Experience with vertical partial laryngectomy with special reference to laryngeal reconstruction with cervical fascia

In this paper we report our experience of vertical partial laryngectomy using the superficial cervical fascia; we describe the technique and present the functional and oncological results of this method of treatment. A total of 42 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the true vocal folds, in stage T(1) (n = 28) or T(2) (n = 14), were treated in our department using vertical partial laryngectomy during the decade 1987-1997. Nine patients had post-operative radiotherapy. The shortest follow-up time was three years. There were six recurrences in all, four in the larynx and two in the neck. All four of the laryngeal recurrences were treated with total laryngectomy and are doing well. Both the patients with neck metastases, who were treated with neck dissection, died. Permanent tracheotomy was necessary in one patient. There were no problems with aspiration. The recurrence rate was 14 per cent, the three-year survival index was 95.2 per cent and the three-year larynx preservation index was 90 per cent. According to our experience, vertical partial laryngectomy, using the method we describe, has a good functional and oncological result for stage T(1) and T(2) tumours.     

Organ preservation in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer

Organ preservation in advanced laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has been a major target for clinical research in the last years. For a long time, partial surgery and radiotherapy were the only options that could preserve the larynx. Partial surgery has developed new open techniques and, with the introduction of laser it continues to have a clear role in organ preservation. Radiotherapy seeks better results with the use of altered fractions. But, the real revolution began after 1980 with the introduction of chemotherapy that increased the options. Induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy where response is good has allowed the larynx to be preserved in about half of the cases, without jeopardizing survival. Concomitant chemoradiotherapy gives better results in preservation, and induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy is under clinical research. Finally, new targeted treatments open up new fields in clinical research. With so many options and in view of the lack of a global agreement, more multidisciplinary clinical research is still needed in order to define the best strategy for each patient.     

Functional organ preservation in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer

The principles of open vs. laser microsurgical approaches for partial resections of the larynx are described, oncological as well as functional results discussed and corresponding outcomes following primary radiotherapy are opposed. Over the last decade, the endoscopic partial resection of the larynx has developed to an accepted approach in the treatment of early glottic and supraglottic carcinomas thus leading to a remarkable decline in the use of open surgery. Comparing the various surgical approaches of laryngeal partial resections, the oncological outcome of the patients, as far as survival and organ preservation are concerned, are comparable, whereas functional results of the endoscopic procedures are superior with less morbidity. The surgical procedures put together, are all superior to radiotherapy concerning organ preservation. Transoral laser microsurgery has been used successfully for vocal cord carcinomas with impaired mobility or fixation of the vocal cord, supraglottic carcinomas with infiltration of the pre- and/or paraglottic space as well as for selected hypopharyngeal carcinomas. It has been well documented that laser microsurgery achieves good oncological as well as functional results with reasonable morbidity. However, patients with those tumours have been successfully treated by open partial resections of the larynx at medical centres with appropriate expertise. The initially enthusiastic assessment of study results concerning the efficacy of various protocols of chemoradiation with the intent of organ preservation for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas are judged more cautious, today, due to recent reports of rather high rates of late toxicity complications.     

下咽、颈段食管癌手术切除后保留喉功能与发声重建

目的：探讨下咽、颈段食管癌根治术患者喉功能保留与发声重建的手术方法。方法：对16例下咽、颈段食管癌患者手术切除肿瘤后，实施保留全喉及部分喉切除喉功能重建；全喉切除后Blom-Singer 1期、2期发声重建术，同时下咽及颈段食管缺损分别采用胃－咽吻合、前臂游离皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、胸三角皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣，颈前肌皮瓣、喉气管粘膜瓣等方法进行整复。保留全喉8例，保留部分喉喉重建3例，全喉切除后行Blom-Singer发声重建1期4例，2期1例。结果：16例中除1例术后14d心脏病变发死亡外，均恢复了吞咽功能，13例恢复发声功能，6例恢复了全喉功能，2例恢复了部分喉功能（不能拔管）。5例行Blom-Singer发声重建者，均发声成功。结论：依据患者病变部位、肿瘤分期、身体状况、年龄等因素，切除肿瘤后采用不同的手术方法行喉功能保留及发声重建，可提高患者术后生存质量。     

喉癌下咽癌治疗中的喉功能保留

喉癌、下咽癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,外科手术是治疗这类肿瘤的常用和首选方法.由于肿瘤部位深在,临床生物学行为特殊,治疗时除了对颈淋巴转移的处理外,更要对原发癌进行彻底切除,以求获得最佳的肿瘤控制效果和理想的术后生存率.     

喉癌下咽癌治疗中的喉功能保留

喉癌、下咽癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,外科手术是治疗这类肿瘤的常用和首选方法.由于肿瘤部位深在,临床生物学行为特殊,治疗时除了对颈淋巴转移的处理外,更要对原发癌进行彻底切除,以求获得最佳的肿瘤控制效果和理想的术后生存率.     

自体游离空肠重建喉咽及颈段食管

目的探讨自体游离空肠移植重建喉咽及颈段食管的临床应用。方法回顾性研究1999年8月～2006年8月共进行的9例喉咽和(或)颈段食管肿瘤切除、自体游离空肠移植食管和(或)喉咽重建术病例。总结手术适应证的选择、手术方法、围手术处理方法及手术效果。结果9例患者移植游离空肠全部存活,无咽瘘、颈部感染或吻合口狭窄等颈部并发症。2例成功保留喉功能。9例患者最长随访时间37个月,最短22个月。1例患者术后22个月时发现舌根部肿瘤复发,经放射治疗后好转,术后25个月失访。1例患者术后17个月因肿瘤复发死亡。其余7例存活,无吞咽困难,未见肿瘤复发。结论正确的适应证选择,合理的围手术期处理,以及熟练的小血管吻合技术是游离空肠移植重建喉咽和颈段食管,治疗晚期喉咽癌、颈段食管癌成功的保证;再次证明,游离空肠移植重建喉咽和颈段食管不仅为肿瘤完全切除并一期重建提供技术保障,还能提高患者的无瘤生存率和生存质量。     

保留喉功能的下咽癌手术后缺损的修复

目的初步探讨在保留喉功能的下咽癌手术中,肿瘤切除后局部创面的修复方式。方法回顾性分析2013年3月~2018年3月33例下咽癌患者行保留喉功能肿瘤切除术后的临床资料,其中14例采用局部黏膜拉拢缝合,2例采用胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣修复缺损,4例采用异种牛脱细胞真皮基质修复膜,2例采用胸大肌皮瓣修复,4例锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复缺损,4例采用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复缺损,3例采用食管内翻拔脱胃上徙手术;观察缺损修复后患者伤口的愈合情况。结果33例患者喉功能良好,3例患者早期有轻微误吸,锻炼2周后即可正常进食。全部患者恢复吞咽功能,食管入口狭窄2例,后经局部扩张好转。咽瘘2例,局部换药1个月愈合。所有患者术后随访1年以上,生存率为78.79%（26/33）,目前正在随访中。结论在保留喉功能的下咽癌手术中,防止误吸和避免咽食管狭窄是肿瘤切除后修复的主要目标;根据患者的具体情况,选择适合患者的个体化修复方法,既可以恢复下咽的结构和功能,还可以避免不必要的副损伤。     

保留杓状软骨喉次全切除喉功能重建的体会

目的　探讨应用保留杓状软骨的喉次全切除喉功能重建术治疗T3 喉癌 (声门及声门上型 )的拔管率和 3、5年生存率。方法　对 2 0例T3 级喉癌 ,其中声门型 3例 (T3 N0 M0 )、声门上型 17例(T3 N1 M0 5例 ,T3 N0 M0 12例 ) ,根据病变范围行保留单侧或双侧杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术 ,并设计环咽吻合术式。结果　 3、5年生存率分别为 16/ 17(94 1% )和 11/ 12 (91 8% )。全部患者均恢复了吞咽和发音功能 ,拔管率为 95 0 %。结论　保留杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术是治疗T3 喉癌的一种很好术式。手术的关键是不能损伤杓状软骨及喉返神经 ,设计好环咽吻合方案。     

颈段食管重建术中喉返神经的保护

目的探讨颈段食管重建手术中喉返神经的保护措施。方法对1983~2005年完成的31例颈段食管重建手术的病人资料进行回顾性分析,其中颈段食管癌23例,严重下咽食管狭窄8例,术前均无声音嘶哑。根据病情采用不同的手术术式,其中不开胸食管拔脱胃上提17例,结肠上徙10例,空肠移植4例。结果所有病人恢复吞咽功能,平均恢复经口进食时间为22.1 d。气管切开病人均拔除气管套管,平均拔管时间为45.3 d。术后声嘶11例,饮食呛咳7例,肺部感染5例,咽瘘3例,吻合口狭窄、吻合口瘘、腹部伤口裂开各1例。结论颈段食管重建手术中采取必要措施可有效减少喉返神经损伤,提高病人生活质量。     

Gastric pull-up reconstruction in hypopharyngeal and cervical oesophageal cancer

ObjectiveTo determine the results of gastric pullup reconstruction following pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy.MethodsThe clinical data of 12 patients who were treated with pharyngolaryngo/esophagectomy were analysed, from 1995 to 2000. All patients had advanced disease, and required a gastric pull-up reconstruction. Clinical swallowing function and morbidity were evaluated postoperatively and the survival group was studied using a Kaplan- Meier survival curve.ResultsFive cases of hypopharyngeal cancer and seven cases of cervical esophageal cancer were studied. In three cases a regional flap was used. A total of 16 cervical dissections were carried out. Only in 2 patients the nodes were free of metastasis. There were four hospital deaths. At discharge, 7 patients out of the 8 had a good swallowing. The most common complications were pulmonary (58%). The five years survival was 31%.ConclusiónGastric pull up transposition must be used for reconstruction following pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy. Proper selection of patients may reduce considerably the morbidity and mortality of this surgical procedure.     

保留杓状软骨喉次全切除喉功能重建的体会

探讨应用保留杓状软骨的喉次全切除喉功能重建术治疗Ｔ３喉癌的拔管率和３、５年生存率。方法对２０例Ｔ３级喉癌,其中声门型３例,声门上型１７例,根据病变范围行保留单侧或双侧杓状软骨喉次全切除及功能重建术,并设计环咽吻合术式。     

颈阔肌皮瓣在喉整复中的应用

垂直前位喉次全切除术能去除９０％的喉，应用颈阔肌皮瓣可重建一个功能上满意的新喉。３２例咽喉病人进行了这种手术，结果肌皮瓣全部成活，无术后死亡。除１例因进食呛咳需鼻饲外，余３１例完全恢复喉的吞噬、呼吸及发音功能。文中对手术方法、优点及体会进行了讨论。     

用带血管蒂粘膜瓣及上段气管修复下咽和重建食管上段

目的：探讨广泛侵犯的下咽癌或原发于咽后壁癌术后创面的修复和食管上段重建的方法。方法二报告2例广泛下咽癌同时有食管上段侵犯和1例咽后壁店,在切除下咽及颈段食管肿瘤后,利用未被肿瘤侵犯的喉和气管上段粘膜修复缺损区。结果：2例广泛侵犯的下咽癌术后均发生短时间咽瘘,其中1例随访3年健康,1例2年后局部复发放弃治疗;另1例咽后壁癌随访1年半健在。结论：广泛侵犯的下咽癌术后利用未被肿瘤侵犯的喉和气管修复创面和食管上段,在同一术野完成手术,方便,减少病人痛苦,尤其适合年老体弱不能耐受长时间大手术的病人。     

应用会厌部分下移和颈前带状肌行喉重建术

目的　探讨喉扩大切除术后喉功能重建的方法。方法　 1998年 9月～ 1999年 10月 2 2例经过选择的T2、T3期声门型喉癌 ,行喉扩大切除术后将会厌部分下移和颈前带状肌修复喉腔和喉支架 ,重建喉功能。根据病情分别行同期同侧或双侧分区性颈清扫术 ,术后行放射治疗。结果2 0例术后 2 0d内恢复正常饮食 ;拔除气管套管 ,恢复了喉的全部功能 ,拔管率 90 9% (2 0 / 2 2 )。 1例咽瘘 ,1个月后恢复经口进食 ;1例再次手术后恢复正常饮食。全部患者发音清晰 ,术后 1～ 6个月纤维喉镜检查 ,2 0例喉入口形成括约瓣。Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的 3年生存率分别为 9/ 9和 92 3% (12 / 13)。 1例 3年后对侧声带肿瘤复发 ,行喉全切除术。结论　应用会厌部分下移修复支架 ,可扩大喉腔和重建喉入口 ,减轻会厌下拉时的张力 ,避免损伤黏膜。颈前带状肌修复喉腔 ,弥补只用会厌整复喉腔和支架材料不足的缺点 ,而且取材方便 ,组织丰富。二者联合应用 ,对恢复喉功能和提高喉癌患者的生活质量有一定的作用。     

Conservation surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer

The charts of 173 patients treated by conservation laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The patients treated by endoscopic laser resection were excluded of this study. Glottic carcinoma was diagnosed in 101 patients, supraglottic carcinoma in 44 patients, hypopharyngeal carcinoma in 24 patients and oropharyngeal carcinoma in 4 patients. The median follow-up period was 44 months, 84/101 glottic cancer, 34/44 supraglottic cancer, 23/24 hypopharyngeal cancer and 2/4 oropharyngeal cancer were staged as T1 and T2. A voice-sparing external approach was carried on in 20 patients with locally advanced tumor (T3-T4). At time of the last follow-up, 132 patients (77%) were alive when 41 patients (23%) died. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 glottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 90, 90 and 78% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 supralottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 73, 68 and 48% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 hypopharyngeal cancer at 3 and 5 years were 74 and 37% respectively. The site of the primary tumor (glottic versus supraglottic or hypopharynx) showed significant impact on survival (P = 0.0025)). Regarding survival, T stage and N stage were not found statistically significant.     

A new option for hypopharyngeal reconstruction with transverse cervical artery perforator flap: A case report

We report a case of a 61-year-old man with T2N2M0 hypopharyngeal carcinoma. In this case, the right vertical hemipharyngolaryngectomy (VHPL) and the right radical neck dissection were performed. At the same time, flap was taken from the superficial branch of transverse cervical artery for hypopharyngeal reconstruction. Postoperative wound healed smoothly. The patient resumed normal oral intake and was free of the tracheal tube at the 12th and 15th days after surgery, respectively. The superficial branch of transverse cervical artery flap is a new option to successfully reconstruct hypopharynx and has many advantages, such as no additional incision, a thin shape, local transfer, and a reliable blood supply.