北京地区2006 - 2010年女性HIV-1感染者流行毒株分子特征研究

目的分析北京地区女性HIV-1感染者流行毒株分子特征。方法随机采集2006 - 2010年北京地区新发现女性HIV-1感染者的抗凝全血标本100份,分离血浆,提取病毒RNA,用反转录藻式聚合酶链反应扩增病毒gag基因,并进行序列测定和亚型分析。结果系统进化分析确定北京地区女性HIV-1感染者存在A1(1),A2(1),B(3),B''(23),C(8),G(2),H(1),CRF01_AE(18),CRF02_AG(3),CRF06_cpx(1),CRF07_ BC(4),CRF08_BC(4)和B''/C (3) 13种亚型,其比例分别为1.22%,1.22%, 3.66%, 28.05%, 9.76%, 2.44%,1.22%, 21.95%, 3.66%,1.22%,17.07%, 4.88%和3.66%, B'', CRFO1_AE和CRF07_BC为主要亚型,6种少见亚型(A1,A2,G,H,CRF02_AG和CRF06_cpx)合计占1.0%。结论北京地区女性HIV-1感染者流行毒株遗传多样性高于男性,B’亚型比例高,少见亚型比例也较高。     

广西壮族自治区2008 - 2009年HIV-1流行毒株基因型及其分布

目的了解广西地区目前HIV-1流行毒株的基因型及其分布。方法收集广西地区13个市294名2008-2009年新诊断的HIV感染者血浆标本和背景信息,感染途径主要为异性性传播(86.1%)。采用RT PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag,pol全长基因(分别为1584 by和3147 by)及enu:基因的C2V3片段(558 bp),序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.031具确定病毒的基因型,用Simplot和Recombinant HIV-1 Drawing Tool软件进行病毒基因的重组分析。结果获得全长gag基因序列270条、全长pol基因序列246条、。enu>基因C2V3区序列223条,确定272例标本的基因型。CRFO1_AE占的比例最高(77.6% ),其次为CRF08_BC(10.7%)和CRF07_BC ( 7.4% ),有4例B(B'')亚型,1例G亚型,还有7例未知重组型。性别、民族间病毒基因型分布的差异无统计学意义。7株新型重组毒株有6株以CRF01_AE为母株,嵌人B和/(或)C的片段,还有1株为CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC的二代重组。结论广西地区目前流行的HIV-1毒株以CRFO1_AE为主,并出现以CRFO1_AE为母株嵌人其他毒株基因片段的新型重组毒株,呈现基因组结构复杂化趋势。     

广西壮族自治区低档场所中老年嫖客与暗娼HIV-1感染者基因亚型研究

目的 了解广西壮族自治区低档场所中老年嫖客与暗娼的HIV-1感染者病毒基因亚型特征及传播规律。方法 采用方便抽样的方法,于2012年对广西壮族自治区4个城市和9个县（区）低档场所的嫖客（年龄≥50岁）与暗娼开展分子流行病学调查,进行HIV-1抗体筛查,对HIV-1抗体阳性者血浆进行pol区基因片段扩增和序列测定,对获得的基因序列进行系统进化树构建并鉴定毒株的基因亚型,分析毒株亚型分布特征及传播规律。结果 共招募4 048例中老年嫖客和784例低档暗娼,共发现116例HIV-1抗体阳性,中老年嫖客与暗娼的HIV-1抗体阳性检出率分别为2.5%（103/4 048）、1.7%（13/784）,对其中84例HIV-1抗体阳性者进行基因扩增和序列测定,53例获得基因序列（中老年嫖客48例、暗娼5例）。发现3种基因亚型,均为重组株,CRF01_AE占90.6%（48/53）,CRF08_BC占7.5%（4/53）,CRF07_BC占1.9%（1/53）。经系统进化树分析发现,48例CRF01_AE流行毒株聚集成2个传播簇Cluster 1和2;4例CRF08_BC聚集成1个传播簇。在CRF01_AE Cluster 1中又形成4个亚簇C1-SC1、2、3、4,各亚簇对象来源于同一处或相邻低档场所、或与同一省道毗邻乡镇的低档场所。结论 广西壮族自治区低档场所中老年嫖客与暗娼HIV-1感染者流行毒株仍以CRF01_AE为主,以同一处或相邻低档场所或毗邻乡镇呈小范围聚集,当地HIV-1阳性的中老年嫖客与暗娼可能是该人群易感者毒株快速传播的重要传染源。     

广州市2008－2015年注射吸毒人群HIV-1亚型分布特征及变化趋势

目的 了解2008-2015年广州市注射吸毒人群HIV感染者（IDU感染者）HIV-1亚型分布特征及变化趋势。方法 研究对象为2008-2015年确证的HIV-1感染者、注射吸毒途径感染、现住址为广州市。收集血清样本提取HIV-1 RNA,采用巢式PCR法扩增HIV-1 pol区基因片段,测序后构建系统进化树,确定HIV-1亚型,比较不同年份和不同特征样本的HIV-1亚型分布。结果 从517份血清样本中成功获得437份样本的pol区基因片段。437份样本的年龄（37.37±8.17）岁;外省户籍者占51.5%（225/437）,以广西壮族自治区户籍（广西籍）居多（54.2%,122/225）。HIV-1亚型分布以CRF07_BC（46.5%）、CRF01_AE（24.3%）和CRF08_BC（23.3%）为主。CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC在2008-2015年各年份构成比的差异有统计学意义（CRF07_BC：趋势χ²=19.703,P=0.006;CRF08_BC：趋势χ²=25.718,P=0.001）,其中CRF07_BC的构成比呈下降趋势（趋势χ²=15.139,P=0.000）,CRF08_BC的构成比呈上升趋势（趋势χ²=22.577,P=0.000）。广西籍IDU感染者中CRF08_BC亚型的构成比较高（蒙特卡罗模拟精确概率P=0.000,99% CI：0.000~0.000）。结论 2008-2015年广州市IDU感染者HIV-1亚型分布以CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE和CRF08_BC为主、多个亚型共存,CRF08_BC亚型的构成比呈上升趋势的特点。提示广西籍IDU感染者是广州市艾滋病防治重点人群,应加强干预。     

云南省人类免疫缺陷病毒-1亚型分析

目的 研究云南省人类免疫缺陷病毒-1(HIV-1)亚型的地理及人群分布.方法 采集云南省2001-2006年1319名HIV-1感染者血液标本,分离血清后提取病毒RNA,用巢式PCR方法对gag基因片段进行扩增.扩增产物经基因序列测定,测序结果用进化树分析方法进行亚型分析.结果 成功获得了644名HIV感染者的基因序列,发现云南存在7种HIV-1亚型的流行,包括CRF08_BC、CRF07_BC、CRF07/08_BC,CRF01_AE、C、B'及URFB/C.C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC在各地均存在,而CRF01_AE主要存在于与缅甸接壤的德宏、保山、西双版纳和普洱.此外,还发现在感染C/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC的人群中,61.6%(270/438)为注射吸毒感染,而感染CRF01_AE的人群中,注射吸毒传播仅占8.5%(15/177).结论 云南省存在7种HIV-1亚型流行,亚型分布与传播途径相关,并存在地域分布上的差异.     

云南省2014―2018年HIV-1流行毒株遗传变异及基因亚型分布

  目的   调查云南省2014―2018年人类免疫缺陷病毒1（human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1）毒株基因亚型和重组型流行分布情况及其原始传播溯源。   方法   收集2014―2018年云南省16个州（市）2 604例在定点医院随访的HIV感染者或艾滋病患者的血样及流行病学信息,扩增HIV-1pol区基因,应用Genotyping和BLAST在线分析工具及软件MEGA 6.06确定毒株亚型,通过计算基因距离和系统进化树分析鉴定HIV-1重组型,阐明云南省HIV-1基因亚型的地区和人群分布特征。   结果   经扩增后共获得1 843条pol区序列,云南省HIV-1毒株主要亚型占比为CRF08_BC 55.8%,CRF07_BC 13.4%,CRF01_AE 14.3%,C亚型3.1%,B（B'）亚型2.6%,独特重组型（unique recombinant forms,URFSs）8.1%,其他2.7%。其中,CRF08_BC为最常见亚型。HIV-1基因型分布在年龄,感染途径,民族上的差异均有统计学意义（均有P < 0.05）。16个州（市）各亚型的分布均有差异（均有P < 0.05）。其中,德宏、保山和怒江主要以CRF01_AE为主,丽江和迪庆主要以CRF07_BC为主,其余地州主要以CRF08_BC为主。   结论   云南省16个州（市）HIV-1亚型以CRF08_BC流行为主,各种常见亚型均存在,仍有新型流行重组型（circulating recombinant forms,CRFs）出现,与2012―2014年的资料相比较,在地区、民族、年龄和感染途径方面有变化,应密切监测。     

云南省德宏州2011年HIV-1不同亚型人群分布特征分析

目的 研究云南省德宏州HIV-1亚型的流行特点。方法 收集2011年1-5月德宏州HIV-l抗体确认阳性血浆样品300份,提取RNA后用巢式PCR对gag基因和env基因的部分片段进行扩增。扩增产物经基因序列测定,所得序列通过构建系统进化树确定HIV-1的分子亚型。结果 结合2个基因片段,共有222份样品获得分型结果,主要为C亚型(43.2%, 96/222),其他依次为独特重组形式(URF; 27.O%, 60/222)、CRF01_AE(21.2%, 47/222)、CRF08_BC(5.0%, 11/222)、B’(2.3%, 5/222)和CRF07_BC(1.4%, 3/222)。C亚型是性传播人群和注射吸毒人群中的首要亚型,但不同传播途径人群中亚型分布具有不同的模式。异性传播人群包括该地区检测到6种基因型,主要为C亚型(40.7%,70/172)、CRFOI_AE(25.O%, 43/172)和多种URF(25.0%, 43/172),呈现亚型分布的多样化。注射吸毒人群中包括除B''和CRF07_BC以外的3种亚型及多种URF,主要为C亚型(54.8%, 23/42 J和URF(38.1%, 16/42),呈现亚型相对集中的趋势。URF比例的显著上升成为该地区的另一个流行特点,包括BC重组(41.7%, 25/60)和与CRF01 _AE相关的重组(58.3%, 35/60),这两种URF在性传播和注射吸毒人群中分布的差异无统计学意义。结论 德宏州HIV-1流行株较为复杂,存在5种亚型和多种URF．其中C亚型为主要流行株,不同传播途径亚型分布模式存在差异．     

浙江省2015年HIV分子亚型特征及其传播关系研究

目的 了解浙江省现阶段HIV毒株亚型流行分布特征和分子网络传播关系。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法抽取浙江省2015年4-6月新发现HIV感染者302例进行横断面调查,运用RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因成功获得276份序列,结合流行病学调查数据开展测序及系统进化树分析。结果 276例HIV感染者毒株亚型构成：CRF07_BC 122例（44.2%）,CRF01_AE 103例（37.3%）,CRF08_BC 17例（6.1%）,B亚型9例（3.2%）,CRF55_01B 6例（2.2%）,C亚型5例（1.8%）,CRF59_01B 1例（0.4%）,CRF67_01B 1例（0.4%）,A1亚型1例（0.4%）,URFs 11例（4.0%）。CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE毒株亚型在进化树上已形成明显的分簇现象,传播簇主要集中分布在MSM人群（76.5%）。MSM人群的成簇比例高于其他人群,且不同传播途径感染人群存在传播联系。结论 2015年浙江省HIV主要流行毒株以CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE为主,亚型构成有复杂化趋势,应加强对HIV毒株亚型和流行簇的监控和预警,开展分类管理,针对高风险人群和传播链开展有效防控。     

云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州2016年新报告艾滋病病毒感染者的基因亚型分析

目的 分析2016年云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）新报告HIV感染者HIV基因亚型,了解中国籍和缅甸籍HIV感染者基因亚型分布特征。方法 对2016年德宏州新报告的HIV感染者提取核酸,使用RT-PCR法对HIV基因gag、env和pol进行反转录扩增,直接测序扩增产物,综合分析3个基因的测序结果,确定最终基因亚型。结果 2016年德宏州新报告HIV感染者1 112例,成功测定基因亚型的感染者860例。C亚型所占比例最大（占33.6%,289/860）;其后为独特重组（unique recombinant forms,URFs）（占28.4%,244/860）、CRF01_AE（占18.6%,160/860）等亚型;URFs中主要包括4种形式的重组,其中以CRF01_AE和C亚型重组为主。缅甸籍感染者的亚型分布与民族和传播方式相关。结论 德宏州2016年新报告HIV感染者基因亚型主要集中在C、URFs和CRF01_AE亚型,URFs分布依然复杂多样。     

台州市2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药及亚型流行特征分析

目的 了解台州市新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗（ART）前HIV-1耐药情况及亚型流行特点。方法 于2016年1月至2018年12月在台州市开展新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药的横断面调查,RT-PCR扩增获得HIV-1 pol基因片段并测序,提交序列至斯坦福大学耐药数据库,根据2014年WHO耐药监测指南的推荐标准,确定耐药突变位点以及HIV-1毒株对抗病毒药物的敏感性。结果 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS中成功获得HIV-1 pol基因区序列的研究对象806例,ART前HIV-1耐药率为2.9%（23/806）,其中,非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）耐药率分别为1.9%（15/806）、0.6%（5/806）和0.0%。2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率依次分别为1.6%、1.8%和4.8%。NNRTIs和NRTIs耐药突变位点以K103 N（0.7%）和M184I/V（0.5%）为主。HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（42.7%,344/806）、CRF07_BC（28.9%,233/806）和CRF08_BC（11.2%,90/806）为主。同性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（53.3%,136/255）和CRF07_BC（32.2%,82/255）为主;异性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（37.7%,203/539）、CRF07_BC（27.5%,148/539）和CRF08_BC（16.1%,87/539）为主。结论 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率处于低流行状态,但存在上升趋势,需加强对HIV-1耐药型毒株的监测工作。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.