsy. Aside from blood cultures and eye specimen cultures, half the patients had an additional infectious focus, most frequently a urinary tract infection, whereas infectious endocarditis was seen in a small minority. Twelve patients had visual improvement with treatment with a final visual acuity better than 20/200 in 44% of the eyes. Good visual outcome was associated with visual acuity of 20/200 or better at diagnosis and with the absence of hypopyon.     

CT-guided biopsy of nonresolving focal air space consolidation

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous computed tomography (CT)-guided coaxial core needle biopsy in patients with nonresolving pulmonary focal air space consolidations and negative fiberoptic bronchoscopy results. METHODS: From 1997 to 2005, 23 patients (11 woman, 12 men; age range, 45 to 81 y; mean age, 66 y) presenting with nonresolving pneumonia persisting more than 8 weeks (mean, 22 wk; range, 8 to 40 wk) with negative fiberscopic results, underwent coaxial percutaneous biopsy using an automated core needle (18-gauge) under CT guidance. Histologic and bacteriologic evaluations were obtained. The final diagnosis was confirmed by surgical pathology, culture results, or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: Specimens adequate for histopathologic evaluations were obtained in 20 (87%) cases. Final diagnoses were lung cancer (n=15) and benign diseases (infectious pneumonia, 3; lipoid pneumonia, 1; Erdheim Chester disease: 1; and nonspecific chronic pneumonia, 3). Diagnostic yield of core needle biopsy was 78% (18 of 23). The sensitivity and specificity for malignancy were 87% and 100%, respectively. Immediate pneumothorax was present in 11 patients of cases, but only 2 patients required pleural drainage. DISCUSSION: CT-guided lung biopsy using a core needle biopsy provides a high degree of diagnostic accuracy and allows specific characterization of nonresolving pulmonary focal air space consolidation.     

Diagnostic accuracy of bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunosuppressed patients with suspected pneumonia: analysis of a protocol

BACKGROUND: Fast and accurate etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients is essential for a good outcome. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples has already been established, but studies about them are scarce and limited to few countries. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of a diagnostic protocol, emphasizing on local epidemiology, rapidity, and yield of different techniques. METHODS: One year prospective study of 101 consecutive immunosuppressed patients admitted with suspected pneumonia to a university hospital. They all had bronchoscopic BAL (n=109) and respiratory sampling. Conventional microbiological studies, cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia and transbronchial biopsy (TBB), whenever considered pertinent, were done. Results were analyzed along with other diagnostic procedures, clinical course and final outcome. RESULTS: HIV/AIDS infection was the most frequent cause of inclusion (n=80). Infections accounted for 79 out of 122 final diagnoses (64.8%). Our protocol identified 60 infectious and 3 noninfectious pathologies (general yield: 51.6%). Sensitivity in pulmonary infections was 75.9% (IC95%: 64.8-84.6%), specificity 86.0% (72.6-93.7%), positive predictive value 89.6% (79.1-95.3%), negative predictive value 69.4% (56.2-80.1%), accuracy 79.8% (71.7-86.2%). Mycobacterium spp. (n=27), bacteria (n=19), Pneumocystis jirovecii (n=18) and other fungi (histoplasmosis: 6, aspergillosis: 5, cryptococosis: 3) were the most common infectious pathogens. Direct microscopy allowed an early definite/presumptive diagnosis in 36/49 fungal and mycobacterial infections (73.5%). Up to 30% of mycobacterial infections were missed. CONCLUSIONS: Systematical study of BAL samples has a high diagnostic yield in our immunocompromised patients with suspected pneumonia. As economical and epidemiological conditions of regions are different, it should be tried everywhere.     

猫抓病诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨猫抓病漏诊及误诊的原因。方法回顾性分析10例CSD患者资料，有猫抓伤史并作淋巴结活检作HE，PAS，抗酸，革兰氏染色及Warthin-Starry染色作诊断及鉴别诊断。结果10例中有7例查到革兰氏阴性．W-S阳性Bartonella杆菌，病理改变多为中央化脓的肉芽肿性炎症，并排除了结核，深部真菌及淋巴瘤，确诊CSD。结论病史及淋巴结病理合检可以确诊CSD，减少漏诊及误诊。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后肺部侵袭性真菌感染现行诊断标准的应用价值

  目的 分析我国现行血液病/恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌感染诊断标准的可操作性,提高对异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部侵袭性真菌感染特点的认识。方法 回顾性分析连续收治的51例allo-HSCT后肺部侵袭性真菌感染病例的临床特点。结果 肺部侵袭性真菌感染共占同期收治allo-HSCT后肺部感染病例的42.1%（51/121）。确诊1例（2.0%）,临床诊断24例（47.1%）,拟诊26例（51.0%）。使用免疫抑制剂、糖皮质激素和存在移植物抗宿主病为主要宿主因素。2种或2种以上宿主因素同时存在的病例占66.7%(34/51)。94.1%(48/51)病例的肺部高分辨CT表现为结节和（或）斑片影。真菌抗原检测阳性率相对较高［(1,3)-β-D葡聚糖（G）试验阳性率58.6%,半乳甘露聚糖（GM）试验阳性率33.3%］。20例（39.2%）患者伴有动脉血氧分压和氧饱和度下降。结论 使用免疫抑制剂、糖皮质激素和存在移植物抗宿主病为主要宿主因素,肺部高分辨CT表现以结节和（或）斑片影多见,真菌抗原检测是支持临床诊断的主要因素。     

老年人肺部真菌感染38例尸检分析

目的　探讨老年人肺部真菌感染的临床特征与早期诊断。　方法　分析１９７７～１９９７ 年经尸检证实的老年人肺部真菌感染３８ 例。　结果　在原发病中，恶性肿瘤和感染性疾病共２４ 例，占６３０％ 。临床表现和胸部Ｘ线征象对诊断老年人肺部真菌感染缺乏特异性。痰真菌培养１５ 例中１２ 例阳性，阳性率为８００％ 。　结论　对于老年或免疫系统功能受损害的患者，要警惕合并肺部真菌感染，并应及早进行病原学检查。     

肺真菌病59例病原学和影像学分析

目的：探讨肺真菌病的病原学分布和影像学特征。方法收集肺真菌病59例,均经支气管镜、经皮肺穿刺活检或手术切除送病理学确诊,分析其病原学分布和影像学特征。结果59例病理学确诊肺真菌病患者中,肺曲霉病24例（40．7％）,肺隐球菌病24例（40．7％）,肺毛霉病5例（8．5％）,肺念珠菌病4例（6．8％）,组织胞浆菌病2例（3．4％）,合并放线菌肺炎1例（1．7％）。胸部影像学改变包括肺部肿块23例（39．0％）,渗出性病变23例（39．0％）,结节8例（13．6％）,支气管肿物3例（5．1％）,空洞病变1例（1．7％）,弥漫性病变1例（1．7％）。误诊为肺炎12例（20．3％）,肺结核7例（11．9％）,肺癌4例（6．8％）。结论病理学确诊的肺真菌病以肺曲霉病和肺隐球菌病为多见,影像学表现主要以肺部肿块影和渗出性病变为主。肺真菌病影像学表现多种多样、缺乏特征性,诊断应尽早取得病理学依据。     

Experience with needle biopsy for coccidioidal lung nodules

Three hundred forty-eight patients with solitary pulmonary nodules underwent needle biopsy of the lung in an endemic area for coccidioidomycosis. The purposes of the study were to establish the value of smears and cultures from needle biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of solitary coccidioidal granuloma and to determine how the final diagnosis was established for patients without a clear-cut diagnosis after initial biopsy. Spherules of Coccidioides immitis were initially identified in 49 of the 96 patients with coccidioidomas. Only three of 35 cultures from biopsy-proved coccidioidal lesions were positive (8.6% yield); nevertheless, cultures were cost-effective in nondiagnostic cases. Thoracotomy should be delayed until the results of cultures are known if findings of skin tests, serologic studies, and roentgenography make a benign diagnosis plausible.     

Open lung biopsy in patients with Hodgkin's disease and pulmonary infiltrates

Although open lung biopsy (OLB) is frequently employed for diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in patients with Hodgkin's disease, the actual efficacy of the procedure in establishing a diagnosis in these patients, and its effect on their treatment and clinical outcome, have not been evaluated. We reviewed the results of OLB in 41 patients with previously diagnosed Hodgkin's disease (17 with stage II disease, 10 with stage III, and 14 with stage IV) who had pulmonary opacification on chest roentgenogram. Nineteen (46%) diagnoses were specific and 22 nonspecific. The most common specific diagnosis was Hodgkin's disease (12 patients); the others were Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (3), solitary fungal granuloma (2), cytomegalovirus pneumonia (1), and primary lung adenocarcinoma (1). Specific diagnoses were made in 11 (69%) of 16 patients with discrete nodules or masses but in only eight (32%) of the 25 patients with non-nodular radiographic opacification. Eleven (58%) of 19 patients who were asymptomatic or had had symptoms for longer than 4 wk had specific diagnoses, compared to one of six patients (17%) symptomatic for 1 wk or less. Survival of hospitalization correlated more with stage of Hodgkin's disease than with specific diagnosis. However, treatment was changed after biopsy in 22 (54%) of the patients. The results suggest that OLB can be helpful in the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease and pulmonary infiltrates, both in establishing a diagnosis and in assisting the patients' management. OLB appears to be more helpful in patients with Hodgkin's disease than in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pulmonary infiltrates.