显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的介绍显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的方法,分析其临床效果。方法16例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(椎间孔内型7例,椎间孔外型9例)接受显微内镜手术。5例椎间孔内型采用常规显微内镜椎间盘髓核摘除术入路,切除部分椎板、椎弓峡部和小关节。2例椎间孔内型采用经关节突入路,使用X-tube工作通道,切除大部分关节突。9例椎间孔外型采用横突间入路,工作导管置于横突间,部分切断横突间韧带。所有手术均需找到受压神经根并松解,切除突出椎间盘。结果术后平均随访8·3个月,采用改良MacNab标准评定临床结果,优12例,良3例,可1例。平均住院日13·8d,平均手术时间78min,平均术中出血68ml。结论显微内镜手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症具有小切口和组织损伤轻的优点,能够充分直接探查松解神经根压迫。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症35例手术治疗临床分析

目的探讨极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法对35例极外侧腰椎间盘突出症患者分别采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术及经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。结果疗效参考中华骨科学会脊柱组腰背痛手术评定标准,35例中优29例,良3例,可3例,优良率88.6%。术后VAS评分较术前有明显改变。结论极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症应根据突出的位置和突出的程度选择不同的手术方式,对椎间孔内型者采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术。对椎间孔外型者经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的分型治疗

目的评价2种不同的手术方式治疗不同部位的极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法极外侧腰椎间盘突出症11例,按突出部位分为椎间孔内型和椎间孔外型椎间盘突出,椎间孔内型椎间盘突出采用后路关节突切除,切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术;椎间孔外型椎间盘突出采用经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。结果横突间入路进行椎间盘切除平均手术时间50min,平均出血量180ml;后路椎间植骨融合内固定手术平均出血量330ml,平均手术时间120min。所有患者术后下肢疼痛症状均明显减轻或消失,神经根牵拉试验正常。经过平均术后12个月的随访,除2例术前部分肌力恢复不良外,其余患者恢复正常生活和工作。结论极外侧腰椎间盘突出症根据不同的突出部位分为2种类型,适宜采取不同的手术方式。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的分型及手术治疗

目的探讨极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的分型和手术治疗的方法及疗效。方法2001年5月-2008年10月18例极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的患者分为椎间孔内型及椎间孔外型,分别采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术及经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。结果本组18例获得随访,随访时间6个月～2年,平均1．2年。疗效按日本整形外科学会下腰痛评分标准评价,优14例,良2例,可2例,优良率达88．9％。结论极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症应尽早进行手术治疗,根据不同的突出部位分为两种类型,采取不同的手术方式。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的MRI表现

目的探讨极外侧型椎间盘突出症MRI表现特征。方法收集2012年1月至2015年8月经手术证实的20例极外侧型椎间盘突出患者的MRI诊断资料,男14例,女6例;年龄35~68岁,平均53.5岁。MRI以矢状位T1WI、T2WI及抑脂序列为主,辅以轴位T2WI序列。结果极外侧型椎间盘突出位置:L4~59例、L5S110例、L3~41例;分型:椎管内椎间孔内型7例、椎间孔内型10例和椎间孔外型3例。本组术前MRI诊断与手术病理结果完全符合。结论 MRI可用于极外侧型椎间盘突出症术前诊断和分型。     

微创可扩张通道辅助经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

[目的]评价微创可扩张通道辅助下经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果及手术技巧。[方法]2008年1月～2010年12月,42例极外侧型椎间盘突出症患者,男18例,女24例;平均年龄57.4岁。其中椎间孔内突出型24例,椎间孔外突出型18例。均采用经横突间入路微创可扩张通道辅助下的椎间盘切除手术治疗。手术前后行下肢疼痛VAS评分,术后采用改良MacNad标准进行临床疗效评定。[结果]平均手术时间86 min,平均失血82 ml,与同时期相同入路但未使用微创通道的12例患者相比,两项指标均明显减少(P<0.05)。42例患者平均随访时间28个月。VAS评分术前平均为7.6,术后2周平均为2.3,术后半年为1.3。术后半年MacNad评定结果:优26例、良10例、可6例;优良率85.7%。椎间孔内型组和椎间孔外型组术后优良率分别为83.3%和88.9%。两组间优良率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后并发症为1例术后伤口血肿。[结论]应用微创可扩张通道辅助下经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症创伤小、安全性好,近期效果良好,可以作为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症微创手术方式的选择之一。     

手术治疗合并椎管内突出的极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症是腰椎间盘突出症的一种特殊类型, 约占腰椎间盘突出症的0.7%～11.7%[1] ,同时发生于椎间孔内及椎管内的病例更少见。我院2004年8月～2011年12月收治腰椎间盘突出症患者1837例,其中极外侧椎间盘突出合并椎管内突出患者29例,21例采用经椎板间途径关节突切除、椎间盘摘除结合椎弓根螺钉内固定、椎间植骨融合术治疗,经3～36个月随访,疗效满意,总结如下。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床研究

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现、诊断、鉴别及治疗。方法通过CT或MRI将突出的腰椎间盘在椎管内所处的位置（矢状位、水平位、冠状位）予以定位,明确椎间盘突出部位。一旦确诊为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,即早期经横突间开放入路或后外侧椎间孔入路腰椎间盘镜监测下摘除突出的髓核。结果16例患者中15例行手术治疗,术后恢复取得了满意的疗效。结论CT或MRI为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的精确诊断提供了依据。早期诊断、早期手术是术后功能恢复的保证。     

椎间盘镜治疗椎间孔外突出型极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨椎间盘镜治疗椎间孔外侧突出型极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析应用椎间盘镜经椎旁肌小关节外侧入路治疗16例椎间孔外侧突出型极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,完成神经根探查、减压和髓核摘除,疗效按Macnab标准评估.结果 平均手术时间41 min,平均术中出血量70 mL,全部患者经平均15个月随访,优...     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床分型和手术治疗(47例分析)

目的分析极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点和外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2007-09-2011-04收治的一组极外侧腰椎间盘突出症(47例)患者的临床特点、影像学分型和手术疗效。结果根据影像学表现将本组患者分为椎间孔内型(I型)、椎间孔内和椎间孔外型(II型)、椎间孔外型(III型)、同节段混合型(IV型)以及复杂型(V型),根据分型采用相应的外科手术入路治疗,经过平均2.6年随访,临床疗效优30例(64%)、良12例(26%)、可4例(8%)、差1例(2%)。结论极外侧腰椎间盘突出症发病率低,容易误诊和漏诊,常合并其他腰椎退变性疾病,开放式手术是安全和有效的治疗方法。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治分析

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症（FLLDH）的诊治特点和术式选择。方法23例FLLDH患者中,其中椎间孔型14例,椎间孔外型9例。23例患者中腰痛8例（占31％）,下肢痛21例（占91％）,直腿抬高试验10例（43％）,CT或MRI可清楚地显示位于椎间孔或孔外缘突出的椎间盘。分别采用经后正中入路椎板扩大开窗术,椎间孔切开和椎弓根内固定植骨融合术,或经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。疗效按Macnab标准评估。结果22例患者经平均3．6年随访,优15例,良4例,可3例,无差,优良率达86％。在可的3例中,其中1例为经旁正中入路手术,另2例为椎间孔型FLLDH,周缘钙化。结论症状和体征表现常以较高神经节段受损为主,下肢痛是主要症状,CT或MRI是诊断的主要依据。对椎间孔型FLLDH可采用椎板间扩大开窗术;对椎间孔外型FLLDH则需行经椎间孔切开术并辅以经椎弓根内固定植骨融合,亦可采用经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。     

Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation: diagnosis and treatment

During a 1-year period from December 1, 1984, through November 30, 1985, a total of 174 patients underwent lumbar discectomy for herniated nucleus pulposus. Eighteen (10.3%) were diagnosed as having foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations. Sixteen patients are included in this study. All patients were evaluated with computed tomography, metrizamide myelography, discography, and discography-enhanced computed tomography (disco-CT). Accurate diagnosis of foraminal or extraforaminal herniation was made with disco-CT in 15 of 16 cases (93.8%), compared with discography alone (37.5%), computed tomography alone, and/or myelography-enhanced computed tomography (50%) and myelography alone (12.5%). Surgical treatment with bilateral hemilaminectomy, partial medial facetectomy, and partial internal foraminotomy, if needed, followed by discectomy is very effective and the favored surgical management for nerve root decompression in most all cases.     

A minimally invasive transmuscular approach to far-lateral L5-S1 level disc herniations: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: Among all lumbar disc herniations, L5-S1 far-lateral disc herniations are rare entities. Besides, surgical approach may be difficult because of the very narrow passage at this level. For these 2 reasons, most spine surgeons are not experienced in herniations at this level. According to new microanatomic studies, previous lateral approaches at this level often do not allow access to the neuroforamen without partial or total destruction of the L5-S1 facet joint. To preserve the facet joint, an approach was developed. PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of a surgical technique that is a minimally invasive intermuscular approach (MIIMA) for decompression of L5-S1 far-lateral level disc herniation (FLLDH). STUDY DESIGN: We present a prospective clinical study analysis of 14 patients with L5-S1 far-lateral disc herniations in a period between 2000 and 2004, treated with microsurgical technique. METHODS: An imaging study revealed consistency with the patient's clinical presentation. In our department, a total of 580 patients underwent discectomy between 2000 and 2004 for lumbar disc herniation. RESULT: Twenty-eight patients had foraminal or extraforaminal herniations (4.8%). Fourteen patients had FLLDH at the L4-L5 level (2.4%), whereas the other 14 were cases of FLLDH at the L5-S1 level (2.4%). One patient had FLLDH at both L5-S1 and L4-L5 levels (7.1%). The mean age of patients was 53.6 years, and the male:female ratio was approximately 5:9. All patients failed to recover after at least 6 weeks of conservative therapy. The mean duration of symptoms until the time of surgery was 7.2 months. Using this MIIMA technique, the authors removed the herniated discs compressing the (L5) nerve roots. Clinical outcome was measured using the visual analog scale. Every patient was discharged within 24 hours. Satisfactory (excellent or good) results were demonstrated in 13 patients (92.9%), because, except for 1 (7.1) permanent dysesthesia case, 4 cases (21.3%) were temporary dysesthesia. Postoperatively all patients reported excellent relief of their sciatic pains, and there were no technique-associated complications. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up period ranging from 10 to 60 months (mean, 29 mo). This is one of the major complications of any approach to a far-lateral disc. CONCLUSIONS: The authors describe a MIIMA for excising herniated discs that is applicable to all types of far-lateral lumbar herniations. Postoperative dysesthesia is the most important complication and may persist as it did in our cases. Consequently, manipulation of the ganglion should be avoided at all costs, if possible. The MIIMA procedure provides a simple alternative for treating lumbar foraminal or lateral exit zone herniated discs in selected cases. This approach is effective, allowing the preservation of the L5-S1 facet joint, saving the facet joint, preventing postoperative instability, and offering a direct view of the L5-S1 neuroforamen.     

椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的 比较三种没术式在椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症治疗中的优、缺点,探讨各自的最佳适应证。方法对本院１９９２年８月－１９９８年４月间手术治疗的３４例椎间孔及椎间孔外腰椎间盘突出症病例进行随访,了解其术后症状改善情况,并同时摄Ｘ线片观察手术对局部稳定性的影响,平均随访２９个月。结果 经峡部外缘入路手术１９例,手术时间平均６２分钟,平均出血量５８ｍｌ,手术总优良率９３％。经椎板、峡部关节突切除途径５     

Minimally invasive strategies and options for far-lateral Iumbar disc herniation

Objective: To investigate the surgical procedlures,options and surgical indications for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation between three different minimally invasive procedures.Methods: From January 2000 to October 2006, 52 patients with far-lateral lumbar disc herniation (29 males and 23 females, with the average age of 41.5 years) were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All the patients were assessed by X-ray and CT. Some were given additional myeography, discography, Computerized tomography myelography (CTM) and MRI examination. Yeung Endoscopy Spine System (YESS), METRx and X-tube procedures were performed in 25, 13 and 14 cases, respectively. All patients were followed up for a mean period of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by visual analog score (VAS) and Nakai criteria. Results: The results indicated that the three procedures could significantly improve the radiating leg symptoms (P<0.05). The postoperative overall excellent and good rates of YESS, METRx and X-tube procedures were 84.0%,84.6% and 92.8% respectively, with no statistical difference among three groups (P>O.05). The YESS procedure had several advantages including shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia and least trauma as compared with the other two procedures, especially for simple type I far-lateral lumbar disc herniation. METRx procedure was specially suitable for simple type II. And the procedure of posterior endoscopic facetectomy, posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was designed for far-lateral disc herniation combined with degenerative lumbar instability. Conclusion: Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined by different types of far-lateral lumbar disc herniation.     

Minimally invasive strategies and options for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation

Objective： To investigate the surgical procedures, options and surgical indications for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation between three different minimally invasive procedures.
Methods： From January 2000 to October 2006, 52 patients with far-lateral lumbar disc herniation （29 males and 23 females, with the average age of 41.5 years） were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All the patients were assessed by X-ray and CT. Some were given additional myeography, discography, Computerized tomography myelography （CTM） and MRI examination. Yeung Endoscopy Spine System （YESS）, METRx and X-tube procedures were performed in 25, 13 and 14 cases, respectively. All patients were followed up for a mean period of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by visual analog score （VAS） and Nakai criteria.
Results： The results indicated that the three procedures could significantly improve the radiating leg symptoms （P〈0.05）. The postoperative overall excellent and goodrates of YESS, METRx and X-tube procedures were 84.0%, 84.6% and 92.8% respectively, with no statistical difference among three groups （P〉0.05）. The YESS procedure had several advantages including shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia and least trauma as compared with the other two procedures, especially for simple type I far-lateral lum- bar disc herniation. METRx procedure was specially suitable for simple type II. And the procedure of posterior endoscopic facetectomy, posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was designed for far-lateral disc herniation combined with degenerative lumbar instability.
Conclusion： Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined by different types of far-lateral lumbar disc herniation.     

腰椎间盘突出症的临床解剖学分型及其意义(1106例回顾性研究)

目的：对不同方向突出的椎间盘从解剖学角度给予区域界定,以便明确分型,利于术式选择。方法：通过对离体干化腰椎的解剖研究,结合临床术中测量及１１０６例回顾研究,将突出椎间盘进行明确解剖界定之分型。结果：同区域的突出椎间盘产生一组相似的临床表现,基于此,将椎间盘突出症分为５型,即：中央型、偏侧型、椎间管型、椎间管外型及侧方型。分别占发病间盘的３３４％、５１％、８５％、４５％、２４％。结论：解剖界定明确的分型,对腰椎间盘突出症临床诊断和术式选择有重要意义     

三种手术方法治疗腰椎椎间盘突出症的影像学及临床疗效比较

目的比较单纯髓核摘除术（lumber discectomy,LD）、腰椎后外侧融合术（posterolateral lumbar fusion,PLF）和腰椎后路椎体间融合术（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）治疗腰椎椎间盘突出较大或椎间盘突出伴有节段不稳的差异,进一步明确PLIF治疗腰椎间盘突出症的指征。方法回顾性分析2006年5月~2008年12月行手术治疗的腰椎椎间盘突出较大或椎间盘突出伴有节段不稳的患者102例。按手术方式分为3组,LD组37例,PLF组31例,PLIF组34例。比较各组手术前、后及随访时的椎间高度、椎间孔面积、腰椎生理曲度等影像学指标以及视觉模拟量表（visual analog scale,VAS）评分、Oswestry功能障碍评分等临床症状指标。同时,比较2个融合手术组的融合率。结果 PLIF组椎间高度及节段角度的恢复与维持明显优于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,各组椎间孔面积手术前后均无明显变化;PLIF组融合率高于PLF组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;PLIF组术后腰痛VAS评分低于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,下肢疼痛VAS评分和Oswestry功能障碍评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但随访发现PLIF组Oswestry功能障碍评分有逐渐优于其他组的趋势。结论与其他2种手术方式相比,PLIF治疗腰椎椎间盘突出较大或椎间盘突出伴有节段不稳时能更好的恢复腰椎的生理曲度,维持腰椎的稳定性,并能明显改善患者的腰痛症状。     

Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy for far lateral lumbar disc herniations: prospective study and outcome of 66 patients.

BACKGROUND: Extraforaminal disc herniations represent up to 11% of all lumbar herniated discs. Numerous surgical approaches have been described. Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) is one of the minimally invasive techniques; after mastering this procedure it is a practical method that is used for treatment of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation. The outcome of PED for treatment of foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniation has been studied. METHOD: A total of 66 patients with foraminal or extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation was treated by applying the PED technique between January 1998 and June 2005. The positions of the herniated disc levels were L2-3 (n=5, 8%), L3-4 (n=19, 28%) and L4-5 (n=42; 64%). The selected patients had no previous surgery, appropriate conservative therapies were done before the operations, and MRI was the main diagnostic method with the clinical findings. Evaluation of the patients with clinical examinations, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and Oswestry scale was performed preoperatively, on postoperative day 7 and in the postoperative 6-12 months period. RESULTS: In two patients (n=1, L4-5 and n=1, L3-4) disc material could not be removed with PED, so discectomy was performed with microscopic visualization during the same session. Three patients (n=3, L4-5) were reoperated on three to six months after primary surgery due to recurring disc problems with microscope visualization. In two patients (n=2, L4-5) root nerves were partially damaged, and in two patients (n=2, L4-5) root nerves were impinged by the working channel. These 4 patients had dysesthesias from just after surgery to a mean of 45 days after surgery. One of recurrent cases was among these patients. Neurological examinations showed minimal muscle weakness of the quadriceps femoris and diminished sensation of the L4 dermatomal area in patients with partial nerve root damage. This patient improved and the neurologic examination became normal with disappearance of the dysesthesia. There was no sign of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RDS). With these two patients VAS and Oswestry scales scores decreased significantly early in the postoperative follow-up. The postoperative 6-month average scores are favourable in comparison with the average score at postoperative day 7. The postoperative 12-month scores showed no significant differences to those of postoperative month 1. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is a minimally invasive method and offers many benefits to the patient, but extensive surgical practice is needed to become a capable surgeon. Consequently this technique can only be a treatment option on appropriate patients. This study reconfirmed that the removal of fragmented disc material is achieved and offers a pain-free status.