Hepatolithiasis in the hepatic hilum mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Report of a case

We report a rare case of hepatolithiasis, which was diagnosed as hilar cholangiocarcinoma and treated with hepatectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection. A 59-year-old woman presented to a local hospital with liver dysfunction. Diagnostic imaging revealed a biliary stricture at the hepatic hilum and middle bile duct. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma was diagnosed, and she was referred to our hospital for definitive surgical treatment. She underwent left hepatic trisectionectomy, total caudate lobectomy, and extrahepatic bile duct resection. Gross examination of the resected specimen revealed intrahepatic stones firmly adherent to the bile duct wall. Pathological examination revealed no malignant lesions. The epithelium of the bile duct was absent underneath the stone, and the boundary between the stone and bile duct wall was ill defined. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of hepatolithiasis with a biliary stricture caused by peculiar stone formation, mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

Rare Portal Venous Anomaly in a Living Liver Donor: A Case Report

Knowledge of the anatomy of the portal system is essential for safe liver resection. We report a very rare anatomic anomaly of the portal system in a living liver donor. A 24-year-old female living liver donor was found to have anomalies of the portal system on preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The ventral branch of the right anterior segment arose from the transverse portion of the left portal vein. The gallbladder and round ligament were positioned normally. Intraoperative cholangiography for evaluation of biliary anatomy revealed very low confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. All the bile ducts from the right lobe merged into the right hepatic duct. A right lobe graft was performed, including the ventral area of the right anterior segment. The portal branch of the ventral area of the right anterior segment could be transected extrahepatically. In the recipient operation, each of the right main portal branches, including the right posterior segment branch and the dorsal branch of the right anterior segment, and the ventral branch of the right anterior segment, were anastomosed to the right and left branches of the portal vein, respectively, of the recipient. The transected right hepatic duct of the graft was anastomosed with the recipient's common hepatic duct. Sixteen years after the liver transplant, the recipient continues to do well and has good portal flow.     

Infraportal bile duct of the caudate lobe: a troublesome anatomic variation in right-sided hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: We present our experiences with infraportal bile duct of the caudate lobe (B1) and discuss surgical implications of this rare variation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although various authors have investigated biliary anatomy at the hepatic hilum, an infraportal B1 (joining the hepatic duct caudally to the transverse portion of the left portal vein) has not been reported. METHODS: Between January 1981 and December 2005, 334 patients underwent hepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Four of them (1.2%) had infraportal B1 and were investigated clinicoanatomically. RESULTS: All infraportal B1 were B1l, draining Spiegel's lobe; no infraportal B1r (draining the paracaval portion) or B1c ducts (draining the caudate process) were found. The infraportal B1l joined the common hepatic duct or the left hepatic duct. Three patients underwent right trisectionectomy with caudate lobectomy; for one, in whom preoperative diagnosis was possible, combined portal vein resection and reconstruction were performed before caudate lobectomy to resect the caudate lobe en bloc without division of infraportal B1. For the other 2 patients, the infraportal B1 was divided to preserve the portal vein, and then the caudate lobe was resected en bloc. The fourth patient underwent right hepatectomy with right caudate lobectomy; the cut end of the infraportal B1 showed no cancer by frozen section, so the bile duct was ligated and divided to preserve the left caudate lobe. CONCLUSION: Infraportal B1 can cause difficulties in performing right-sided hepatectomy with caudate lobectomy or harvesting the left side of the liver with the left caudate lobe for transplantation. Hepatobiliary and transplant surgeons should carefully evaluate biliary anatomy at the hepatic hilum, keeping this variation in mind.     

Laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy for hepatolithiasis

Background Liver resection is the definitive treatment for unilateral hepatolithiasis [1]. Recently, laparoscopic major hepatectomias have become more common and are being performed in highly specialized centers [2–4]. However, few laparoscopic liver resections for hepatolithiasis have been reported. Chen et al. [5] reported two cases of laparoscopic left lobectomy for hepatolithiasis, but to our knowledge, right hepatectomy has never been reported to date. This video demonstrates technical aspects of a totally laparoscopic right hepatectomy in a patient with hepatolithiasis. Methods A 21-year-old woman with right-sided nonoriental primary intrahepatic stones [1] was referred for surgical treatment. The operation followed four distinct phases: liver mobilization, dissection of the right portal vein and right hepatic artery, extrahepatic dissection of the right hepatic vein, and parenchymal transection with harmonic shears and linear staplers for division of segment 5 and 8 branches of the middle hepatic vein. No Pringles’ maneuver was used. In contrast to liver resection for other indications, the right bile duct was enlarged and filled with stones. It was divided during parenchymal transection and left open. After removal of the surgical specimen, the biliary tree was flushed with saline until stone clearance, under radioscopic surveillance, was complete. The right hepatic duct then was closed with running suture. Results The operative time was 240 min, and the estimated blood loss was 120 ml, with no blood transfusion. The hospital stay was 5 days. At this writing, the patient is well and asymptomatic 7 months after the procedure. Conclusion Laparoscopic liver resection is safe and feasible for patients with hepatolithiasis and should be considered for those suffering from intrahepatic stones. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

成人间活体肝移植供肝的后台准备

目的 探讨成人活体肝移植供肝的灌注和管道重建的技术。方法 回顾性分析41例成人活体肝移植供肝的后台处理临床资料。结果 41个供肝,均为不包括肝中静脉的右半肝,供者男9例,女32例,年龄19～65岁。供肝切取后经门静脉灌注HTK液2～3L（平均2.45L）。只有一支门静脉右支者35例,右前支＋右后支门静脉6例。右肝管29例,右前叶肝管＋右后叶肝管10例,右后叶肝管＋右前上段支＋右前下段支2例。肝静脉：右肝下静脉＋V_5/V_814例,只有一支右肝静脉15例,2支肝中静脉分支8例,4例有3支肝中静脉分支。肝中静脉分支直径〉0.5cm者均重建,重建V_5/V_8和右肝下静脉28例次（70.0%）,右前叶肝管和右后叶肝管整形6例（14.6%）,右后叶肝管和右前叶下段肝管整形3例（7.3%）,门静脉整形2例（4.8%）,门静脉搭桥4例（9.7%）。结论 成人活体肝移植的供肝后台处理与尸体肝移植有明显的不同,其断面的管道处理直接影响移植肝的存活和预后。     

A suitable animal model for laparoscopic hepatic resection training

Background There is a growing interest in using laparoscopy for hepatic resection. However, structured training is lacking in part because of the lack of an ideal animal training model. We sought to identify an animal model whose liver anatomy significantly resembled that of the human liver and to assess the feasibility of learning laparoscopic hepatic inflow and outflow dissection and parenchyma transection on this model. Methods The inflow and outflow structures of the sheep liver were demonstrated via surgical dissection and contrast studies. Laparoscopic left major hepatic resections were performed. Results The portal hepatis of all 12 sheep (8 for anatomic study and 4 for laparoscopic hepatic resection) resembled that of human livers. The portal vein (PV) was located posteriorly; the common hepatic artery (CHA) and the common bile duct (CBD) were located anterior medially and anterior laterally with respect to the portal hepatis. The main PV bifurcated into a short right and a long left PV. The extrahepatic right PV then bifurcated into right posterior and anterior sectoral PV. The CBD and CHA bifurcated into left and right systems. The cystic duct originated from the right hepatic duct. The cystic artery originated from the right HA in 11/12 animals. The left hepatic vein drained directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC). The middle and the right hepatic veins formed a short common channel before entering the IVC. Multiple venous tributaries drained directly into IVC. Familiarity with sheep liver anatomy allowed laparoscopic left hepatic lobe (left medial and lateral segments) resection to be performed with accuracy and preservation of the middle hepatic vein. Conclusions The surgical anatomy of sheep liver resembled that of human liver. Laparoscopic major hepatic resection can be performed with accuracy using this information. Sheep is therefore an ideal animal model for advanced surgical training in laparoscopic hepatic resection.     

A left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector for hilar cholangiocarcinoma — the efficacy of PVE (portal vein embolization) in identifying the hepatic subsegment: Report of a case

This report presents a case of a left hepatectomy and a caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector for hilar cholangiocarcinoma using percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PVE). The patient was a 44-year-old man admitted to a local hospital with obstructive jaundice. He was diagnosed to have hilar cholangiocarcinoma and was referred to the hospital for further treatment. Cholangiography revealed stenosis of the left hepatic duct and the hilar bile ducts. The dorsal branch of the right anterior sector joined the right posterior branch and the tumor did not invade to the confluence of these branches. Arteriography and portography reconstructed by multidetector-raw computed tomography revealed the ventral branches of the right anterior sector, which separately diverged from the other right anterior branches. It was therefore necessary to perform a left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector to completely remove the tumor. Portal vein embolization was thus performed on the left portal vein and the ventral branches of the right anterior sector. Intraoperatively, when the hepatic artery was temporally clamped, the demarcation between the ventral segment and the dorsal segment of the right anterior sector could be clearly visualized. The planned surgery was performed safely. This case demonstrates that the utilization of PVE is useful for a difficult and intricate hepatectomy, which requires an accurate identification of a hepatic subsegment.     

Extended liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be designed for individual patients, based on both precise diagnosis of cancer extent and accurate evaluation of hepatic functional reserve. Therefore we have developed various types of hepatic segmentectomy. Combined caudate lobectomy is essential in every patient with separated hepatic confluence. So-called extensive hepatectomy, resection of 50% or more of the hepatic mass, includes right lobectomy and right or left trisegmentectomy. Right lobectomy with caudate lobectomy is indicated when the progression of cancer is predominant in the right anterior and posterior segmental bile ducts. The plane of liver transection is along the Cantlie line, and the left hepatic duct is divided just at the right side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Right trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy is performed in carcinoma which involves the right hepatic ducts in continuity with the left medial segmental bile duct. The umbilical portion of the left portal vein is freed from the umbilical plate by dividing the small portal branches arising from the cranial side of the umbilical portion. Then the left lateral segmental bile ducts are exposed and divided at the left side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Left trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy is suitable for carcinoma which involves the left intrahepatic bile duct in continuity with the right anterior segmental bile duct. Liver transection is advanced along the right portal fissure. The right posterior segmental bile duct is usually divided distal to the confluence of the inferior and superior branches.     

Anatomic variations in right liver living donors

BACKGROUND: Anatomic knowledge is crucial in right liver living donor transplantation. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed radiologic and surgical findings in right liver donors. Arterial and portal anatomy was assessed in 96 donors, biliary anatomy in 77, and hepatic venous anatomy in 65. RESULTS: Portal vein (PV): 86.4% had classic anatomy; 6.3% had a trifurcated PV; 7.3% had a right anterior PV taken off the left PV. Hepatic artery (HA): 70.8% had classic anatomy; 12.5% had a left HA arising from the left gastric artery; 13.5% had a right HA arising from the superior mesenteric artery; 2.1% had a double replaced left HA and right HA; and in 1.0% the common HA arose from the superior mesenteric artery. Biliary tree: 55.8% had normal anatomy; 14.3% had a trifurcated biliary anatomy; in 5.2% the right anterior bile duct and in 15.6% the right posterior bile duct opened into the left bile duct; in 2.6% the right anterior and in 6.5% the right posterior ducts opened into the common bile duct. Hepatic veins: S5 and S8 accessory hepatic veins had incidences of 43% and 49%, respectively. The incidence of S6 or S7 short hepatic vein was 38%. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic variations are common but do not contraindicate donation; surgeons should be prepared to recognize and manage them.     

计算机三维重建技术在复杂肝胆管结石诊治中的临床应用

背景与目的:肝内胆管结石,特别是合并数个肝段结石或是既往合并多次胆道手术史的复杂肝胆管结石的诊断治疗是肝胆外科的难题之一,如何能够"一站式"清除结石是目前的研究热点。鉴于目前计算机三维重建可视化技术已经越来越多的被应用在肝叶切除术中,本研究探讨计算机三维重建技术在诊断和治疗复杂肝内外胆管结石诊治中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月1日—2019年7月31日期间由中国科技大学附属第一医院胆胰外科收治的术前行计算机三维重建的肝胆管结石病例的临床资料。结果:共纳入期间收治的复杂肝胆管结石19例,包括Ⅰ型9例,IIa型6例,IIb型3例,IIc型1例,合并肝外胆管结石12例,肝内胆管结石合并肝占位性病变1例,肝胆管结石合并右肝血吸虫病1例。手术方式包括行左半肝切除术3例、行右半肝切除术7例、行胆总管探查引流术9例。术前三维重建与术中符合情况:门静脉、肝动脉走行符合率均为78.95%;结石在胆管分布、肝脏体积符合率均为84.21%;总准确率为73.68%。术后胆管直接造影均未见结石残留,无术后胆管炎发作病例,无胆道损伤病例。结论:术前计算机的三维重建技术能精准描述肝内胆管结石的分布,精确测量肝脏体积,在复杂肝胆管结石的诊断、手术方案个体规划中有重要的临床应用价值,可以最大程度的达到结石的"一站式"的清除效果。     

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma arising 34 years after excision of a type IV-A congenital choledochal cyst: Report of a case

We report a rare case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) arising many years after excision of a type IV-A congenital choledochal cyst. A 44-year-old man was transferred to our hospital with acute cholangitis more than 34 years after several operations for congenital biliary dilatation. Imaging showed a huge tumor in the left medial section of the liver, extending to the porta hepatis. Although he had no jaundice, the intrahepatic bile ducts showed cylinder-like dilatation with narrowing of the hilar bile duct. At surgery, the tumor was found to arise from the dilated intrahepatic bile duct just above the narrow portion. He underwent a left hepatic trisectionectomy with a vascular procedure. Microscopically, the tumor was confirmed to be moderate-to-well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Thus, when the narrow segment is left untouched, careful long-term follow-up is important to detect new lesions at an early stage.     

Small pancreatic carcinoma misdiagnosed as superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma

We report a case of small pancreatic carcinoma misdiagnosed as superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma using percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS). The patient was a 72-year-old man admitted to a local hospital with obstructive jaundice. The patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and PTCS. He was referred to our hospital with a diagnosis of superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiography revealed a stenosis of the common bile duct, and also revealed some irregularities from the common hepatic duct to the left hepatic duct, suggesting a superficial spread of cancer. No pancreatic tumor was identified by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography or by enhanced computed tomography. Cholangioscopy disclosed an elevated tumor with torsional vessels and granular mucosal lesions, which were extended to the left hepatic duct. Repeated cholangioscopic biopsies of the bile duct mucosa revealed adenocarcinoma. The patient was diagnosed with superficially spreading cholangiocarcinoma extending to the left hepatic duct and the right anterior hepatic duct. Left trisectionectomy combined with pancreatoduodenectomy was performed. The cut surface of the resected specimen showed a pancreatic head tumor that was 8 mm in diameter. Histological findings of the resected specimen revealed adenocarcinoma arising from the pancreatic head with invasion in the common bile duct. Additionally, extensive inflammatory granulation tissue was observed along the surface of the bile duct, without any evidence of carcinoma. This case implies to us that the results of PTCS, even after repeated biopsies, should be interpreted with great caution.     

肝门部胆管癌根治手术中联合血管切除及重建的临床疗效Meta分析

背景与目的:对于肝门部胆管癌(HCCA)而言,血管侵犯是主要的手术治疗障碍之一。联合血管切除及重建后的各个临床研究指标不一,结论也存在一定的争议,本研究通过Meta分析方法系统评价HCCA根治术中联合血管切除及重建的安全性、切除有效性及近远期疗效。方法:检索多个国内外数据库,收集HCCA根治术中联合血管切除及重建与无血管切除比较的研究,前者包括肝动脉切除及重建和门静脉切除及重建,检索起止时间均为2009年1月1日—2019年1月1日。采用Meta分析方法比较两种术式的安全性、根治效果及近远期疗效指标。结果:最终纳入18篇文献(均为回顾性研究),共3 260例患者,其中行联合血管切除及重建904例(血管切除组),未行血管切除2 356例(对照组);分亚组的研究中含肝动脉切除及重建237例(肝动脉切除亚组)与门静脉切除及重建560(门静脉切除亚组)。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组比较,血管切除组的术后总并发症(OR=1.09,95% CI=0.78～1.54,P=0.61)、肝衰竭(OR=0.84,95% CI=0.56～1.24,P=0.36)的发生率均无明显差异,但血管并发症(OR=6.79,95% CI=2.16～21.38,P=0.01)与肝脓肿(OR=7.47,95% CI=2.63～21.18,P=0.01)的发生率升高;术后病死率无统计学差异(OR=1.27,95% CI=0.84～1.93,P=0.25);术后1、3、5年的总体生存率差异均有统计学差异(OR=0.69,95% CI=0.56～0.85;OR=0.62,95% CI=0.52～0.75;OR=0.61,95% CI=0.49～0.76,均P0.05);R_0切除率无统计学差异(OR=0.96,95% CI=0.66～1.40,P=0.84)。亚组分析显示,肝动脉切除亚组和门静脉切除亚组与对照组总并发症发生率均无统计学差异(均P0.05);肝动脉切除亚组的5年总生存率低于对照组(OR=0.44,95% CI=0.30～0.67,P=0.01),但门静脉切除亚组的5年总生存率与对照组无明显差异(OR=0.89,95% CI=0.68～1.17,P=0.42)。此外,R_0切除组患者5年生存率高于R_1切除组,无淋巴结转移患者5年生存率高于有淋巴结转移患者(均P0.05)。结论:HCCA根治术中联合血管切除及重建是总体可接受的,可以一定程度上提高R_0切除率,改善患者预后。当合并门静脉侵犯时,可以行联合血管的R_0切除不增加术后并发症和死亡,也不会恶化预后。当合并肝动脉侵犯是手术R_0切除的唯一障碍时,不能简单地将其作为根治性手术的禁忌证,仍可以手术治疗,但需慎重处理,从而使患者获益。     

前入路绕肝悬吊解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗巨大肝癌

前入路肝切除术是指先离断肝实质后游离肝脏的肝切除方法;绕肝悬吊是指在肝后下腔静脉前方放置悬吊带,供在切肝过程中提起肝脏.2011年10月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院采用前入路、绕肝悬吊、解剖性肝右三叶切除术治疗1例54岁男性肝癌患者.肿瘤位于肝左内叶和右半肝,长径约16 cn.术前肿瘤分期为ⅢA期,T3N0M0;术前评估ICG R15为5.4％,肝左外叶肝脏体积占标准肝脏体积的44％;左肝管受压、轻度扩张.术中首先分离、切断入肝血流,包括肝右动脉、门静脉右支、肝中动脉、门静脉左内叶分支;然后在镰状韧带的右侧离断肝实质,期间在肝后下腔静脉前打隧道并悬吊肝脏;切断右肝管;接着分离、切断肝中静脉和肝右静脉;游离肝周韧带,移出肝右二叶;最后行左肝管、肝总管端端吻合.手术时间为4h,术中出血量为350 mL.患者术后康复顺利,术后4个月复查MRCP示胆管吻合口通畅,肝内未见肿瘤复发.     

规则性肝段切除术治疗肝内胆管结石病

目的 总结采用肝段切除术治疗肝内胆管结石病的经验。方法 回顾性分析1975年1月至1998年12月间采用肝段切除术治疗514例肝内胆管结石的临床资料及远期疗效。结果 肝内胆管结石的分布：左外叶64例、左肝叶176例、右前叶10例、右后叶24例、右肝叶31例、双侧肝叶209例。合并症：合并有显著肝段或肝叶萎缩者280例，肝脓肿17例，胆瘘7例，胆管癌8例。265例有1-5次胆道手术史。手术方法：根据肝内结石的分布决定肝段或联合肝段切除的范围，其中S2－3切除284例、切除98例、切除26例、切除37例、双侧肝叶部分切除23例。附加术式包括经肝门胆管切开取石217例，经肝实质肝内胆管切开取石11例，胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合296例。术后并发症有胆漏15例（2.9%）、膈下感染23例(4.5%)、腹腔脓肿2例（0.4%）和肝衰3例（0.6%）等。11例（2.1%）术后死于肝衰竭。随访10个月到25年，75.9%症状消失，14.5%偶而有轻度胆管炎发作，9.6%仍反复发作严重胆道感染。49例手术效果差的主要原因是肝脏切除范围不够兖分而遗留病变的肝胆管。结论 规则性肝叶切除术是清除病灶的最有效手段。     

联合门静脉切除重建的肝脏左三区切除治疗进展期肝门部胆管癌

The clinical value of applying portal vein resection and reconstruction in left trisectionectomy for treating advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma is approved, while it is still a big challenge for clinicians. One female patient suffering from abdominal pain and jaundice received treatment in the General Hospital of PLA in July, 2009. She was prelimiarily diagnosed with Bismuth type Ⅲ a hilar cholangiocarcinoma. A tube was inserted in the left lateral inferior bile duct to carry out percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). After the anatomic variation of the left bile duct was found, the diagnosis was revised as Bismuth type Ⅳ. A left trisectionectomy was proposed, and another PTBD tube was inserted in the right posterior bile duct.Combined portal vein resection and reconstruction and left trisectionectomy was successfully performed. The postoperation course was uneventful, except for the transient liver dysfunction and biliary-enteric anastomotic leakage.     

Resection of metastatic liver cancer in a patient with a left-sided gallbladder and intrahepatic portal vein and bile duct anomalies: A case report

INTRODUCTIONThe presence of left-sided gallbladder is closely associated with multiple combined anomalies of the portal vein, hepatic vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. This requires special attention for preoperative evaluation for the purpose of preventing postoperative complications.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 70-year-old woman with metastatic liver cancer and intrahepatic portal vein, biliary system and hepatic artery anomalies with left-sided gallbladder is reported. On computed tomography (CT), a solitary low density mass occupied from the right anterior to the posterior segment of the liver. The gallbladder bed was on the left of the hepatic fissure. On drip-infusion-cholangiography (DIC) CT three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, the left medial bile duct arose from the right umbilical portion after arising from the left lateral bile duct. Following a right hepatectomy and lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, hepaticojejunostomy was conducted separately to the left medial and left lateral bile duct.DISCUSSIONThe left-sided gallbladder accompanies with several anomalies of hepatic vascular and bile duct anomalies in a frequent manner. A safe hepatectomy needs accurate operative plans to ascertain the range of hepatectomy, because it often has the diversity of a combined anomaly.CONCLUSIONPreoperative DIC-CT 3D reconstruction was extremely useful because it provided an important information that could not be obtained with 2D-DIC-CT. 3D imaging has the ability to demonstrate complex anatomical relationships, this devise is a effective new tool for making appropriate preoperative strategy.     

Surgical anatomy of the left lateral segment as applied to living-donor and split-liver transplantation: a clinicopathologic study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intrahepatic vascular and biliary anatomy of the left lateral segment (LLS) as applied to living-donor and split-liver transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Living-donor and split-liver transplantation are innovative surgical techniques that have expanded the donor pool. Fundamental to the application of these techniques is an understanding of intrahepatic vascular and biliary anatomy. METHODS: Pathologic data obtained from cadaveric liver corrosion casts and liver dissections were clinically correlated with the anatomical findings obtained during split-liver, living-donor, and reduced-liver transplants. RESULTS: The anatomical relation of the left bile duct system with respect to the left portal venous system was constant, with the left bile duct superior to the extrahepatic transverse portion of the left portal vein. Four specific patterns of left biliary anatomy and three patterns of left hepatic venous drainage were identified and described. CONCLUSIONS: Although highly variable, the biliary and hepatic venous anatomy of the LLS can be broadly categorized into distinct patterns. The identification of the LLS duct origin lateral to the umbilical fissure in segment 4 in 50% of cast specimens is significant in the performance of split-liver and living-donor transplantation, because dissection of the graft pedicle at the level of the round ligament will result in separate ducts from segments 2 and 3 in most patients, with the further possibility of an anterior segment 4 duct. A connective tissue bile duct plate, which can be clinically identified, is described to guide dissection of the segment 2 and 3 biliary radicles.     

"Anatomic" right hepatic trisectionectomy (extended right hepatectomy) with caudate lobectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The techniques of right hepatic trisectionectomy are now standardized in patients with hepatocellular or metastatic carcinoma, but not in those with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS: Under preoperative diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 8 patients underwent "anatomic" right hepatic trisectionectomy with en bloc resection of the caudate lobe and the extrahepatic bile duct, in which the bile ducts of the left lateral section were divided at the left side of the umbilical fissure following complete dissection of the umbilical plate. RESULTS: Liver resection was successfully performed, and all patients were discharged from the hospital in good condition, giving a mortality of 0%. All patients were histologically diagnosed as having cholangiocarcinoma. The proximal resection margins were cancer-negative in 7 patients and cancer-positive in 1 patient. Four patients with multiple lymph node metastases died of cancer recurrence within 3 years after hepatectomy. One patient died of liver failure without recurrence 42 months after hepatectomy. The remaining 3 patients without lymph node metastasis are now alive after more than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic right hepatic trisectionectomy with caudate lobectomy can produce a longer proximal resection margin and can offer a better chance of long-term survival in some selected patients with advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

术中多影像融合介入导航系统在复杂肝胆管结石病诊断与治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨术中多影像融合介入导航系统(RVS)在复杂肝胆管结石病诊断与治疗中的应用价值。方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法。收集2017年10月至2018年3月湖南省人民医院收治的10例复杂肝胆管结石病患者的临床资料;男3例,女7例;平均年龄为57岁,年龄范围为40~69岁。患者术前均行腹部(肝胆胰脾)彩色多普勒超声、磁共振胰胆管成像及上腹部薄层螺旋CT平扫+增强检查。CT检查数据导入RVS。采用RVS定位结石、结石与大血管关系、胆管以及肝门部血管解剖结构,手术采用RVS引导下行包括肝门部胆管切开术、狭窄胆管切开整形术、肝胆管盆式内引流术、肝叶(段)切除术、肝实质切开取石术等多种组合手术方式。观察指标:(1)手术及术后情况。(2)典型病例分析。(3)随访情况。采用门诊方式进行术后随访,了解患者结石残留情况。随访时间截至2019年6月。偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料以绝对数表示。结果(1)手术及术后情况:10例患者均成功在RVS引导下行复杂肝胆管结石病手术,RVS配对均获成功(CT检查影像与超声影像差距<2 mm)。术中均通过胆道镜证实取净结石,无残留。10例患者手术时间为285 min(210~360 min),术中出血量为200 mL(100~600 mL),无输血患者,住院时间为20.5 d(14.0~29.0 d),无围术期死亡。1例患者术后并发胆汁漏和腹腔感染,经保守治疗后痊愈。(2)典型病例分析:病例10,女,60岁,术前影像学检查提示复杂肝胆管结石病,拟行肝实质切开取石+肝方叶切除肝门胆管整形+盆式内引流术。将患者术前CT检查图像与术中彩色多普勒超声图像进行融合配对,配对层面为门静脉矢状部横切面和门静脉右支横切面,并在图像上标记结石以及重要管道。准确定位后采用刮匙进行取石。在肝脏表面结石感明显处切开肝实质及末梢扩张胆管取石,取出结石后经该肝内胆管与肝门部胆管汇合。胆管切开的左侧终点采用实时超声检查确认。超声检查确定门静脉位置,避开血管行内整形术解除狭窄。(3)随访情况:10例患者均获得术后随访,随访时间为6~12个月,中位随访时间为8个月。10例患者中,1例术后2个月造影检查怀疑肝右前叶末梢结石,无法通过胆道镜取出,拔除T管后未见症状复发,9例均未见结石残留。结论RVS应用于复杂肝胆管结石病手术中,有助于术中精准诊断,从而使手术治疗安全有效。