北京市海淀区猪肾中铅砷镉污染状况

目的了解海淀区猪肾中重金属铅砷镉的污染情况。方法按照《北京市食品污染物监测体系项目工作方案》要求,在全区范围内采集30份样品,参照GB/T5009-2003方法进行测定。结果30份样品中,砷检测结果均低于国家食品卫生限量标准,最大值0.45mg/kg;铅检测结果有3份超标,超标率10.0%,最大值0.68mg/kg;镉检测结果有29份超标,超标率达96.7%,最高的超标34倍。结论该区销售的猪肾中受铅、砷污染情况并不严重,而受镉污染的情况比较严重。应加大畜禽肝、肾脏部位重金属的监测和力度,指导市民科学饮食。     

贵港市常见食品中铅镉污染状况调查

目的 了解贵港市食品的重金属污染状况,以便采取相应的预防和干预措施.方法 随机采集农贸市场大米、面粉等10类主要食品130份,按照GB/T5009.12-2003和GB/T5009.15-2003检测样品中铅镉含量.结果 在所检的10类130份食品中,猪肾中镉含量最高为45.3mg/Kg,超标率为37.5%,食用菌中镉含量高达1.109mg,,KS,超标率为78.5%.皮蛋铅含量最高达4.958 ms/Kg,超标率达25%.结论 贵港市常见食品中铅镉含量的合格率是比较高的,但个别食品仍受不同程度的重金属的污染,应加强监测与监督.     

梧州市食品中铅镉污染情况调查

目的了解梧州市各类食品铅镉的污染水平,为食品安全性评价和制定针对性的预防措施提供依据。方法按照广西食品安全风险监测工作的要求,选择市区4个集贸市场和2个超级市场为采样点,采取随机采样的原则,集中在6、7月份采样。样品采集后马上送检验室检测或4～10℃保存,但不超过48 h。铅的检测方法为GB/T 5009.12-2003食品中铅的测定方法(石墨炉原子吸收光谱法);镉的检测方法为GB/T 5009.15-2003食品中镉的测定方法(石墨炉原子吸收光谱法);按照GB 2762-2005《食品中污染物限量》国家标准进行评价。结果 174份食品中检出铅94份,检出率为54.02%;超标8份,超标率为4%。超标的分别是淡水鱼2份,猪肾1份,皮蛋2份,根茎类蔬菜2分,叶类蔬菜1份,超标率分别为13%、6%、13%、18%、7%。174份食品中检出镉104份,检出率为59%;超标1份,超标的是鲜奶类,超标率为0.61%。结论该市食品中的铅镉都存在一定的污染,应引起重视。     

2013年河南省食品中重金属污染监测分析

摘要:目的　了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况。方法　在全省采集9大类5263份食品样品,按照GB/T5009.12-2003食品中铅的测定、GB/T5009.15-2003食品中镉的测定、GB/T5009.17-2003食品中总汞及有机汞的测定和GB/T 5009.11-2003 食品中总砷及无机砷的测定检测食品中铅、镉、总汞和总砷的含量,检测结果按照GB2762-2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果　河南省食品中铅的总体超标率为2.04%,其中蔬菜及其制品和乳及乳制品中超标率较高,分别为3.45%和2.74%;镉的总体超标率为0.67%,其中蔬菜及其制品中超标率较高,为1.43%;总汞的总体超标率为1.97%,其中蔬菜及其制品中超标率较高,为4.4%;总砷的总体超标率为0.12%。结论　河南省食品中重金属污染情况较往年相比有所下降,但部分蔬菜及其制品和乳及乳制品中重金属污染情况仍较为严重,需予以关注。     

防城港市食品污染物中重金属监测

目的了解防城港市食品污染物中重金属污染状况。方法按照国家标准对防城港市辖区内的86份食品中铅、镉、汞金属进行监测检验。结果检测铅含量的样品84份,超标22份,超标率26.19%;检测镉含量的样品46份,超标15份,超标率32.61%;检测汞含量的样品25份,超标0份,超标率0.00%。结论防城港市各类食品受到不同程度的铅、镉污染,应加强对食品中重金属污染的监测,确保食品卫生安全。     

2016-2018年苏州市吴江区食品中重金属污染分析

目的了解苏州市吴江区部分食品重金属污染现状。方法 2016-2018年随机采集苏州市吴江区范围内种植生产或销售的食品样品,按照GB 5009.12-2017《食品中铅的测定》和GB 5009.15-2014《食品中镉的测定》中石墨炉原子吸收法,检测铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)含量,依据《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012)进行评价。结果采集并检测12大类食品706件,其中706件检测铅,412件检测镉。各类食品中铅含量范围为<0.005～1.0 mg/kg,检出率为70.4%,镉含量范围为<0.000 1～0.33mg/kg,检出率为79.9%;其中,铅超标样品为18件,超标率2.55%,坚果及其籽类3件、水八仙6件、蔬菜8件、蛋及蛋制品1件;镉超标样品为4件,超标率0.97%,分别为海产品3件、蛋及蛋制品1件。结论苏州市吴江区部分食品受到重金属铅、镉污染,有不同程度的超标,存在一定的食品安全隐患。     

宁德市2011年食品污染物中铅、镉监测结果分析

目的分析宁德市各类食品中重金属铅和镉污染水平和趋势,为开展食品安全风险评估和采取防控措施提供依据。方法从各类超市、农贸市场、餐饮单位等处采集10类155份样品开展重金属铅和镉的监测。结果 10类155份样品中,铅检出率87.1%,超标率12.3%,平均0.461mg/kg（0.005-5.66mg/kg）,含量最高为茶叶类（5.66mg/kg）,禽畜肝脏类超标100.0%;镉检出率47.7%,超标率6.5%,检出范围0.001-0.566mg/kg,平均0.055mg/kg,最高含量为紫菜（0.566mg/kg）,仅粮食类镉超标12.5%。结论宁德市售食品存在铅、镉的轻度污染。     

北京市海淀区市场销售猪肾中镉含量情况调查

[目的]了解海淀区猪肾中重金属镉的污染情况.[方法]按照《北京市食品污染物监测体系项目工作方案》要求，在全区范围内采集30份样品。参照GB/T5009-2003方法进行测定。[结果]30份样品中，镉检测结果有29份超标，超标率达96.7%,最高的超标34倍,本区销售的猪肾中受镉污染的情况比较严重.[结论]应加大畜禽肝,肾脏部位重金属的监测点和力度,指导市民科学饮食.     

2011年深圳市福田区主要食品中铅、镉污染监测分析

目的 了解深圳市福田区食品中铅、镉污染状况.方法 采集粮食类、禽畜肉类、蔬菜类、水产品等食品,进行铅、镉的检测.结果 对161份样品进行铅和镉含量检测,铅含量范围为0.020～0.665 mg/kg,检出率为27.95％,其中3份样品铅含量超过国家标准,超标率为1.86％;镉含量范围为0.002～9.000mg/kg,检出率64.60％,有9份样品镉含量超过国家标准,超标率为5.59％.其中水产品镉检出率为63.64％,镉超标率为21.21％.结论 2011年福田区主要食品中少数存在铅、镉污染,部分样品特别是水产品镉污染较严重,应进一步加强监测,控制污染,保障人群的健康.     

2009-2011年宜宾市部分食品中亚硝酸盐和二氧化硫监测

目的 了解宜宾地区食品中亚硝酸盐和二氧化硫的污染状况.方法 于2009-2010年在宜宾市主要超市和农贸市场随机采集各类样品,依据GB/T5009.33-2003和GB/T5009.34-2003对亚硝酸盐和二氧化硫进行检测.结果 43份样品中,有10份样品亚硝酸盐超标,超标率为23.3％,主要是酱卤肉超标,含量在0.037 ～0.270g/kg,最高超标9倍.46份样品中有8份样品二氧化硫超标,超标率为17.8％,主要是竹笋超标,含量在2.13 ～6.76g/kg,最高超标16.9倍.结论 在宜宾市部分食品中亚硝酸盐、二氧化硫污染仍相当严重,对人体健康存在威胁.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.