Factors affecting the accuracy of ventricular catheter placement

Despite technological improvements, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are still often complicated by malfunction, predominantly with proximal catheter obstruction. There is evidence that accurate placement of the ventricular catheter is significantly related to shunt survival. To identify possible risk factors that might lead to suboptimal shunt placement, we retrospectively reviewed the demographic data and radiological scans of 141 patients who underwent a VP shunt operation from 2005 to 2008 at our institution. We developed and validated a novel scale to assess catheter placement. Almost half (47.9%) of the catheters were “excellently” placed with the entire tip located in the cerebrospinal fluid, and the position of 25% was considered “good”. However, 26.8% were less than optimally placed (“poor”, “fair” or “moderate”), with 8.5% (“poor”) lying entirely outside the ventricular system. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the preoperative size of the ventricles and the age of the patient at shunt insertion were the most important predictors in determining the quality of ventricular catheter placement. Further studies are required to evaluate frameless stereotaxy in optimizing shunt placement in patients with smaller ventricles.     

The Seldinger technique for ventricular catheter exchange: a technical note

Introduction Previously, the Seldinger technique has been used for insertion of difficult-to-place vascular catheters. The authors describe the use of this technique in exchanging difficult-to-place ventricular catheters in a child with multiloculated hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection. Patient and methods A thin, flexible, hydrophilic catheter (Radifocus Glidewire, Terumo Medical, NJ, USA) was truncated to 35 cm, and the angled tip was transected. This modified wire was then used to cannulate two existing ventricular catheters. Each catheter was exchanged for a ventriculostomy over the glidewire. No complications were observed. Results Catheter placement was identical to preoperative location on postoperative imaging. Conclusions The authors believe that the modified Seldinger technique may be of use in selected cases of ventricular catheter exchange. With the increase use of endoscopy to place intracranial catheters, holes in intracranial catheters are more common and, thus, the Seldinger technique may increase in its usage.     

Cerebrospinal fluid hydrothorax caused by transdiaphragmatic migration of a ventriculoperitoneal catheter through the foramen of Bochdalek

Cerebrospinal fluid hydrothorax is a very rare complication following ventriculoperitoneal shunting. The authors report a case of a 3-year-old girl who developed cerebrospinal fluid hydrothorax (caused by migration of the intra-abdominal catheter through the right vertebrocostal trigone of Bochdalek, the one most unlikely to be congenitally patent) and respiratory distress. The patient was successfully treated with thoracocentesis and shunt revision. Received: 15 May 1996     

Membranous occlusion of the foramen of Monro following ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion: a role for endoscopic foraminoplasty

We report two cases of lateral ventricle dilatation due to membranous occlusion of the foramen of Monro following ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion. Both cases were treated successfully by endoscopic foraminoplasty of the obstructed foramen of Monro and III ventriculostomy. One child had meningomyelocele and hydrocephalus. She had CSF infection after repair of the back lesion. Isolated left lateral ventricle occurred after insertion of a right ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus when the girl was 2 months old. A right ventriculoperitoneal shunt was then inserted. Chronic shunt infection with abdominal pseudocyst was found 8 years later. The shunts were exteriorized. Membranous obstruction of the foramen of Monro was found endoscopically. Fenestration of the membranous obstruction along with a III ventriculostomy was performed. After the endoscopic procedure, the exteriorized ventriculoperitoneal shunt was removed 2 weeks later. The patient was still symptom free without shunting 14 months after the operation. The other child had hydrocephalus after a premature birth and hemorrhage. Repeated ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections contributed to membranous obstruction of bilateral foramen of Monro. After the shunt infection was treated this patient’s shunting procedure was simplified by endoscopic foraminoplasty of the left and right foramen of Monro along with a III ventriculostomy. He was symptom free with a new ventriculoperitoneal shunt 9 months after the operation. Received: 14 November 1999     

Acute cholecystitis complicating ventriculo-peritoneal shunting: report of a case and review of the literature

Case A 3-year-old boy underwent emergency external ventricular drainage and excision of a fourth ventricle anaplastic ependymoma. A week later, the child was given a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Fourteen days after shunting, the child developed a subphrenic abscess and acute cholecystitis that required surgery. Results A Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated both from the ventricular catheter and CSF and from the subphrenic abscess and the gallbladder. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cholecystitis evolving as a descending shunt infection. The current literature related with this unique complication is briefly reviewed.     

Shortening of ventricular shunt catheter associated with cranial growth: effect of the frontal and parieto-occipital access route on long-term shunt patency

Object  The authors present the difference of shortening the ventricular shunt catheter associated with growth of the cranium between the frontal and parieto-occipital access, a key for long patency of the shunt implanted in children. Materials and method  Our retrospective study included 28 children. In group A (n = 9), the catheter was inserted through a frontal burr hole and in group B (n = 19), through a parieto-occipital burr hole. To compare changes that occurred in the interval between the time of insertion and follow-up in the length of the ventricular catheter in the cranium and to assess displacement of the burr used for catheter entry. Results  The results show that ventricular catheter shortening and burr-hole displacement were more pronounced in group A. Conclusions  This study documents that insertion of the ventricular catheter via the frontal route in children resulted in a higher incidence of shortening due to greater displacement of the burr hole adjacent to the coronal suture. Therefore, we recommend that the parieto-occipital route be used to maintain long-term shunt function.