带血管蒂排骨长肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损的临床应用

目的：报道带血管蒂腓骨长肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖、生物学力学和手术方法。：在４０例动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，对腓骨长肌腱进行显微解剖学观测及生物力学研究。在解剖学研究的基础上，设计并应用带血管腓骨长肌腱及皮瓣转位修复跟腱。结果：采用该术式修复跟腱及皮肤缺损９例。经１０个月￣１．５年随访，移植的肌腱及皮瓣全部成活８例，愈合良好，跟腱功能恢复。１例皮瓣边缘性坏死，经短期换药愈合。结论：带     

带蒂跟外侧皮瓣转位修复跟腱及足跟部皮肤缺损

目的：探讨带蒂跟外侧皮瓣转位修复跟腱及足跟部皮肤缺损的临床价值。方法：采用带蒂跟外侧皮瓣转位治疗各种原因所致的跟腱外露26例。结果：26例患者25例皮瓣完全成活，创面顺利愈合，另1例皮瓣边缘坏死，经短时间换药愈合。皮瓣感觉良好，跟腱无粘连，功能良好。结论：带蒂跟外侧皮瓣血供丰富，转位修复跟腱外露安全可靠，是治疗足跟及跟腱外露的理想方法。     

逆行隐血管蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复髌韧带断裂并皮肤缺损

目的：报道以逆行隐血管为蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣转位修复髌韧带断裂并皮肤缺损的新术式。方法：40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上，解剖观测大收肌腱的形态及其血管的起源及分支分布特点，在2侧新鲜下肢标本上模拟手术设计。以逆行隐血管为蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣转位修复髌韧带断裂并皮肤缺损5例。结果：术后随访18—48个月，大收肌腱骨皮瓣全部成活，疗效满意。结论：逆行隐血管蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣与膝关节比邻，血供丰富，就近转位，操作简便，创伤小，可作为修复髌韧带并皮肤缺损的首选方法。     

带血管蒂肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损的实验研究

目的为带血供肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损提供生物力学和组织学依据.方法选用新西兰大白兔15只,其中12只分两组一侧行带血管蒂趾长屈肌腱转位修复跟腱缺损,对侧为游离肌腱移植对照组,术后12周取材,分别行组织学检查和生物力学测试.结果带血管蒂肌腱组移植跟腱组织学形态近似正常跟腱,肌腱最大拉伸力为正常跟腱的67.7%,而游离肌腱组移植跟腱的腱纤维为瘢痕包裹,最大拉伸力为跟腱的35.3%,两者的差异性非常显著(P＜0.01).结论带血管蒂肌腱移植修复跟腱缺损优于游离肌腱移植.     

复合组织移植一期修复复杂指背腱膜损伤

目的:报道应用复合组织移植一期修复复杂指背腱膜损伤的临床疗效。方法:采用掌背动脉为蒂带肌腱手背逆行岛状皮瓣、足背动脉为蒂带趾长伸肌腱复合组织皮瓣及肌腱移植锁骨下带蒂皮瓣3种方法修复,为36例合并皮肤缺损的复杂指背腱膜损伤进行急诊修复。结果:36例全部成活,随访1￣5年,按TA M功能评定法:优11例、良20例、差5例,优良率86.1%。结论:(1)对合并皮肤缺损的复杂指背腱膜损伤根据伤情,较大面积的手背手指皮肤肌腱缺损,以足背动脉为蒂带趾长伸肌腱复合组织皮瓣修复;(2)手指近节皮肤肌腱缺损,以掌背动脉为蒂带肌腱手背逆行岛状皮瓣修复;(3)手指中远节皮肤肌腱缺损,以肌腱移植锁骨下带蒂皮瓣修复,可获得良好疗效。     

腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节不稳的应用

目的：为带血供腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节不稳提供应用解剖学基础。方法：在１２０侧成人下肢标本对腓骨长肌外踝以上段的形态，血供及神经支配进行解剖观测。并在标本上进行模拟术式设计。结果：腓骨长肌腱平均长男６．９±１．３ｃｍ，女６．５±１．６ｃｍ，宽度男０．９±０．３ｃｍ，女０．８±０．３１ｃｍ；营养血管来自胫动脉的占５７．８％，来自腓动脉的占３６．４％；腓浅神经分支入肌处距腓骨头下方，男１．５±０．５ｃｍ，女１．５±０．４ｃｍ。结论：可以上述血管之一为蒂设计腓骨长肌腱转位修复膝关节交叉韧带及侧副韧带损伤的术式，术式具有可行性。     

带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损

目的探讨带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损的效果。方法复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损6例,其中3例跟腱背侧部分缺损,2例跟腱内侧部分缺损,1例跟腱完全缺损。切取带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣时,保持肌腱与皮瓣深筋膜的联系。皮瓣大小7cm×5cm～11cm×10cm,腓肠肌肌腱大小为5cm×3cm～9cm×4cm。结果6例皮瓣均完全成活,感染控制;6例术后随访3～50个月,皮瓣外观满意,无跟腱再断裂者。患侧踝关节屈伸范围基本正常,功能评定,优5例,良1例。结论带腓肠肌肌腱的腓肠神经营养血管复合皮瓣修复跟腱并皮肤缺损具有手术操作简单,术后跟腱粘连轻,功能恢复好的优点。     

《中国临床解剖学杂志》2005年（第23卷）分类索引

述评加强基础研究促进组织工程学协调发展朴英杰23(1):3微创外科解剖学研究中存在的问题及对策丁自海等23(2):115老树逢春发新枝钟世镇23(4):339远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的基础与临床研究进展徐达传等23(4):343皮瓣、肌瓣、骨瓣双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣下滑修复跟腱及皮肤缺损的应用解剖学杨军等23(1):31以腓骨短肌腓浅血管为蒂腓骨短肌皮瓣逆行转位术的应用解剖罗滨等23(1):38前臂外侧皮神经—头静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖张发惠等23(2):118前臂后皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的应用解剖张发惠等23(2):122足背皮瓣与足外侧或外踝上哑铃状…     

胸背血管蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨胸背血管蒂皮瓣修复躯体组织缺损的疗效。方法：应用胸背血管蒂皮瓣修复头、颈、胸、上肢等不同部位软组织缺损，其中带蒂胸背血管蒂皮瓣修复4例，游离胸背血管蒂皮瓣修复6例。结果：术后9例胸霄血管蒂皮瓣均存活良好，修复效果满意，1例游离胸背血管蒂皮瓣坏死。随访1月～3a，受区外形及功能恢复满意，供区愈合良好。结论：胸背血管蒂皮瓣血供丰富，血管解剖恒定，血管蒂长，可切取面积大，形式灵活，是修复组织缺损常用的皮瓣之一。     

带血供大收肌腱转位修复膝关节韧带的应用解剖及临床 …

目的：报道以膝上内侧血管为蒂大收肌腱转位重建膝关节韧带断裂缺损的应用解剖及术式设计。方法：４０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人标本,解剖观测大收肌腱的形态及其血供,２侧新鲜下肢标本模拟手术设计。以膝上内侧血管为蒂大收肌腱转位修复膝关节韧带断裂缺损。结果：应用带血供大收肌腱转位修复胫侧副韧带３０例,胫侧副韧带和前交叉韧带８例,胫侧副韧带和后交叉韧带４例,多韧带损伤１例,经随访疗效为满意。结论：大收肌腱与膝关     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.