食用蛋糕引起鼠伤寒沙门菌食物中毒的调查分析

目的调查龙岩市食用某西饼屋蛋糕引起食物中毒的原因。方法通过现场流行病学和卫生学调查,结合临床资料和实验室检测结果分析中毒原因。结果约580多人食用该西饼屋生产的蛋糕,67例(罹患率11.6%)出现食物中毒症状,无重症及死亡;以儿童、青少年为主;病程中位数7 d(4～11 d);潜伏期中位数20.5 h(4～44 h);主要临床症状为腹泻(91.0%)、发热(74.6%)、腹痛(73.1%),伴恶心、呕吐、头晕等;从业人员肛拭子鼠伤寒沙门菌检出率10.0%(1/10);蛋糕食品样品也检出鼠伤寒沙门菌。结论综合事件的现场流行病学调查、临床表现和实验室检测结果,判定该事件为食用某西饼屋奶油蛋糕引起的鼠伤寒沙门菌食物中毒。     

一起鼠伤寒沙门菌引起的食物中毒事件调查

目的现场调查一起鼠伤寒沙门菌引起的食物中毒事件。方法对该起食物中毒事件的患者和事件发生餐馆进行流行病学调查,采集患者肛拭、就餐食物和食物加工环节涂抹物等28份标本进行实验室检测。结果 22名就餐者中,8例发病;潜伏期最短5 h,最长23 h;主要症状为头晕、恶心和呕吐等。28份标本检出沙门菌8株,主要来自患者肛拭、羊肉和砧板涂抹物;8株菌株生化试验及血清学鉴定结果一致,均为鼠伤寒沙门菌。结论该事件为一起食用鼠伤寒沙门菌污染的羊肉引起的食物中毒事件。     

1起沙门菌污染肉制品引起的食源性疾病暴发调查

目的查明本次食源性疾病暴发的原因和可疑危险因素,控制暴发的扩散和蔓延。方法结合病例临床特征,发病时间和用餐时间查找可疑餐次,采集可疑食物和病例样本等进行实验室检测。结果共确认29例病例,症状主要为腹泻、腹痛、发热、呕吐,部分病例伴头痛、恶心、头晕等。中毒餐次为2017年9月14、15日的午餐和晚餐,中毒食品为熟食肉制品,致病因子为鼠伤寒沙门菌。结论此次食源性疾病暴发是由鼠伤寒沙门菌引起的,交叉污染是鼠伤寒沙门菌污染来源最重要的传播方式。     

一起幼儿园鼠伤寒沙门菌食物中毒事件的调查报告

目的通过对本次事件的调查,及时查明食物中毒的原因,采取有效控制措施,防止类似事件再次发生。方法制定病例定义,开展病例主动搜索,采集病例粪便(肛拭子)、呕吐物、可疑食物及环境样本,进行病原菌细菌分离培养、血清学、生化学鉴定及核酸检测。结果本次事件共发现疑似病例53例,其中确诊病例27例。发病潜伏期在5. 5 h^41. 5 h,所有病例的临床症状相似,以发热、腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐为主。在23例病例粪便和1份食物中检出鼠伤寒沙门菌。结论该次食物中毒事件为鼠伤寒沙门菌污染食物引起。     

一起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌食物中毒调查

2007年1月中旬,南宁市区某小学有90名学生相继出现以发热、腹痛、腹泻为主,并伴有咳嗽、咽痛、呕吐、流涕、乏力等症状。根据流行病学调查、临床表现及实验室检查,确认为一起由鼠伤寒沙门氏杆菌引起的食物中毒。1对象与方法1.1对象对2007年1月15~18日,在南宁市某小学出现以发热     

给孩子吃鸡蛋,要小心沙门菌

〇 鼠伤寒沙门菌是什么 沙门菌是一种常见的食源性致病菌.它的主要传播途径为污染的肉类、蛋类、环境以及带菌者.中国蛋及其制品沙门菌检出率为3.9％～43.7％,由于吃蛋引起鼠伤寒病的病例报告有增加的趋势.如果感染了沙门菌,通常会出现发热、恶心、呕吐、腹泻及腹痛等症状,大多在发热后72小时内会好转.值得注意的是,婴儿、老年...     

一起鼠伤寒沙门菌引起食物中毒流行病学调查

目的调查某中学28名学生发生以腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐为主要症状的胃肠炎发病原因。方法采用流行病学调查方法对病例的发病时间和食物进食史进行分析,对患者肛拭子、食堂留样食品及餐具涂抹样品进行病原学检测。结果所有发病学生均有校食堂共同进食史,罹患率11.11%(28/252)。患者肛拭子沙门菌阳性检测率30%(3/10)。结论这是1起由鼠伤寒沙门菌引起的食物中毒。     

食用沙门菌污染凉拌菜引起的食物中毒调查与分析

目的及时查明一起食物中毒的原因,为预防控制类似的突发公共卫生事件提供经验。方法采用流行病学调查方法,现场采集可疑食物和污染样品,依据相关检测方法进行检测。结果调查发现该次群体发病特点为起病急骤,潜伏期短,发病曲线突然上升后又突然下降,无拖尾现象;临床症状相似,28名患者均出现腹痛、腹泻,53.6%病人出现恶心、呕吐,82.1%患者出现发热,罹患率达32.2%;冷荤间卫生差,熟食具大肠菌群污染严重,并在刀、板、熟食盆中检出沙门菌;发病者均食用过同一种食物,凉拌菜中检出沙门菌;所有患者经使用抗生素等对症治疗后均康复,无并发症和死亡。结论通过流行病学调查、实验室检测和临床诊治,确定该次群体发病是一起由于就餐者食用了沙门菌污染的凉拌菜而引起的沙门菌食物中毒。     

一起幼儿园宋内志贺菌食物中毒的流行病学调查

2007年9月19日武威市某幼儿园幼儿在集体用餐后出现发热、恶心、呕吐、腹泻症状.根据流行病学调查、临床表现、实验室检验,确诊为一起由宋内志贺菌引起的食物中毒事件.报道如下.     

一起由沙门菌引起食物中毒的检验分析

2003年9月20日下午,南京市中大医院发现了20余例腹泻病人,患者出现腹泻、呕吐、乏力、发热、周身疼痛等病症并且都食用过湖南路某食品店出售的臭干,从临床表现初步怀疑是1起由此而引起的食物中毒并报告鼓楼区疾病预防控制中心,经流行病学调查及病原学检测,证实为1起由沙门菌引起的食物中毒,现报告如下.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.