Local recurrences following transoral laser surgery for early glottic carcinoma: frequency, management, and outcome

Although transoral laser surgery (TLS) for the treatment of early stage glottic carcinoma is now widely used, the patterns of local recurrences, related re-treatment methods, and results have not been documented comprehensively. Two hundred fifty-two patients with glottic carcinoma stage I or II were treated for cure with TLS alone and followed up for 24 to 139 months (mean, 62 months). Their charts were retrospectively reviewed to identify local recurrence patterns. Thirty-five patients (13.9%) presented with local recurrences or second laryngeal primaries 4 to 84 months (mean, 23 months) after initial treatment. Of the 161 patients classified T1N0M0, 21 (13.0%) suffered local recurrences, and in the 91 classified T2N0M0, 14 (15.4%) tumors recurred. If tumors recurring more than 60 months after initial treatment are considered second primary tumors rather than recurrences, then only 18 (11.2%) of 161 patients classified T1N0M0 would have had a recurrence. However, the difference in local control between patients with stage I versus stage II disease would still not be significant (p = .41). Of the 35 patients with local recurrences, 16 (45%) were managed with total laryngectomy, 10 (28.6%) with further TLS, 4 (11.4%) with partial laryngectomy, and 2 (5.7%) with radiotherapy, and 3 (8.6%) had no curative treatment. Accordingly, 16 patients (45.7%) with local treatment failure could be treated with further organ-sparing treatment methods. The actuarial overall survival, disease-specific survival, and organ preservation rates 5 years after the diagnosis of recurrent disease were 43.6%, 74.6%, and 33.7%. Transoral laser surgery leads to local control rates that are comparable to those found after radiotherapy for lesions classified T1 and leads to slightly better control rates for lesions classified T2, but the results are inferior to those achieved with conventional partial laryngectomy. However, if local recurrence occurs, then more re-treatment options are available after TLS as compared to initial radiotherapy or open surgery.     

Repeated transoral laser microsurgery for early and advanced recurrence of early glottic cancer after primary laser resection

Objectives

To analyze the oncological results of repeated transoral laser microresection (TLM) in case of failure after primary laser resection of early glottic cancer (pTis-pT2).

Methods

Fifty-six patients with local or loco-regional recurrence of early glottic cancer were treated between 1988 and 2005 by repeated TLM followed, if necessary, by neck dissection and/or adjuvant radio- or radiochemotherapy. Data on overall survival, disease-specific survival, and loco-regional control rates were analyzed retrospectively and calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Forty-four patients (78.6%) presented with early local recurrence (rTis-rT2N0; Stage I/II) and 12 patients (21.4%) had advanced local or loco-regional recurrence (pT3 and pT4N0/N+; Stage III/IV). Three- and five-year overall survival rates for patients with early and advanced recurrence were 75.1% vs. 51.6% and 61.6% vs. 25.8%, respectively. The corresponding three- and five-year disease-specific survival rates were 87.2% vs. 85.7% and 81.0% vs. 85.7%, respectively. Three- and five-year loco-regional control was significantly higher for patients treated for early recurrence (67.6% vs. 27.5% and 63.6% vs. 27.5%, respectively; p = 0.02). Salvage laryngectomy rates for patients with early and advanced recurrence were 9.1 and 25.0%, respectively. In patients with early local recurrence, anterior commissure involvement (n = 11) did not affect the oncological results.

Conclusions

In case of early local recurrence after primary TLM of early glottic cancer, further TLM seems to be justified as an organ-preserving treatment option. In contrast, salvage laryngectomy should be considered early for patients with advanced local or loco-regional recurrence.     

Oncologic and functional outcomes of transoral CO2 laser cordectomy for early glottic cancer

ObjectiveTo investigate the oncological and functional outcomes of the patients treated with transoral CO2 laser cordectomy for early glottic cancer.Patients and methodsFifty-five consecutive patients who underwent CO2 laser cordectomy for early glottic cancer were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsOverall survival, larynx preservation, and relapse free local control rates were 96%, 100%, and 91%, respectively. Five patients with local recurrences were salvaged with re-cordectomy and/or radiotherapy. In type I cordectomy, VHI-10 consistently improved during postoperative course and VHI-10 at postoperative 12 months was significantly better than preoperative value (2.3 vs. 9.4, p = 0.02). Perceptual grading, MPT, MFR and AC/DC also improved and were better than preoperative values. In type III cordectomy, shimmer at 12 months after cordectomy was significantly better than preoperative value (14.7 vs. 9.3, p = 0.007).ConclusionsThese results further support the rationale of CO2 cordectomy as initial and salvage surgery for early glottic cancer.     

激光治疗与放射治疗在早期声门癌治疗中对比的Meta分析

目的:通过本研究为临床早期声门癌治疗方法的选择提供依据。方法:通过电子检索数据库Med-line(1990-2010)、Embase(1990-2010)、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(1990-2010)、中文学术期刊全文数据库(1994-2010)、中文科技期刊全文数据库(1989-2010),中文生物医学期刊数据库(1994-2010)及万方数据库。用RevMan5.0计算OR值。结果:在并发症方面,由于纳入文献存在显著异质性,若使用Meta分析研究,可能会产生错误的结果,故放弃使用Meta分析。在复发和5年局部控制率方面,存在较显著异质性,消除异质性或采用亚组分析后,放射治疗与激光治疗比较差异无统计学意义,但激光治疗较放射治疗有更少的复发和更高的局部控制。而在死亡、总生存、喉保留方面,纳入文献异质性较小,进行合并后,得出在这3个方面,内镜下激光治疗更具优越性,与放射治疗后的结果相比,差异有统计学意义。结论:激光治疗可作为早期声门癌首选治疗方案。但对于肿瘤较大、侵犯前连合的患者,建议首选传统手术治疗。本研究中纳入的数据属回顾性研究,故需增加更多科学、严谨的研究数据或随机对照试验结果才可得出更科学的结论。     

Treatment of early-stage glottic cancer by transoral laser resection

OBJECTIVES: We reviewed outcomes of treatment of early glottic carcinoma by transoral laser resection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of tumor stage, type of cordectomy (European Laryngological Society), resection margins, local control, and laryngeal preservation. RESULTS: Of 142 patients treated with curative intent, 79 (92% male; average age, 63 years) were retained for this study, on the basis of availability of information regarding resection margins, the absence of adjuvant radiotherapy, and followup of at least 2 years. The tumors were classified pTis (n = 21), pT1a (n = 51), or pT1b (n = 7) and were treated by cordectomy types I (23%), II (30%), III (27%), IV (6%), and V (14%). The average follow-up was 56 months (range, 24 to 150 months). The overall 5-year actuarial recurrence-free survival rate was 89%, and the 5-year actuarial disease-specific survival rate was 97.3%. There were 11 local recurrences (14%); 7 were treated by another laser resection, 1 by radiotherapy, 1 by supracricoid partial laryngectomy, and 2 by total laryngectomy. The overall rate of final local control with the laser alone was 100% for patients with initially positive margins, 95% for those with initially suspicious margins, and 94% for those with free margins. The overall rate of organ preservation was 100% for patients with positive or suspicious margins and 96% for those with free margins. Margin status (p = .39), cordectomy type (p = .67), and anterior commissure involvement (p = .16) were not statistically related to recurrence (Kaplan-Meier calculations with nonparametric univariate analysis). The recurrence rate was significantly higher for T1b tumors, however (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Laser microresection provides high rates of local control and organ preservation for early glottic cancer. Positive or suspicious margins were not related to recurrence, nor was anterior commissure involvement. This study implies that suspicious margins can be managed with a "watch-and-wait" attitude. Re-treatment with laser, external partial laryngectomy, and radiotherapy remain therapeutic options for recurrences.     

Treatment of early glottic carcinoma with transoral laser CO2

OBJECTIVE: We present our outcome in the treatment of 125 patients with malignant glottic lesions between 1992 and 2003 in a retrospective study. PATIENT AND METHODS: We analyze 125 cases of patients, with previously untreated carcinoma of the larynx with histological diagnosis, treated with Transoral Laser Microresection. We will pay special attention to those tumors involving the Anterior Commissure. We will also analyze several parameters related to the post and intraoperatory histopathological report, in order to decide adjuvant therapies. We will also analyze the technique indications, complications, hospital length of stay, oncologic and functional outcomes, survival and follow up of recurrences. OUTCOMES AND CONCLUSION: Transoral laser microresection is an effective and functional preserving procedure, and nowadays the base of the treatment of early glottic carcinoma. Anterior Commissure involvement is a prognostic factor. Sometimes complementary therapies are needed based on by the histopathological report.     

半导体激光治疗早期喉声门型癌临床分析

目的探讨应用半导体激光手术治疗早期喉声门型癌的效果。方法对1998～2002年在支撑喉镜、显微镜下半导体激光手术治疗31例早期喉声门型癌进行临床分析。31例中原位癌(Tis)3例,T1a为18例,T1b为8例,T2为2例。并进行术前术后嗓音测定分析,术后随访2～5年。结果31例早期喉声门型癌激光手术治疗后,31例均存活。随访3年以上的病例有26例,3年生存率100％(26／26),随访5年的病例有11例,均存活。患者术后比术前嗓音质量提高。结论半导体激光手术治疗早期喉声门型癌疗效可靠,术后喉功能保存好,创伤小,费用低,术后嗓音恢复好,是一种早期喉癌微创治疗的有效方法,值得临床推广应用。     

Transoral laser surgery for early glottic carcinoma

This prospective study evaluates the oncological results of transoral laser surgery (TLS) for glottic carcinoma categorized Tis, T1 and T2 in a large, unselected group of 285 consecutive patients from a university-based referral center that uses transoral laser surgery as the standard approach to these tumors. Patients were treated between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 1996. Thirty-three patients had Tis disease, 174 T1 tumors and 113 T2. Main outcome measures were local control with initial therapy, ultimate local control, regional control, organ preservation, overall survival and cause-specific survival. The 5-year uncorrected actuarial survival for all 285 patients was 71.1%, and cause-specific actuarial survival was 98.7%. Local control with initial treatment was 85.9%, ultimate local control with salvage for local treatment failures 98.5%, and regional control 98.4%. In all, 94.3% had their larynges preserved after 5 years. Although favorable oncological results for early laryngeal carcinoma treated with laser surgery are supported this study, no definitive recommendations can be given for the best single treatment. Partial laryngectomies lead to the highest local control rates reported so far, radiotherapy is believed to preserve voice best and laser surgery is associated with time- and cost-effectiveness, low morbidity, fair local control rates and excellent re-treatment options in case of local failure. All specialists dealing with the treatment of early glottic carcinoma should be able to offer these different treatment modalities to their patients and to deal specifically with each patient’s individual needs and preferences. Received: 29 October 1998 / Accepted: 2 July 1999     

Transoral laser surgery for early glottic cancers

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the oncologic safety of transoral endoscopic laser surgery in early glottic cancers. PATIENTS: The study included 107 patients with early glottic cancers. The disease was in situ in 21 (19.6%) and infiltrative in 86 (80.4%), of which 52 (48.6%) were stage T1a, 17 (15.9%) were T1b, 13 (12.1%) were T2, and 4 (3.7%) were TX lesions. One hundred three patients (96.3%) were treated primarily, whereas 4 patients (3.7%) were operated on after radiotherapy failure. Anatomically, 77 lesions (72.0%) involved the anterior or middle third of the vocal cord; 14 lesions (13.1%) involved a single cord and the anterior commissure; 4 "horseshoe" lesions (3.7%) involved both cords and the anterior commissure; 7 lesions (6.5%) involved the posterior third of the cord reaching the vocal process of the arytenoid; and 5 cases (4.7%) involved both cords separately. RESULTS: There were 17 (15.9%) local recurrences (10 among patients with single cord lesions, 5 among patients with cord and anterior commissure lesions, and 2 among patients with lesions involving both cords), and 1 regional recurrence. One hundred one patients (94.4%) were alive and disease free at a median of 40.7 months. Three patients (2.8%) were alive with disease. One patient (0.9%) died of other causes. Two patients (1.9%) died of a second primary cancer. The overall larynx preservation rate was 92.5%. Recurrence-free survival was 86.6% at 2 years, 84.1% at 5 years, and 78.1% at 10 years. CONCLUSION: Transoral laser surgery is an oncologically safe, function-preserving modality for treatment of early glottic cancers.     

经口CO2激光治疗早期声门型喉癌术后嗓音分析

目的探讨经口CO2激光手术治疗早期声门型喉癌术后的嗓音情况。方法回顾分析2016年3月—2019年6月接受经口CO2激光手术治疗的48例声门型喉癌患者嗓音资料,根据手术是否切除前连合分为未切除前连组合（n=29）和切除前连合组（n=19）。分别于手术前和手术后6个月的嗓音稳定期对患者进行主观嗓音障碍指数量表简化中文版（VHI 13）评分、频闪喉镜检查及嗓音声学分析。结果经口CO2激光手术后6个月检查VHI 13生理评分及总分均较手术前明显减低;频闪喉镜检查未切除前连合组以声带黏膜波减弱或消失为主要表现,而切除前连合组术后出现前连合粘连和室带代偿性发音的比例明显升高;嗓音声学分析发现,与术前比较,激光手术后基频（F0）增加,基频微扰(jitter)和振幅微扰(shimmer)增大,最长发声时间(MPT)缩短,嗓音障碍严重指数（DSI）减低;未切除前连合组患者振幅微扰较切除前连合组更低,最长发生时间更长,DSI更高。结论声门型喉癌经口CO2激光手术后患者的主观嗓音质量较术前有一定程度的改善,是否切除前连合与术后声带形态、嗓音质量有密切关系。     

钬激光手术治疗早期声门型喉癌疗效分析

目的总结钬激光治疗早期声门型喉癌的疗效。方法对2004年2月～2009年3月应用钬激光手术治疗的36例声门型喉癌的疗效进行临床分析。结果 36例钬激光术后复发4例,局部复发率为11%（4/36）,颈部转移率为3%（1/36）,平均复发时间13.5个月;T1a复发率3.7%（1/27）,T1b复发率33.3%（3/9）,两组间差异有显著意义（P〈0.05）;36例患者因复发死亡2例,非相关疾病死亡2例,3年生存率89.7%（26/29）。结论钬激光治疗早期声门型喉癌疗效可靠、喉功能保全好、术后恢复快,是早期声门型喉癌的首选治疗方式之一。     

早期声门型喉癌CO2激光手术治疗

目的　总结探讨在支撑显微喉镜下通过CO2激光微创手术治疗早期声门型喉癌的疗效。方法　对2007年1月～2012年12月于福建省立医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科接受CO2激光手术治疗的91例早期声门型喉癌患者进行回顾性分析。结果　全部患者CO2激光手术后随访25～96个月,2例患者失访（视为死亡）,1例患者于术后81个月死于肺癌,喉功能保留率为96.70%（88/91）;10例患者出现局部复发,复发率为11.00%（10/91）,T1a复发率为12.12%（4/33）,T1b复发率为9.10%（3/33）,T2复发率为20.00%（3/15）,组间差异无统计学意义（χ 2=2.645,P >0.05）。前连合受累患者的复发率为28.57%（6/21）,前连合未受累的患者复发率为5.71%（4/70）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ 2=8.628,P＜0.05）。5年整体生存率为93.20%,局部区域（喉+颈部淋巴结）5年控制率（无肿瘤复发和转移的比率）86.70%。结论　支撑喉镜下CO2激光治疗早期声门型喉癌的疗效可靠,创伤小,喉功能保全好,恢复快,并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

The role of intraoperative narrow-band imaging in transoral laser microsurgery for early and moderately advanced glottic cancer

IntroductionTrans-oral laser microsurgery is an established technique for the treatment of early and moderately advanced laryngeal cancer.ObjectiveThe authors intend to test the usefulness of narrow-band imaging in the intraoperative assessment of the larynx mucosa in terms of specifying surgical margins.MethodsForty-four consecutive T1–T2 glottic cancers treated with trans-oral laser microsurgery Type I–VI cordectomy were presented. Suspected areas (90 samples/44 patients) were biopsied under the guidance of narrow-band imaging and white light and sent for frozen section.ResultsOur study revealed that 75 of 90 (83.3%) white light and narrow-band imaging-guided samples were histopathologically positive: 30 (40%) were confirmed as carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma and 45 (60%) as moderate to severe dysplasia. In 6 patients mucosa was suspected only in narrow-band imaging, with no suspicion under white light. Thus, in these 6 patients 18/90 (20%) samples were taken. In 5/6 patients 16/18 (88.8%) samples were positive in frozen section: in 6/18 (33.3%) carcinoma (2 patients), 10/18 (66.6%) severe dysplasia was confirmed (3 patients). In 1 patient 2/18 (11.1%) samples were negative in frozen section. Presented analysis showed, that sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of white light was 79.5%, 20% and 71.1% respectively, while narrow-band imaging was 100%, 0.0% and 85.7%, respectively.ConclusionThe intraoperative use of narrow-band imaging proved to be valuable in the visualization of suspect areas of the mucosa. Narrow-band imaging confirms the suspicions undertaken in white light and importantly, it showed microlesions beyond the scope of white light.     

Oncological outcomes of early glottic carcinoma treated with transoral robotic surgery

Objective

Although glottic level is an off-label use of da Vinci system, the feasibility and early-term outcomes of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the treatment of early-stage (Tis, T1, T2) glottic carcinoma have been documented. But little is known about the oncological outcomes. We investigated the oncological outcomes of TORS in patients followed at least three years and mean follow-up time was over five years.

CO2 transoral laser microsurgery for early glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure involvement

ObjectiveAnterior commissure (AC) involvement is an unfavorable factor for transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) treatment of early glottic carcinoma (EGC). This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of TLM treatment for EGC with AC involvement.MethodsFrom 2008 to 2017, 177 patients with T1-T2 EGC with AC involvement were retrospectively included and divided into the TLM group (n=115) receiving CO₂ laser TLM and the control group undergoing open surgery (n=62). The survival outcomes, postoperative complications, laryngeal preservation rate, recurrence and the phonological results were compared between groups.ResultThe TLM group had significantly reduced hospital stay, hospitalization costs, and intraoperative blood loss as compared with the control group. The tracheotomy rate was significantly higher in the control group (96.8% vs. 0%). The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 89.6% and 85.5% in the TLM group and control group, respectively. Log-rank test showed no difference in survival rate between the two groups. There was no significant difference in laryngeal preservation rate and overall recurrence rate between groups. In postoperative vocal function evaluation, there were significant differences in the overall grade (G), the roughness (R), the breathiness (B), Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), Jitter, Shimmer, noise/harmonic ratio (NHR), maximum phonation time (MPT), phonation threshold pressure (PTP) between the two groups.ConclusionFor EGC with AC involvement, TLM has similar survival outcomes with the open surgery, but has better postoperative voice outcomes. Meanwhile, TLM can effectively reduce intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time, hospitalization costs and postoperative complications.